All patients who have had acute coronary heart disease need a long period of rehabilitation. Proper nutrition after myocardial infarction is one of the components of this complex process. Dosed physical activity and a rational diet will benefit any healthy person. And for patients of a cardiological hospital, these affordable things become vital.
Read in this article
There are several general dietary requirements for cardiac patients. Daily food should contain a minimum of calories and stimulate weight loss in patients. However, at the same time, the dishes should be completely balanced, have a sufficient vitamin and electrolyte component, and contribute to the speedy scarring of the affected areas of the myocardium.
Experts identify three main stages in the therapeutic diet after acute myocardial necrosis. It all depends on the statute of limitations of the pathological process:
| Recovery steps | Duration | Organization of nutrition of the patient |
| 1 | It is 2-6 days after the onset of the disease. | During this period, nutrition is usually considered for myocardial infarction in intensive care. The frequency of meals varies from 6 to 8 times a day, and the portions themselves should not exceed 150 - 200 grams. |
| 2 | It takes from 15 to 20 days from the date of admission of the patient to the hospital. | The diet in this period of time is no longer so strict. The patient is in the ward of the general department, he is allowed, which require the appropriate amount of calories. The number of meals is reduced to 4 - 5 times a day and does not require special mechanical preparation of dishes. |
|
(or the period of scar formation on the heart muscle) |
Begins from 26 - 28 days after the onset of the disease. | The diet is expanding, the patient is allowed to eat salt, but not more than 2-3 grams per day. The patient's nutrition has a dietary basis, but the amount of liquid is significantly reduced. |
In today's world, full of stress, worries and disturbed ecology, an increasing number of people are faced with diseases of the cardiovascular system. Atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension and simple narrowing of the coronary vessels of the heart as a result of smoking - this is not the whole list of causes of a heart attack. Risk factors for the development of this acute condition also include: age over 45 years, impaired fat metabolism, lack of physical activity, diabetes mellitus, and a previous small-focal attack. Being one of the main causes of disability in adults and causing a high mortality rate, myocardial infarction requires competent treatment and full rehabilitation.
The main directions of the rehabilitation program after a heart attack are:
- Physical activity;
- Reducing excess weight;
- Continuous monitoring of glucose, blood pressure and blood cholesterol levels;
- Prevention of chronic fatigue and stress conditions;
- Dieting.
Diet after myocardial infarction: a gradual return to a full life
The main purpose of rehabilitation after a heart attack is to restore vital functions, possible activity and reduce the risk of a recurrent attack. That is why the diet after a heart attack and stenting involves the exclusion from the diet of animal fats - cholesterol, which contributes to the growth of plaques in the vessels and the progression of atherosclerosis.
Foods rich in animal fats include: lard, poultry, fatty meat, liver and other offal, butter, sausages, cheese and fatty dairy products. The fight against excess weight and the reduction of calorie content of food are carried out by refusing high-carbohydrate foods, which are transformed as a result of metabolism into fats harmful to the heart and blood vessels.
We are talking about everything, confectionery, white bread, ice cream, sweet fruits, sugary sodas and even vegetables that are high in carbohydrates. In addition, the heart attack diet should limit the amount of salt present in the diet as much as possible. To improve the taste of the food you eat, regular salt can be replaced with low-sodium dietary salt, dill, parsley, or other herbs.
The basis of the post-infarction diet should be the following products:
- Vegetable oil;
- Seaweed, fish and seafood;
- Vegetables high in fiber;
- Whole grain products, black bread from wholemeal flour;
- Nuts, legumes and soy;
- Non-sugar fruits;
- Low-fat dairy and lactic acid products;
- Lean meat and poultry.
Diet after a heart attack for men includes three stages:
- First stage (first week after the attack)- an acute period requiring six meals a day. The diet of this period should include: lean beef, sour-milk products, boiled fish or chicken, crackers, cereals, steamed scrambled eggs, mashed vegetable soups. Taboos should be placed on smoked meats, pastries, chocolate, hard cheeses, coffee and alcohol.
- Second stage (second and third weeks after a heart attack)- the subacute period allows the use of already uncleaned dishes, but not completely salty. Continues, 5 times a day in small portions.
- Third stage (beginning of the fourth week)- a scarring period, during which a low-calorie menu is prescribed with salt and fluid restriction (up to 1 liter per day). To saturate the body with potassium, the menu should contain raisins, dried apricots and prunes, and to replenish iodine reserves, seafood and seaweed should be included in the diet.
Diet after myocardial infarction: tasty and healthy recipes
To diversify the diet menu, the following dishes can be included in the diet of people who have had a heart attack.
carrot salad
Carrots are a storehouse of vitamin A, contain a large amount of antioxidants and are excellent at lowering blood cholesterol levels. That is why carrot dishes must be included in the post-infarction menu. To prepare the salad, grate the carrots, add sea buckthorn or currants, walnuts rubbed with sugar and season with vegetable oil.
homemade yogurt
Kefir mushroom is added to a half-liter jar of warm boiled milk and left for a day in a warm place. After 24 hours, the mushroom is removed from the milk and the thickened fermented milk is placed in the refrigerator. A tablespoon of currants or raspberries mashed with sugar is added to cooked and chilled yogurt.
