What is Yeltsin's reign memorable for? Who was Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin

Lucha fire, I caught sympathy everywhere
Trojan horse... Russian democracy.
(C) Andrey Murai

B Oris Nikolaevich Yeltsin (1931 - 2007) - the first president of the Russian Federation...
Russian political and statesman, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, leader of the democratic movement in the USSR in the late 1980s. A charismatic leader whose contribution to Russian history is still controversial. Next is a short biography, bright statements and other touches to the portrait...

Boris Yeltsin was born on February 1, 1931 in the village. Butka of the Sverdlovsk region in an ordinary peasant family. His father, Nikolai Ignatievich Yeltsin (builder), was repressed. He served his sentence during the construction of the Volga-Don Canal.

Boris studied well at school, was the head of the class, but had complaints about his behavior and was pugnacious. After graduating from the seventh grade, Yeltsin spoke out against the class teacher who beat the children and forced them to work in her home. For this he was expelled from school, but appealed to the city party committee and continued his studies at another school.

In the group photo, Yeltsin is second from the right.

Yeltsin was missing two fingers and a phalanx of the third on his left hand. According to Yeltsin, he lost them as a result of the explosion of a grenade, which he was trying to open. It was a strange grenade, but due to the absence of fingers, Yeltsin did not serve in the army.

After school, he entered the Ural Polytechnic Institute, which he successfully graduated in 1955. Immediately after graduation, he worked in various construction organizations

Yeltsin with his wife Naina.

In 1963, he received the position of chief engineer, and then head of the Sverdlovsk house-building plant.

Yeltsin's party and political activities began in 1968, when he joined the party and was engaged in various party work. In 1976, Yeltsin became the first secretary of the Sverdlovsk regional committee, and since 1981 - a member of the CPSU Central Committee. He built houses - Khrushchev-era buildings - ahead of schedule. Organized the execution of the Politburo decision to demolish the Ipatiev house (the site of the execution of the royal family in 1918), which was not carried out by his predecessor Ya. P. Ryabov.

The beginning of perestroika not only did not stall Yeltsin’s political career, but, on the contrary, accelerated it.

In 1985, he became the head of the construction department of the CPSU Central Committee and the first secretary of the CPSU Moscow City Committee, and already in 1986 - a candidate member of the Politburo. During his activities as the head of the capital's party, Yeltsin became famous as a democrat who quite harshly defended his political ideals and often criticized the existing system.

Thus, in 1987, at the October Plenum of the CPSU, Yeltsin spoke sharply about the work of the Politburo and Mikhail Gorbachev personally. For his criticism, Yeltsin was removed from his post and dismissed from the Politburo, but did not abandon political activities. It is written in books and biographies that until the end of the 80s, Yeltsin was in disgrace for his harsh criticism of the system. But this is greatly exaggerated and added to his autobiographies already during his presidency.

However, it was precisely thanks to his desire for power and democracy that Yeltsin ultimately found himself at the head of the democratic movement in the late 1980s. He realized in time what course the country would inevitably take in the future. In 1989, he was elected to the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, and later he became a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In March 1990, Yeltsin became Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR.

In the early 1990s, Yeltsin tried to carry out a series of economic and political reforms that were long overdue to bring the country out of the crisis, but faced serious obstacles from the leadership of the USSR. Not only relations between the USSR and the RSFSR deteriorated, but also relations between Yeltsin and Gorbachev.

In 1990, Yeltsin left the party, and on June 12 he was elected president of the Russian Federation. The subsequent August putsch and the collapse of the USSR only strengthened the position of Yeltsin, who became the head of the new state - the Russian Federation.

“Take as much sovereignty as you can swallow. I don’t want... to be a brake on the development of national self-awareness of each republic..” B. Yeltsin.

IN 1991 In 2009, for the first time in history, presidential elections were held in Russia and Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin was elected President of the RSFSR.

Since 1992, Yeltsin again began to carry out political and economic reforms, this time without hindrance. However, a number of reforms did not bring the desired result; an internal conflict between the legislative and executive powers was brewing in the government. The crisis in the country was getting worse, the authorities could not come to an agreement, the new Constitution was still under development and caused a lot of controversy. As a result, this led to the holding of a Council in 1993 on issues of confidence in the President and the Supreme Council, which ended in tragic events.

“We are undergoing such a restructuring in Moscow that there are not enough places in prisons for everyone we want to imprison.” B. Yeltsin

As a result of the Council, Yeltsin remained in power, the country continued to move along the course he had planned, but all the Soviets were liquidated. The events of the dispersal of the Council were called the October Putsch.

