A group of algae that lives at the greatest depths. structure nutrition reproduction of algae. Basic review questions

“Experiments in themselves do not have huge environmental consequences, we can learn a lot from them,” Bueseler said. “It was a successful way to study the ocean and climate.” Since abiotic mechanisms are widely discounted, these deposits have only one source - absorption through photosynthesis. what is ignored is that of dead zones - incredibly, the authors above suggest that a dead zone "may occur" as a result of large-scale photosynthetic stimulation of the ocean via iron.

This is simple and obviously a case of emulating equal mineral densities, so there is no need to "prove" that fertilization can be done in a way that is beneficial to the networks and ecology food products in the world. This already occurs in all interstitial and coastal environments, continental shelves and polar regions. This causes the hydrocarbons to slowly degrade, producing H2O and some methane, which is "hydrostatically" locked into a position at depth and carbon-rich sediments, locking the carbon.

If you "reset" a large number of hydrocarbons in deep water, you will suppress the local oxygen supply in deep circulating waters. This is what we want at depth by increasing the surface biomass and its “fallout”. Changes in ocean circulation will also affect these processes. Previous research had shown that ocean algebra blooms led to an increase in marine "snow" falling to the ocean floor, but it was re-oxidized by deep and middle water. This was in fact - although they did not realize it - the result of short-term local effects.

If there large areas seeded with additional growth, you get deoxygenation of the deep waters circulating at the interface between the seabed and the ocean - allowing for continuous carbon removal, resulting in hydrocarbon precipitation. There is no need to prove that this is happening, it is an extension of first principles and visibility in the grandeur of the geological record! Increasing surface photosynthesis in the middle of the ocean will have little effect on these ecosystems near the shore and may actually help them remove toxic elements in the water.

Surface photosynthesis simply apparently causes surface water to warm up due to increased absorption sun rays per cm depth, which automatically increases the rate of evaporation and heat loss back from the ocean. This will cause, if not intelligently and topographically stimulated, increased storms and rain, but it can be used for both good and bad. The question is how much energy will it take to produce iron? Since abiotic mechanisms are widely discounted, these deposits have only one source - absorption through photosynthesis.

Now the factor that has been ignored is dead zones - incredibly, the authors suggest, a dead zone "could occur" as a result of large-scale ocean photosynthesis stimulated by iron. It is simply and self-evidently a case of emulation of the same mineral densities, so there is no need to "prove" that fertilization can be done in a way that is beneficial to the world's food networks and ecology, and this is already happening in continental and coastline, continental shelf and polar regions.

This leads to slow degradation of hydrocarbons. getting H2O and some methane, which is a "hydrostatically" fixed overlay at depth, and carbon-rich sediments locking away the carbon. If you "dump" a lot of hydrocarbons in deep water, you will greatly suppress the oxygen supply in the depths. circulating waters. This is what we want at depth, increasing surface biomass and its "loss". Changes in the ocean affect these processes.

Previous studies have shown that oceanic algebra. blooms have resulted in more marine "snow" falling to the ocean floor, but re-oxidizing in deep and middle water. It was in fact - although they did not understand them - the result of short-term local effects. If you have large crops with additional growth, you get deep water deoxygenation. circulating at the boundary between the seabed and the ocean, which gives a constant character. removal of carbon, resulting in hydrocarbon precipitation.

There is no evidence that this is happening, it is an extension of first principles and appearances. in the enormity of the geological record! Increasing surface photosynthesis in the mid-ocean would have little effect on these ecosystems. near the shore, and can actually help them by taking out toxic elements in the water. I have a great idea to rip out the oil and burn fossil fuels and find alternatives. The idea that people come up with may or may not work to slow climate change, but the problem is not addressed, and tinkering with the laws of the planet and how it works is not the way to go.

At 7 billion people, 4 billion over what the planet can handle, and we're still increasing the population which doesn't make sense. With all the information that informs our situation, and if we continue what will happen and little has changed, we continue to build oil pipelines and promote the use of oil. We are indeed a very stupid race, perhaps our extinction is for the best as we cannot learn from the past.

Has anyone considered the possible role of viruses in undermining this process? In principle, any study that seeks to plug carbon into the ocean floor is better off looking at the effects and at the viruses that infect blooming organisms. Does anyone know that the single element carbon requires so many variables to happen in a time sequence is astronomical. However, carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe.

Formation atomic nucleus carbon requires a nearly simultaneous triple collision of alpha particles in the core of a giant or supergiant star, which is known as the triple alpha process, as the products of further nuclear fusion reactions of helium with hydrogen or another helium nucleus produce lithium-5 and beryllium-8 respectively, both of which are very unstable and decay almost instantly back into smaller nuclei. This occurs under conditions of temperatures greater than 100 megaquinvin and helium concentrations that allow rapid expansion and early cooling.

The universe is forbidden and therefore no significant carbon was created. during the Big Bang. Instead, the interiors of stars in the horizontal branch convert three helium nuclei into carbon using this triple alpha process. To be available to form life as we know it, this carbon would then have to be dispersed into space as dust, in a supernova. explosions, as part of the material that later forms a second one. third generation star systems that have planets associated with them. dust.

The solar system is one of these star systems third generation. Microbial species are known to occupy a vast range of environments that were previously unimaginable. New discoveries have revolutionized scientific understanding Earth's biosphere, have opened up new insights into the history of life on Earth and expanded the ways in which life could evolve elsewhere in space.

The name applied to this new field of biology research is extremophile research. Extremophiles are defined as organisms that occupy an environment judged to be harsh by human standards. They cover both physical and chemical extremes. Examples aquatic environment, characterized by extremes, are given in the accompanying table.

Different classes of extremophiles have been defined based on the nature of the environments where they are found. For example, extremophiles adapted to high temperatures are called thermophiles. Those that require low temperatures for growth and reproduction, are called psychrophiles. Organisms that live under high pressure, are called piezophiles, and those that are in environments with high level radiation have not yet been named. Some organisms simultaneously occupy more than one ecological extreme and are known as polyextremophiles.

Although primarily microbial, extremophiles include several species of multicellular organisms such as worms, amphibians, molluscs, and crustaceans. Microorganisms are known to thrive in a wide range of physical conditions. extreme temperatures. For high temperatures these environments include geysers and hot springs, boiling mud baths, and hydrothermal vents on the deep sea floor.

At the lower end of the temperature environment are sea ice, ground ice, permafrost and subglacial lakes such as Lake Vostok in Antarctica, a deep subglacial lake located more than 4 kilometers deep. Beneath the Antarctic ice sheet. Some difficult multicellular organisms, such as the tree frog, can tolerate up to 65 percent of their water freezing during hibernation. Pressure, which is measured relative to atmospheric pressure at sea level, increases with depth in the oceans.

In the ocean, this hydrostatic pressure increases at a rate of about 1 bar per 100 meters. The lithospheric pressure measured inside the crust increases at a rate almost twice the hydrostatic one. Live microorganisms obtained from Mariana Trench, himself deep place in the oceans, grow successfully in surface conditions, while others have been shown to be obligate piezophiles that grow only under high pressure.

The color gradations in the Great Prismatic Spring of Yellowstone National Park are due to various types algae and other microbes. When it's hot spring water leaves the ground, it cools as it moves outward, creating different temperature zones, with cooler zones located further from the outlet. Every microbial species adapted to a very specific temperature zone, as evidenced by the color patterns caused by their presence.