Beetroot stew with beans
Beets, cut into medium-sized strips, stew in vegetable oil until half cooked, add onions, carrots and boiled beans to it, and bring to readiness. The dish is very tasty, healthy and satisfying.
Such nutrition after a heart attack will help maintain a diseased heart, prevent relapse and restore health.
Video about myocardial infarction
Video about nutrition for heart disease
admin
Doctors pay special attention to patients during the recovery period after acute forms of heart disease. In addition to emotional peace, patients are prescribed a therapeutic diet after a heart attack. It allows you to restore vital functions and avoid relapse.
Why is diet important?
The correct diet after an extensive heart attack has a positive effect on the recovery processes in the myocardium. A therapeutic diet for myocardial infarction is prescribed in combination with psychological support and exercise. Compliance with these recommendations will speed up the healing process, and alleviate the patient's condition.
The treatment table after a heart attack makes it possible to reduce the patient's weight, which is quite important for obese people. With normal body weight, the functioning of not only the myocardium, but the vascular system as a whole improves. Diet after myocardial infarction reduces the possibility of re-development of the disease, alleviates the patient's condition and reduces the risk of atherosclerosis. A balanced and healthy diet normalizes the functioning of the digestive tract and other systems.
Diet after myocardial infarction is effective as a primary prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction
If you do not follow the diet for heart disease, the risk of complications increases. Patients who have had a heart attack may experience consequences such as:
- heart aneurysm;
- development of acute or chronic form of heart failure;
- failure of the cardiac cycle and conduction
- pericarditis;
- thrombosis in the vessels;
- death.
Proper nutrition
The diet for acute coronary heart disease is divided into three stages, based on the stage of the course of the disease. Physicians distinguish:
- acute period;
- subacute period;
- scarring period.
The initial stage lasts 10-14 days from the onset of a heart attack. The patient should eat at least 6-7 times a day. Portions should be small. The menu for this period consists of lean fish and meat, crackers, vegetable side dishes and light soups. In the early days, the diet includes fermented milk products with a low percentage of fat content. You can drink carrot or beetroot juice. Vegetable oil can be added to the juice.
In the acute period, it is forbidden to eat smoked, fried and fatty foods, bakery products, hard cheeses, sweets, as well as drink alcohol and caffeinated drinks. Compliance with such simple rules will help people who are overweight lose weight and normalize blood cholesterol levels.
After a myocardial infarction, you can forget about eating bread, cabbage and legumes
What can you eat in the subacute period? This stage lasts from 2 to 3 weeks. Food should remain fractional and healthy. You need to eat about 5-6 times a day. The last meal should be 2.5 hours before bedtime. The diet in the subacute period is no longer so strict. Under the ban spices, baking, salt, black tea, strong drinks, butter.
What is recommended to eat after a heart attack at the stage of scarring? This stage begins 4 weeks after the onset of a heart attack. The menu should include a minimum content of fat and salt. At this stage, you can eat vegetable purees and soups, salads, chicken meat, fish, unsalted cheese, cottage cheese. You need to drink 1-1.5 liters of fluid per day. You can drink mineral water without gas, jelly or a decoction of rose hips.
Features of diet number 10
For people who have had a heart attack, nutritionists prescribe a specially designed diet number 10. It is aimed at reducing energy value, improving blood circulation, restoring the vital activity of the heart muscle, as well as reducing the load on the organs of the digestive system. Diet #10 is lower in carbohydrates, protein, fat, and salt than others.
In the acute form of IB of the heart, food that causes fermentation in the intestines and is difficult to digest is prohibited. You can not eat food containing cholesterol, sugar and animal fats after a heart attack. The table for myocardial infarction should include healthy meals that contain vitamin C, lipotropic substances, potassium. What foods can you eat after a heart attack? After suffering a heart attack in the diet must be:
- vegetable soups:
- bread;
- meat;
- fish;
- yogurt;
- kefir;
- cereals;
- vegetables.
A balanced and proper diet after a heart attack is one of the key factors in the rehabilitation period.
Bakery products must be prepared from wheat flour only of the highest grade. It is allowed to eat only yesterday's bread. With normal tolerance, 50 g of rye flour bread can be included in the diet. A patient after a heart attack is allowed to eat soups on a low-fat broth with the addition of vegetables and cereals. It is good to eat lean fish and meat. Cooking should take place on a steam or in the oven. The diet can be diluted with milk products with low fat content, such as pudding, kefir, cottage cheese, sour cream or unsalted cheese. For heart diseases, buckwheat and semolina porridge are useful. With diet number 10, a vegetable diet is allowed. Vegetables can be prepared as separate dishes or as a side dish.
In the acute form of IS of the heart, it is allowed to drink green or herbal tea with milk or a slice of lemon, beetroot or carrot juice, rosehip decoction or dried fruit infusion. It is allowed to drink no more than 200 g per day. Such drinks can be consumed already in the first days after the attack.
Features of dietary nutrition
Myocardial health is directly dependent on diet. Nutrition for myocardial infarction implies not only the intake of healthy food, but also compliance with:
- temperature regime;
- proper diet;
- vitaminization of dishes;
- calorie content of food.