“If prices become uncontrollable, more than three or four times higher, I myself will fall on the rails.” B. Yeltsin. Didn't lie down...

In December 1993, a new Constitution was adopted, the RSFSR turned into a presidential-type republic. Yeltsin still enjoyed confidence, but separatist sentiments were growing within the country.

He had big problems with alcohol.

In the international arena, people were ashamed of him, as well as of the policies of the state he led.

"Kol and I met three times. This is such a man's love" . B. Yeltsin.

The Western Group of Forces was dispersed, the troops were withdrawn into an open field in record time, which history has never known. Experts in the West were convinced that it was impossible to withdraw such a group in such a time frame. The army did it.

Alas, Yeltsin's leadership qualities were increasingly drowning in the glass.

"Bill, we're not rivals - we're friends." B. Yeltsin

Yeltsin during a visit to the United States with President Clinton.

“There was no Yeltsin dictatorship in Russia and there never will be, and I will not allow other dictatorships.” B. Yeltsin

The Chechen war, along with growing discontent within the state, hit Yeltsin's ratings hard, but this did not stop him from wanting to run for a second presidential term in 1996.

Despite the growing split within the highest authorities and his own team, Yeltsin nevertheless became president.

During his second term in office, Yeltsin's influence on the political and economic situation in the country weakened, and he lost ground.

“Well, look, Russia is simply unlucky. Peter I did not complete the reform, Catherine II did not complete the reform, Alexander II did not complete the reform, Stolypin did not complete the reform. I must complete the reform...” B. Yeltsin.

The rank in which he placed himself is impressive, but, fortunately, he did not finish the reform.

Another crisis and default occurred in the country; Yeltsin’s rule no longer showed the stability that it had before. The president's rating was falling lower and lower, and along with it, Boris Nikolayevich's health was deteriorating.

In 1999, Yeltsin appointed Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin as acting prime minister and resigned during his New Year's address at the end of the year. IMHO this is the only thing that can be added to his advantage from his activities as president in his second term.

One of Yeltsin's main achievements in his political career was the separation of the RSFSR (Russia) from the Soviet Union and its transformation into a democratic state with a president at its head. As president, Yeltsin carried out a number of reforms to bring the country out of the crisis, but they were not successful, but responsibility for this lies with everyone around - from Chubais for, to Gaidar for the collapse of the economy... and Yeltsin is on the sidelines, all in white, with a glass of fire water. Yeltsin's personality and activities today are assessed ambiguously.

The Yeltsin Center was built in Yekaterinburg (the place where he began his political activities). It was inaugurated on November 25, 2015. If you believe the materials of the center, it was Boris Yeltsin who brought Russia the light of democracy and freedom, defeating slavery and becoming a ray of light in the hopeless thousand-year history of Russia...

Naina Yeltsirna talks about her husband and his difficult struggle for the freedom of peoples.

But, judging by his monument, not everyone agrees with this...

Directly responsible for the destruction of the USSR, having initiated and signed the illegitimate Belovezhskaya Accords in 1991 in order to achieve complete personal power on Russian territory. In 1993, for the same reason, he carried out a constitutional coup, eliminating the legitimate authorities of Russia. Despite his extensive experience in the CPSU, he betrayed communist ideals, completely abandoning the socialist economy, and, using radical authoritarian methods, established a capitalist economy in Russia. In 1991 he signed a ban on the activities of the CPSU.

Biography

Born on February 1, 1931 in the village of Butka, Talitsky district, Sverdlovsk region, into a peasant family. Yeltsin's father, Nikolai Ignatievich, was a builder, his mother, Klavdia Vasilievna, was a dressmaker. He spent his childhood in the city of Berezniki, Perm region. After graduating from high school, he entered the construction department of the Ural Polytechnic Institute named after. S.M. Kirov in the city of Sverdlovsk, completed the course in 1955. For almost 13 years he worked in his specialty. He went through all the steps of the service hierarchy in the construction industry: from the foreman of a construction trust to the director of the Sverdlovsk house-building plant.

Yeltsin's successor as president, Putin, by his first decree provided Yeltsin and his family members with guarantees in the form of lifelong salary, state security, medical care and insurance, a dacha, an assistant staff, and immunity from criminal and administrative prosecution.

The post-Steltsin elite (including Presidents Putin and Medvedev) has repeatedly tried and is trying to introduce the personality cult of Yeltsin as the founder of the Russian Federation into the public consciousness. However, the majority of the population has a sharply negative attitude towards Yeltsin.