How to eat after a heart attack? Dishes on the table should be at room temperature. The optimum temperature is 15-50 degrees. It is good to eat small meals. This will alleviate the load on the myocardium and gastrointestinal tract. Nutrition with an extensive heart attack is frequent and fractional. It is necessary to eat at least 5-6 times a day. Products for myocardial infarction should contain vitamins A, C and D. These vitamins are part of vegetables, fruits and vegetable oils. During and after a heart attack, salt should be limited in the patient's diet, because it retains fluid and thickens the blood, thereby impairing blood flow.
Particular attention should be paid to the calorie content of food. From the stage of a heart attack, calorie content can change:
- in the acute or initial period, the daily calorie content should be 1100-1300 kcal;
- in the subacute period - 1500-2000 kcal;
- at the stage of scarring - 2000-2300 kcal.
Dishes and products for myocardial infarction should not be of the same type. Diversify your diet to get the right nutrients. In this case, the healing process will be faster. The patient's diet should include vegetarian recipes. You should also use a dietary cooking method: boiled, steamed, baked in the oven.
What is allowed to eat?
In acute brain dysfunction, you need to eat food that contains dissolving fats, vitamins and minerals. A diet for a heart attack of the brain or heart should include foods that have a mild effect of increasing intestinal motility and preventing constipation.
You can eat honey instead of sugar. It is a natural biostimulant. Bee honey dilates blood vessels, normalizes the blood supply to the body, improves the human immune system. Walnuts, almonds, prunes, dried apricots and other dried fruits are very useful in acute disorders of the brain. They contain magnesium, zinc, calcium and copper. Due to this composition, they dilate blood vessels and prevent the appearance of blood clots. A diet for a heart attack of the brain or heart should contain seafood. They include iodine and cobalt. It is these trace elements that help thin the blood.
What to eat with an acute form of IB heart? What foods can you eat after a heart attack?
Diet table number 10
The following foods should be present in the diet:
- bread;
- meat;
- fish;
- dairy products;
- eggs.
As sweets, it is allowed to eat fruit puree, berry mousses, jelly. The menu after a heart attack includes spices that can be added in small quantities when cooking. It can be vanillin, vinegar, citric acid or soy sauce. At the stage of scarring, it is allowed to introduce snacks into the diet: ham, cheese, meat or fish aspic.
What can't be eaten?
What foods should be avoided in case of heart disease? Proper nutrition during a heart attack excludes the intake of canned food and sausages. They contain salt, preservatives and fats, as a result of which the consumption of such products can lead to a sharp increase in heart pressure and other complications. Excessive salt intake significantly reduces the effectiveness of the drugs used and increases the load on the myocardium. As a result, the risk of relapse increases.
Products after a heart attack containing cholesterol should also be discarded. Most cholesterol is found in offal, namely: the liver, kidneys, heart, brains and offal. In case of acute violation of the functions of the brain, it is necessary to abandon sturgeon fish, butter, fatty meat and fat.
The acute form of IS of the heart has a negative impact not only on the heart, but also on the functioning of the nervous system, therefore, dishes with a high content of purines should be excluded from the patient's diet during the rehabilitation period. They will only aggravate the patient's condition. Those who have experienced a heart attack for the first time should exclude drinks that have a stimulating effect (such as coffee and strong tea) from the menu.
List of foods that are forbidden to eat with heart disease:
- meat and fish;
- pickled vegetables;
- canned food;
- sausages;
- cakes;
- dairy products with a high percentage of fat.
Radishes, sorrel, legumes, cabbage and spinach are also banned. These foods put a strain on the intestines, cause fermentation and flatulence. Grilled food is prohibited. It is difficult to digest and requires increased energy consumption.
MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THERAPEUTIC NUTRITION IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
The main objectives of clinical nutrition are:
1. Promote recovery processes in the heart muscle.
2. Improve blood circulation and metabolism.
3. Eliminate stress on the cardiovascular and central nervous system.
4. Ensure sparing of the digestive organs and normalization of the motor function of the intestine. Nutrition should correspond to the periods of the disease (acute, subacute, scarring), the patient's motor activity, take into account concomitant diseases and complications.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THERAPEUTIC NUTRITION IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
In nutrition, the calorie content and volume of food are significantly limited, which then gradually increases. Exclude foods rich in animal fats and cholesterol (fatty meats, internal organs of animals, brains, caviar, egg yolk, animal fats, fatty fish, etc.), foods that cause fermentation in the intestines and flatulence (black bread, cabbage, beans , natural milk, etc.). The diet includes foods such as cottage cheese, pike perch, cod, oatmeal, as well as foods rich in vitamins C and P, potassium salts. Limit table salt and free fluid, taking into account the period of illness, the state of blood circulation and blood pressure.
Nutrition consists of three consecutively assigned diets. The first diet is given in the acute period of myocardial infarction (the first 7-8 days), the second - in the subacute period (2-3 weeks), the third - during the scarring period (starting from the 4th week).
In the first two days of severe myocardial infarction, give 7-8 times 50-75 g of weak semi-sweet tea with lemon, slightly warm and diluted with water juices of fruits and berries, rosehip broth, compote liquid, liquid jelly, cranberry juice, mineral alkaline water without gas.
In the future, easily digestible food is given in small portions 5-6 times a day, thus preventing the rise of the diaphragm, which makes it difficult for the heart to work. Avoid very hot and cold food; to improve the taste of unsalted dishes and appetite, they give tomato juice, use table vinegar, citric acid, sweet and sour fruit juices, etc.
In the first days of illness, if the patient does not want to eat, you do not need to force him. After some improvement, one should not refuse those whose appetite is reduced in a small amount of foods rich in fats and cholesterol (eggs, caviar, cream, etc.). During the recovery period with excess body weight, fasting days are necessary.
CULINARY PROCESSING
All dishes are prepared without salt. Low-fat varieties of meat and fish are given in boiled form, fried and baked dishes are excluded. For the first diet, dishes are prepared in a pureed form, for the second - mostly chopped, for the third - chopped and a piece. Exclude cold (below 15 degrees) food and drinks.
FOOD CALORIES
First diet: 1200-1300 kcal. Proteins 50 g, fats 60–70 g, carbohydrates 170–200 g. Vitamin content: A - 2 mg, B1 - 2 mg, B2 - 2 mg, PP - 15 mg, ascorbic acid - 100 mg. The amount of free liquid 800 g. Table salt 1.5-2 g (in products). The total mass of the diet is 1700. An approximate menu of the diet is given below.
The second diet: calories 1600-1800 kcal. Proteins 60–70 g, fats 60–70 g, carbohydrates 230–250 g. The content of vitamins is the same as in the first diet. The amount of free liquid - 1 l. Table salt 1.5–2 g (in products, in addition, 3 g are given out on hand). The total weight of the diet is 2 kg. A sample diet menu is shown below.
The third diet: calories 2300-2400 kcal. Proteins 90 g, fats 80 g, carbohydrates 300–350 g. The content of vitamins is the same as in the first diet. The amount of free liquid - 1 l. Table salt 1.5–2 g (in products, in addition, 5 g are given out on hand). The total weight of the diet is 2300 g. An approximate menu of the diet is given below.
DIET
The first and second diets - 6 times; the third - 5 times a day in small portions. Food temperature is normal.
Bread and flour products: the first ration - 50 g of crackers from wheat flour of the highest and 1st grade; the second diet - 150 g of wheat bread of yesterday's baking; the third diet is 250 g of yesterday's wheat bread, replacing 50 g of it with rye bread (if tolerated).
Soups: the first diet - 150-200 g, on a vegetable broth with mashed allowed cereals and vegetables, egg flakes; the second or third rations - 250 g with well-boiled cereals and vegetables (borscht, beetroot, grated carrots, etc.), let's say a weak low-fat meat broth.
Meat, poultry, fish: only low-fat species and varieties. The meat is freed from films, tendons, skin (poultry), fat. The first diet - steam cutlets, dumplings, meatballs, souffle and other boiled fish, 50 g each; the second and third rations - boiled meat in pieces, products from cutlet mass.
Dairy products: milk - in dishes and tea. Low-fat kefir and other fermented milk products, drinks. Pureed cottage cheese, soufflé (first ration), as well as puddings with cereals, carrots, fruits (second-third rations). Sour cream - for seasoning soups. Low-fat, unsalted cheese - the second or third rations.
Eggs: the first, second and third diets are protein omelettes, egg flakes for vegetable broths.
Cereals: the first diet - 100-150 g of semolina, mashed buckwheat, oatmeal in milk; the second diet - 150-200 g of liquid, viscous, non-mashed cereals, 100 g of friable buckwheat, semolina casseroles; the third diet - 200 g of cereals, boiled vermicelli with cottage cheese, semolina casseroles with apples, buckwheat-curd pudding.
Snacks: the first and second rations are excluded; the third diet is soaked herring, low-fat ham, boiled aspic meat and fish, ripe tomatoes.
Vegetables: the first diet - 100 g of mashed potatoes, carrots, beets (separate dishes and side dishes), pureed carrot-curd pudding; the second diet is supplemented with cauliflower, grated raw carrots; the third diet - stewed carrots and beets. Mass of dishes - 150 g.
Fruits, sweet dishes, sweets: the first diet - applesauce, jelly, mousses, prunes, dried apricots - soaked, mashed potatoes, 30 g of sugar or honey; the second and third diets are supplemented with raw soft fruits and berries, baked apples, compote, milk jelly, jelly, jam, meringues; up to 50 g sugar, 15 g xylitol instead of sugar.
Sauces and spices: the second and third diets - to improve the taste of unsalted food - sweet and sour fruit juices, tomato juice, citric acid, vanillin, 3% table vinegar, vegetable broth and milk sauces, boiled and lightly fried onions.
Drinks: the first diet - 100–150 g of weak tea with lemon, milk, coffee drinks with milk, rosehip broth, prunes infusion, carrot, beetroot, fruit juices; the second and third rations - the same for 150–200 g.
Fats: butter and refined vegetable oils - in dishes; on the third diet 10 g of butter per hand.
EXCLUDED FOOD AND DISHES
From the diet of patients with myocardial infarction is excluded:
fresh bread, pastries, baked goods, fatty types and varieties of meat, poultry, fish, liver, brains and other meat by-products, sausages, canned food, caviar, whole milk and cream, egg yolks, millet, pearl barley, barley groats, legumes, white cabbage, cucumbers, radishes, onions, garlic, spices, animal and cooking oils, chocolate and other confectionery products, natural coffee, cocoa, grape juice.