The historical portrait of Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (1931-2007), the first popularly elected president of Russia, is unlikely to leave anyone indifferent, so large-scale and controversial was the personality of this statesman and political figure, and the assessment of the “dashing nineties” still gives rise to public controversy.

Boris Nikolaevich was born into a peasant family. Received a technical education. For several years he worked in his specialty (civil engineer). In 1961 he joined the Communist Party. From 1968 to 1988 at party work.

Since 1987, after an open conflict with the Politburo and M.S. personally. Gorbachev, Boris Nikolaevich, becomes popular among the people. As a result of the first presidential elections in 1991, he became President of the RSFSR. After the August putsch and the Belovezhsky Agreement on the dissolution of the USSR, he received full presidential power in Russia.

The main areas of Yeltsin's activities

Domestic policy:

• reforms in the economy, “shock therapy” by E. Gaidar;
• voucher privatization;
• attracting foreign investment;
• dissolution of the Supreme Council and the Congress of People's Deputies;
• adoption of a new Constitution (1993);
• entry of troops into Chechnya (1994).

Foreign policy:

• joining the International Monetary Fund;
• withdrawal of Soviet wars from all countries of Eastern Europe;
• signing of the international Treaty on the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban;
• joining the G7 group.

Since 1998, the Russian economy has been declining, and the president’s health has also deteriorated. In August 1999 and... O. The head of the FSB, V.V., was appointed Prime Minister. Putin. December 31, 1999 B.N. Yeltsin resigned. And about. V.V. became president Putin.

Results of Boris Yeltsin's reign

• establishment of a market economy;
• stabilization of international relations, strengthening of Russia's international authority;
• economic crisis and default of 1998;
• exacerbation of social problems.

In Yekaterinburg, the city with which the life of Boris Nikolayevich is closely connected, the Yeltsin Center with a unique interactive museum opened on November 25, 2015.

Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin is a Soviet and Russian politician, the first president of the Russian Federation (1992-1999), who managed to stop the collapse of the country's economy at a time of crisis. He is remembered for his achievements in the industrial sector, and was successful in communication with Western countries and former Soviet republics.

Childhood

Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin was born in a small village in the Ural region on February 1, 1931. His family was originally rural: his paternal grandfather was considered a kulak (a wealthy peasant) and was exiled at one time to Nadezhdinsk. Nikolai Yeltsin was no longer able to inherit his family’s lands and made a living from construction, and Boris’s mother, Klavdia Vasilievna, was a dressmaker.

3 years after the birth of the boy, trouble came to the Yeltsin family - the arrest of his father. He and four other builders were accused of anti-Soviet agitation and sent to serve a labor sentence for 3 years. The prisoner's wife and little son were kicked out of the barracks in which they lived. They found shelter in the house of a doctor from Kazan, Vasily Petrovich Petrov, who was serving his sentence with Nikolai Yeltsin. The doctor's wife provided them with housing.

In 1936, Nikolai was released early, he returned to his wife, and a year later another son appeared in the family. In 1937, the Yeltsins returned to the Urals to the city of Berezniki, where their father built a good career. Here Boris went to school, was a headman and an activist. In the 7th grade, he had a conflict with his teacher, for which the guy was kicked out of school with a bad recommendation. The future president addressed the city party committee, where he spoke about physical and labor punishment from this teacher; Later he was able to continue his studies at another institution and receive a certificate.

student life

Immediately after graduating from school in 1949, Boris entered the Ural Polytechnic Institute named after S. M. Kirov. The Faculty of Civil Engineering was not chosen in vain - the guy was following in the footsteps of his father. In 1955, Yeltsin graduated with a qualification as a civil engineer with a specialty in Industrial and Civil Construction.

During his studies, the guy became seriously interested in volleyball: he played in the Yekaterinburg national team and even became a master of sports of the USSR. In 1952, he was the coach of the women's volleyball team of the Molotov region.

Carier start

According to his assignment after university, he ends up in the construction company “Uraltyazhtrubstroy”, where he already masters in practice the professions of a carpenter, painter, concrete worker, carpenter, bricklayer, glazier, plasterer and machinist. As Boris himself recalls, this path was chosen deliberately: despite the fact that specialists with a diploma could occupy leadership positions, the guy wanted to go through all the steps on his own.

The zeal of yesterday's student could not go unnoticed, and in two years he rose to the rank of foreman in the construction department. By the mid-1960s, Yeltsin headed the Sverdlovsk house-building plant.

During the same period he began his political career. He becomes a member of the CPSU in 1961. After two years of political activity, he becomes a recognized member of the party: he goes to city, district, and then regional conferences of the CPSU as an elected delegate. The efforts of the young party member do not go unnoticed: in 1968, Boris Yeltsin was transferred to party work in the Sverdlovsk regional committee of the CPSU, where his political career developed by leaps and bounds.