EXAMPLE ONE-DAY MENUS FOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
FIRST RATION
I. On an empty stomach: infusion of prunes.
First breakfast: buckwheat porridge mashed with milk, cottage cheese mashed with sugar (sugar from the daily allowance), barley coffee with milk (sugar from the daily allowance).
Second breakfast: applesauce (or any fruit) with sugar (sugar from the daily allowance), rosehip broth.
Lunch: broth with egg flakes, boiled chicken, blackcurrant jelly.
Snack: mashed cottage cheese with sugar (daily sugar), grated carrots with sugar, …
A heart attack is a clinical manifestation of coronary heart disease. It is characterized by the death of a certain area of the myocardium due to the insufficiency of its blood supply due to blockage of the artery.
The most common causes of a heart attack include:
- Atherosclerosis
- Surgical ligation of the artery during angioplasty
- thrombosis of the coronary artery
- Spasms in the coronary arteries
- Hypertension
Causing factors that can lead to a heart attack include:
The main cause leading to the disease is atherosclerosis. Due to fatty deposits on the walls of blood vessels, atherosclerotic plaques are formed, which under certain conditions can rupture.
In this case, a blood clot is formed - a thrombus, which can block the artery. The stopped blood flow provokes the occurrence of necrosis of myocardial cells, in other words, myocardial infarction.
Atherosclerotic plaque damage can also occur with high blood pressure. A heart attack can happen without a good reason - in the early morning hours or in a dream. It should be noted that men have a heart attack more often than women. Patients who have already had a heart attack earlier have an increased risk.
Atherosclerosis in all its manifestations is the most dangerous for the development of myocardial infarction.
The main symptom of a heart attack is very severe retrosternal pain, which can last from 15 minutes to an hour, and does not stop even at complete rest, or it can stop after a few hours or after taking strong painkillers.
Patients describe the pain as squeezing, burning, pressing, resembling the pain of angina pectoris. but more pronounced, arising in addition to physical activity.
Signs of a heart attack can appear both in a typical form and atypical, significantly complicating diagnosis.
Unusual symptoms of myocardial infarction are described in the program Living Healthy with Elena Malysheva.
You should know that pain during a heart attack can also be atypical, for example, pain in the arm, lower jaw, etc.
There is a course of the disease without pain, mainly in diabetics. Many patients present with signs of heart failure characterized by shortness of breath, sweating, and a nonproductive cough. Some patients experience arrhythmia. There is also the only manifestation of a heart attack - cardiac arrest.
For a favorable prognosis of a heart attack, it is very important to correctly identify the symptoms.
A person who has had a heart attack. immediate assistance must be provided, as every minute works to save his life. First of all, you need to call a team of cardiac care.
If the patient loses consciousness and there is no rhythmic breathing, it is necessary to perform resuscitation measures (artificial respiration).
The patient needs to be reassured and not to panic himself, to act quickly and smoothly. Do not give in to the request of the victim to refuse to call emergency help.
If there is no possibility of a quick arrival of an ambulance, the patient must be taken to the hospital by car. Upon the arrival of the emergency team, the doctor must report on the measures taken.
First aid for a heart attack is an important step in saving the life of a patient.
In the treatment of a patient with a heart attack, an important role is played by therapeutic nutrition, which depends on the period of the disease - severe, subacute and recovery.
The diet for myocardial infarction has 3 diets that differ not only in nutritional value, but also in volume. In the early days of the disease, characterized by severe pain, nausea. general weakness, the need for food is absent.
The patient is given to drink weak sweet tea, a quarter cup at a time, up to 8 times a day. Tea can be replaced with juices - orange, blackcurrant or rosehip broth. Drinks must be warm.
Sample diet:
- White crackers - 60 g (per day)
- Sugar - 30 g per day
- On an empty stomach give 100 g of fruit juice or prunes infusion to drink
- At 8 am: milk porridge with cereal (30 g), grated apple, tea ½ cup
- At 11 am: cutlet or boiled chicken (50 g), fruit juice or rosehip broth (0.5 cup)
- At 2 pm: vegetable broth (1/2 plate), meat or fish meatballs with mashed potatoes
- At 5 pm: 100 g applesauce
- At 7 pm: 50 g of cottage cheese and 0.5 cups of kefir
- At 21:00: 50 g prune puree
The length of the diet of the first diet is up to 4 weeks, depending on the patient's tolerance for dietary restrictions.
Ration 2, prescribed in the subacute period, is somewhat expanded. The total weight of products is already 2 kg, carbohydrates - 200 g, liquids - 800 ml, proteins - 80 g, fats - 50 g, which is 1600 cal. Salt is allowed 3 g. Meals - 5, the temperature of the dishes is normal.
The third diet recommended to the patient during the period when he is allowed to get out of bed is 2000 cal. This includes up to 300 g of carbohydrates, liquids can be consumed up to a liter, fats - 50 g, protein foods - 90 g. The total weight of the diet is 2.5 kg, salt is allowed up to 5 g. Meals - 5, food temperature - normal.
After discharge from the hospital, a patient who has had a myocardial infarction is prescribed a 10 s diet, indicated for atherosclerosis. Its purpose is to prevent the development of atherosclerosis. The diet is based on reducing calories, limiting the use of foods high in cholesterol.
There are 2 options for this diet: for overweight patients and for patients with normal weight. Food is cooked boiled. The first version of the diet contains 90 g of proteins, the second - 100 g. Accordingly: fats - 60 g and 70 g, carbohydrates - 250 g and 400 g. Calories: 2200 and 2700. Total weight is from 2 to 2.5 kg, liquids - up to a litre. The frequency of meals is 5-6 times.
Patients who have had a myocardial infarction are allowed to:
- Bread - gray, crackers, dry cookies.
- Soups: on cereals, vegetables, dairy, 1 time per week - low-fat meat (1/2 portion).
- Meat and fish dishes: boiled, lean, 1 time per week - soaked herring, seafood is recommended.
- Protein omelet is allowed.
- From vegetable dishes, salads and vinaigrettes are allowed, and you can also use potatoes, various types of cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers, zucchini, legumes, pumpkin, greens. Sorrel, spinach, mushrooms are prohibited.
- Fruits and berries can be any.
- Cereals, flour and pasta dishes: all sorts, limited with excess weight.
- Dairy products: low-fat any products.
- Fats are predominantly vegetable.
- Sweets are prohibited or limited.
The goal of dietary nutrition after a heart attack is to prevent the development of atherosclerosis.
Prevention of myocardial infarction
To reduce the risk of a heart attack, therapy is practiced against the formation of blood clots. For this purpose, patients may be prescribed aspirin. Patients who have already had a heart attack in the past are prescribed beta-blockers. The condition improves in people who have had a heart attack after taking large doses of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
In the prophylactic period, which can last quite a long time, it is important to control and maintain normal blood pressure and fight arrhythmia.
As an addition to treatment, herbal decoctions can be used. which should not be used as a substitute for drug therapy. A healthy lifestyle, physical activity and proper nutrition are important.
If a heart attack occurs, correct diagnosis, timely first aid and treatment with a diet are of great importance. Prevention of the disease is to reduce the risk of a heart attack.
The human heart is a truly amazing organ that, despite its small size, is able to support the vital activity of the whole organism. It is not surprising that sooner or later he begins to "jump", like a motor in an old favorite car. But sometimes the heart does not withstand stress, nervous or physical, and then it is struck by a very serious illness - myocardial infarction. It forces you to completely reconsider your lifestyle, including nutrition. After all, it directly depends on the diet whether the heart can recover. Let's find out what the diet after a heart attack is.
Hard requirements of a heart attack: no food jokes
In the old days, the disease that we call a heart attack was called a "heart rupture." Probably, it is these words that to a large extent convey the seriousness of the situation. After all, in fact, we are talking about the death of a part of the heart, to which the life-giving flow of blood ceases to flow.
Even after a relatively mild heart attack, the patient must undergo rehabilitation and learn to live by the new rules. A person gradually increases the load on the body, and hence on the heart. Otherwise, the risk of a recurrence of a heart attack increases.
With this in mind, a daily diet is also compiled. First of all, doctors will recommend reducing each serving. To do this, you can simply use smaller diameter plates. Indeed, on large dishes, even large amounts of food seem more modest.
A diet for myocardial infarction is necessary in order to maintain weight in shape, as well as to reduce the level of fat and salt that enter the body with food. It is with these goals in mind that it is necessary to plan your own daily diet.
What is dangerous after a heart attack overweight? It puts more stress on the heart, as it has to pump much more blood to keep the fatty tissue nourished. In addition, excess weight is also fraught with related problems such as increased blood pressure and the occurrence of diabetes. The latter, however, leads to a deterioration in the properties of hemoglobin, which means that this protein does not perform its function as efficiently as oxygen transfer. And this again hits the heart - the muscle begins to experience oxygen starvation.
It should only be borne in mind that vegetables and fruits should be eaten both raw and boiled, or steamed. But you can not eat fried vegetable dishes, as well as canned fruits.
Wholemeal cereals and breads contain a lot of fiber. It is valuable for patients who have survived a heart attack, as it is not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, helping to slow down the absorption of fats. Also, fiber creates a feeling of fullness, deceiving the feeling of hunger.
It is not necessary after a heart attack to be zealous with the intake of protein foods. It requires more energy to digest. To meet the needs of the body, only about 400 g of cottage cheese, fish or lean meat per day is enough.
Instead of the usual tea and coffee, you can drink rosehip broth and cranberry juice, which will support the heart
Some dishes will have to be abandoned. A diet for a heart attack excludes the use of any canned food and sausages. The fact is that they contain an excess of salt, preservatives, fats and spices. And all this harms the metabolism, hitting the heart muscle.
Also, doctors recommend avoiding foods rich in cholesterol. It can be found in all offal, so you have to forget about dishes that are prepared from brains, kidneys, liver, tongue and heart. You also need to remember a whole list of products that contain this substance in large quantities:
- salmon and sturgeon caviar;
- egg yolk;
- butter;
- seafood;
- fatty meats;
- lard.