Rise of political power

As head of the construction department, Yeltsin did a lot for the region: agriculture was gaining momentum, new housing complexes and industrial buildings were being built. In 1975 he became responsible for the industrial development of the region, and in 1976 he was made the de facto leader of the Sverdlovsk region.

He held the post of first secretary of the Sverdlovsk regional committee of the CPSU for almost 10 years - until 1985. The most high-profile achievements of the future president include the construction of the Yekaterinburg-Serov highway, a new 20-story building of the regional committee of the CPSU, and achieved the decision to build a metro in Sverdlovsk.

It was Boris Nikolaevich who initiated the creation of experimental villages in the villages of Baltym and Patrushi in order to improve agriculture and improve the quality of life of workers. The Baltym cultural and sports complex designed by Yeltsin became a source of pride for the entire region - the building in the style of Soviet futurism had no analogues in the construction practice of the USSR.

Despite the fact that Boris Nikolaevich never served in the army due to the absence of two fingers on his hand (childhood injury), while at party work he received the military rank of reserve colonel.

Over the next few years, Yeltsin’s influence and power in politics grew: until 1989 he was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (member of the Council of the Union), until 1988 - a member of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, a member of the CPSU Central Committee until 1990. In the late 80s and early 90s, he was also remembered for his impudent statements about the current government and criticism of Gorbachev, for which he was removed from a number of official duties.

A negative attitude towards the leader of the USSR was already growing in society, and against this background, the young and lively Boris Nikolaevich had a winning position. Yeltsin's successes and influence were noticed and appreciated. During the collapse of the Union, he and his comrades were able to achieve authority, assume power and prevent a real war from breaking out.

Presidency: first term

Events on the eve of Yeltsin's inauguration unfolded rapidly. On August 19, 1991, First Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev was removed, and power was seized by the so-called GKChP (State Committee for the State of Emergency). The events known today as the "August Putsch" were nothing more than an attempted coup d'état that developed into a full-scale civil war.

Yeltsin's role in this period of time was enormous. With his comrades, he became opposed to the illegally acting body and ultimately destroyed the political power of the State Emergency Committee. It was Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin, who became the first president in Russian history, who signed the Belovezhskaya Agreement on the liquidation of the USSR. Thus, the impending internal war for the independence of the countries that were once part of the union was prevented.

In his post, Yeltsin did a lot of useful things to restore the economy and moral improvement of the society of the new country. He adopted the Constitution, established relations with the countries of the former union, and entered into dialogue with the leaders of Western countries.

The first president also had outright failures in the conduct of domestic policy. In particular, he failed to stop the armed conflict in Chechnya, which resulted in a multi-year war.

And in order to add to Russia’s image in the international arena, he announced the disarmament of the country in the direction of US cities and approved the deployment of NATO bases in countries neighboring the CIS. For this, critics and historians accuse him of suppressing the military power of the Russian Federation.

Participation in the 1996 elections as a presidential candidate was impulsive and motivated only by a reluctance to allow communists to power. The political program with the slogan “Vote or Lose” was very successful. He visited a large number of cities, appeared on stage with pop stars, and participated in live discussions with young people and students. In a short period of time, Yeltsin’s rating rose from 3-6% to 35%, but the heavy workload during the campaign period affected his health - he suffered a heart attack.

Second term

After the victory, the current president focused on stabilizing the economy and improving the social sphere. The government built a program to eliminate wage arrears and unsuccessfully fought bribery and arbitrariness in the ranks of officials. The reforms also affected the sphere of small/medium businesses: uniform rules were introduced for bankers and entrepreneurs, and a system of benefits was launched for private entrepreneurs who want to develop their own business in difficult crisis conditions.

However, Boris Nikolayevich himself no longer tolerates the heavy government burden, his nerves were fraying, and this ultimately had a negative effect on his heart. Yeltsin underwent bypass surgery. In 1998, a global crisis came, which acutely affected the country: all the mistakes and miscalculations in the economy of the current leader came to the surface. The result was inflation of the national currency, default and collapse in the banking industry.

Boris Yeltsin made his resignation from the presidency symbolic: he remained in power until the last day of the 20th century, and with the advent of the new century, on the air of New Year's greetings on December 31, 1999, he announced his resignation. The reason for this decision was a combination of factors: serious health problems, a crisis in the country and the world, pressure and criticism. Since at the time of Yeltsin’s resignation 67% of citizens had a negative attitude towards him, the president asked for forgiveness from his fellow citizens.