Instead, you can eat egg white and vegetable oils, low-fat dairy products, and lean chicken, turkey, and fish. And of course, there is no cholesterol in berries, vegetables and fruits.
Another important limitation concerns salt. If it is eaten in large quantities, then complications arise, for example, blood pressure rises. In addition, salt negatively affects the effectiveness of medication. It retains water in the body, increasing the load on the heart.
After an illness, it is worth abandoning hot spices, mustard and horseradish
Therefore, a diet for a heart attack involves the rejection of pickles, salted nuts, fish and chips. And in general, the salt shaker should be removed from the table so that there is no temptation to salt the dish.
In the diet of the core, those foods that have an exciting effect are completely superfluous. So you have to give up coffee and strong tea, cocoa and chocolate.
It is important not only to make a menu for a diet for a heart attack, but also to eat according to some rules. So, the portions should be reduced. That is, it is better to switch to fractional nutrition: eat five or six times a day, but little by little. In this case, the last meal before bedtime should be no later than three hours before bedtime.
Recommendations regarding the nutrition of the patient depend on how much time has passed since the infarction. So, in the first week it is better to eat six times a day. For example, you can offer the patient a grated vegetable soup, lean meat, or a steamed omelet. All food should be unsalted.
In the second and third weeks after a heart attack, it is allowed to eat non-grated meals. But salt is still excluded.
From the fourth week, the scarring process begins. Diet restrictions after a heart attack for a man at this time are no longer so strict. You can eat different dishes by adding a little salt. But its amount should not exceed 3-5 grams per day. Also, doctors will not allow you to drink more than one liter of fluid per day.
We add that such valuable products as dried apricots, prunes and raisins contribute to a speedy recovery. They help to normalize the work of the heart.
In the first days after a heart attack, carrot juice will be useful, to which vegetable oil is added at the rate of 1 teaspoon of oil per half a glass of juice
When developing a diet after a heart attack and stenting, it is worth remembering the variety on the menu. After all, all useful substances must enter the patient's body. And the love and care of loved ones also contributes to recovery. So not only cook nutritious meals for your loved one who survived a heart attack, but also take care of him, creating an atmosphere of calm.
The diet after myocardial infarction for men is aimed at ensuring that a man quickly recovers from this disease. In addition, it is necessary to lead the right way of life: give up cigarettes, alcoholic beverages.
Blood pressure and cholesterol should be carefully monitored. These measures prevent the recurrence of the disease. Do not forget that a heart attack often leads to the death of the patient. A balanced menu and diet after myocardial infarction for men activates metabolic processes, enhances the effect of drug therapy. Men should give preference to foods containing low amounts of cholesterol and do fasting days.
According to cardiologists, a man who has suffered a heart attack and stenting in the past should follow important rules when compiling a daily menu.
The diet must be present in large quantities of vegetables and fruits. Fats in heart disease are harmful to the body, so the use of butter, sour cream is prohibited.
Food should be cooked in olive or sunflower oil. The amount of protein also needs to be limited. You can eat no more than 200 grams of low-fat cottage cheese or a small portion of a meat dish.
The daily menu should include dishes according to recipes containing polyunsaturated acids. Good for eating chicken and seafood. Thanks to polyunsaturated acids, the vascular walls are strengthened.
Salt immediately after a heart attack is not recommended, especially for men with high weight and obesity. In the future, its quantity is limited. It increases blood pressure, worsens the work of the heart, so the likelihood of a recurrence of a heart attack increases.
Canned foods, sausage, salted and smoked foods should be excluded from the diet. The use of coffee, strong tea, carbonated drinks, pastries and sweets is also not welcome. These are prohibited foods at any stage: acute, subacute, scarring.
Experts advise people suffering from heart disease to be careful about eating foods high in cholesterol. Therefore, you should give up offal and stick to a diet.
The use of salmon caviar is not recommended. Rabbit meat, turkey, sea fish, egg white contain a small amount of cholesterol. We must not forget about fruits rich in trace elements such as potassium and magnesium. They are very useful in heart diseases. Many of these trace elements contain bananas, raisins and dried apricots. A good effect in heart disease gives the use of zucchini, beets, potatoes. Food on the table should be cooked in a double boiler or stewed, then the diet after myocardial infarction for men will be effective.
Not everyone knows what to eat with a heart attack, but the diet is aimed at lowering the level of lipids in the blood. Useful freshly squeezed fruit juices, fresh fruit. It is necessary to include parsley, almonds, sunflower seeds in your menu. The amount of liquid must be strictly controlled.
It is recommended to drink no more than two liters of liquid. Meals should be frequent: at least six meals a day are recommended. What can you eat with a heart attack? With this ailment, maintaining a proper diet is especially necessary. It promotes faster scarring of myocardial muscles, this process can last three weeks.
At this time, a man needs to eat low-fat soups, vegetable dishes and decoctions.
Nutritionists advise drinking carrot juice, you need to add a spoonful of vegetable oil to it. It is recommended to refuse fatty foods. For the representatives of the stronger sex, suffering from excess weight and diabetes, the use of these products is especially detrimental.
Do not forget that being overweight can lead to hypertension. It contributes to the development of atherosclerosis.