Personal life

Boris Yeltsin's personal life was successful: he met his future wife while still studying at the Polytechnic Institute. Naina (Anastasia) Girina worked as a project manager at the Vodokanal Institute. He married Naina immediately after graduating from university in 1956.

In 1957 and 1960 they had daughters: Elena and Tatyana, respectively. Later, the daughters gave the president five grandchildren.

Boris Nikolaevich remained faithful to his wife until the end of his life. In many publications about his biography, Yeltsin paid tribute to his wife, each time emphasizing her support. Some journalists believe that the wife of the first president of Russia influenced her husband’s political activities, in particular in personnel policy.

Death

Towards the end of his life, the first president of Russia suffered greatly from a disease of the cardiovascular system. It is no secret that he was diagnosed with alcoholism - nervous tension as the leader of the country and constant criticism from ill-wishers affected him.

In mid-April 2007, Boris Nikolaevich was admitted to the hospital due to complications from a viral infection. According to doctors, his life was not in danger, the disease progressed predictably. However, 12 days after hospitalization, Boris Yeltsin died in the Central Clinical Hospital. Death occurred on April 23, 2007, at the age of 76.

“Cardiac arrest as a result of dysfunction of internal organs” was the wording indicated in the cause of death. The funeral of the first president of Russia took place with full military honors at the Novodevichy cemetery, the process was broadcast live on all state television channels. At the grave of Boris Yeltsin there is a tombstone in the form of a boulder painted in the colors of the national flag.

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Yeltsin's reign (1991-1999)

“Market assault”, or Gaidar’s reforms

The liquidation of the USSR on December 25, 1991 became only a symbolic formality. Power in Moscow was in the hands of the Russian leadership, headed by Boris Yeltsin, who, since the fall of 1991, had already been preparing a number of political and economic transformations necessary in those conditions. The country actually went bankrupt: there were no funds to pay off the 100 billion debt, the treasury was empty. The economic situation at this time was almost catastrophic: all economic indicators fell, inflation increased, prices rose with an acute shortage of goods, the consumer market began to collapse, and the country was threatened with famine.

At the beginning of September 1991, at a state dacha near Moscow, in Arkhangelsk, a group of economists and politicians developed the principles of economic reform. They assumed a shock, painful, but then, apparently, the only possible way to transform the socialist economy. The plan included the introduction of free prices, trade liberalization and the privatization of housing and businesses.

Proposals for reform were submitted by Yeltsin on October 28, 1991 at a meeting of the V Congress of People's Deputies of Russia, which approved the president's report on reforms and agreed to a temporary but significant expansion of his power. Yeltsin took full responsibility for the reforms and for this purpose stood at the head of the “government of people’s trust”, in which he wanted to see not “Gorbachevite” officials, not supporters of the socialist system, but people not associated with the previous government, the so-called “market people” ", anti-communists and liberals. Such was Yeltsin himself at that moment, such were Deputy Prime Ministers G. E. Burbulis, E. T. Gaidar and A. N. Shokhin, who actually headed the government of reforms. The most important figure in the government was the economist Yegor Gaidar, a reform theorist, after whom the transformations of the early 1990s began to be called.

The “market assault” began on January 2, 1992, with Yeltsin’s decree freeing prices for most goods; On January 29, a decree “On freedom of trade” was adopted, as well as a decree on the procedure for carrying out the privatization procedure. At the same time, free, duty-free import of goods into Russia was established. Goods poured into the country from the West and East, filling store shelves; Spontaneous crowds formed in all cities. Along yesterday's fashionable central streets of the capital and other cities, improvised shopping malls with crates and boxes appeared. They traded literally everything that could be sold. Then “Shanghai” stalls began to appear. At the same time, a grandiose “small privatization” was underway, which included shops, workshops, canteens and cafes. Free privatization of housing has also begun. Private companies quickly emerged, adapted to the conditions of work in the market environment.

These presidential decrees, as they said then, “launched the market mechanism” with its competition, abundance of goods, and also sharply intensified trade turnover. The beginning of privatization expanded the number of market participants. This is what the reformers were counting on, believing that with the decayed Soviet authorities and the weakness of the new Russian statehood, it was impossible to carry out a semi-state, “Chinese” version of reforms, and only the free market could quickly transform the planned economy into a market one. In essence, what was happening in Russia in the early 1990s, in the words of Marxist science, can be compared with 1917 in terms of the significance and scale of changes, only in the “reverse direction.” There was a rapid change in the socio-economic structure: socialism was being replaced by capitalism, and in the spirit of the 19th century, quite “wild”.

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