With a heart attack, you need to abandon flour products, sweet dishes. When these simple rules are followed, a man can easily get rid of extra pounds, cholesterol levels will decrease. It is useful to eat dietary cereals, honey. Grapes, smoked meats, fried foods, mushrooms, tomato ketchup should be completely abandoned.
If a man has undergone surgery during which a stent was placed, he needs to eat small meals six times a day. The use of alcohol, chocolate products is contraindicated. Daily calorie content should be no more than 1100 calories per day. Useful fruit dishes, foods containing cereals. The amount of salt in cooking should be limited (no more than 5 g per day). If the representative of the stronger sex follows these recommendations, he will be able to quickly recover from myocardial infarction.
After a man is discharged from the clinic, he must still follow the diet, but the nutritional requirements are no longer so strict.
If a man has experienced a massive heart attack, carbohydrates and protein should predominate in his daily diet. Curd dishes should be prepared, sour cream and raisins can be added to them. A decoction of rose hips is endowed with a wide tonic effect. Dried fruit compotes, vegetable salads are useful.
Soups should be prepared from low-fat varieties of fish, liquid chicken broth is also useful. Rice should be used as a side dish. You can treat yourself to a vegetarian borsch, there are a lot of recipes for this dish. Daily calorie content increases to 2200 calories per day. The number of meals is reduced to three. At night it is recommended to drink 200 ml of kefir.
The patient must drink plain non-carbonated water (at least 0.6 liters). You can strengthen blood vessels after a heart attack with the help of seafood. They contain many useful substances and have a beneficial effect on the functioning of the heart, improve the condition of the body as a whole.
If a man suffers from hypertension, he needs to carefully monitor the amount of fluid consumed. It should not be forgotten that eating after a heart attack should be varied, the diet should be carefully thought out.
While the patient was in the cardiology department, his diet was controlled by the attending physician. After a man is discharged from the hospital, he must comply with all the instructions of a specialist. Late dinner is not recommended, dinner should be no later than two hours before bedtime. If it is difficult for the patient to go to bed on an empty stomach, you can drink 200 ml of yogurt. You should eat no more than three eggs per week.
Nutrition after a heart attack allows the use of bread. You should choose bread from premium flour, it should be well dried. You can also eat crackers.
Soups should be eaten in small portions of 150-200 ml. You need to cook them in this way: a small amount of cereals or vegetables is poured into a decoction of vegetables. You can add egg flakes to the soup. Meat used for cooking should be free of tendons and fascia. Chicken meat is allowed to be used, but first you need to remove the skin from it. Cutlets and meatballs are made from minced meat.
The use of milk is recommended, it must be added to tea or dishes. Cottage cheese should be well rubbed and cooked from it curd paste. Eggs can be used to make an omelette. Vegetables are allowed to be consumed in the form of puddings. An excellent dietary porridge is obtained from oatmeal, a little milk can be poured into it, buckwheat porridge must be carefully ground. It is useful to eat semolina.
The use of various snacks is prohibited. Sugar should be consumed no more than 30 grams per day. You can replace it with honey. Tea should not be brewed strongly. In tea, you can add a slice of lemon, a small amount of milk.
Fruit juices, medicinal decoctions have a good effect on the state of the cardiovascular system. They are also recommended to be taken by men and women as a prevention of coronary diseases. The recommended dosage of these drinks does not exceed 150 ml per day. The amount of liquid is 700-800 ml.
What else can you eat after a myocardial infarction?
The daily menu should include yogurt, a decoction made from prunes, milk porridge with an apple. From drinks are allowed: kissels, tea with the addition of milk. It is useful to eat stewed fish, cottage cheese of low fat content, vegetable broths, mashed potatoes with prunes.
In the second diet, no more than 1800 calories should be consumed per day. The total weight of dishes should not exceed two kilograms. The diet should contain fats in the amount of 60 grams, proteins - at least 70 grams, carbohydrates in the amount of 25 grams. Liquids should be drunk no more than one liter per day. The amount of salt is limited to three grams per day.
In the third diet, the recommended weight of food consumed should not exceed 2.3 kg. This type of diet is dominated by carbohydrates and proteins. The volume of liquid does not exceed 1.1 liters. Fresh bread is not recommended. During the scarring period, wheat flour bread can be eaten in an amount of no more than 250 g per day. Rye bread can be eaten only in the first diet, no more than 50 grams per day.
In the second and third diet, you can cook vegetable soups, soups with the addition of cereals. It is allowed to include in the diet after a heart attack a weak meat broth with a low fat content. It is allowed to use sour cream, low-fat cheese, vanillin, lemon juice. The use of snacks in the second diet is prohibited. Porridge should be liquid or viscous. They need to be rubbed thoroughly. In the third diet, snacks can be included in the menu. Useful cereals, cottage cheese and buckwheat puddings, apple casserole, fruit jelly, carrot puree. It is allowed to use low-fat herring, ham, ripe tomatoes, apple pancakes.
After suffering a myocardial infarction, the diet, first of all, should be sparing.
The doctors have done everything in their power to get you back on your feet, and now your task is to make every effort to successfully overcome the rehabilitation period. If you continue to harm your body by stuffing it with unnecessary fats and cholesterol from unhealthy foods, recovery will slow down.
A myocardial infarction is a disease in which, due to blockage of the coronary artery, the full blood supply to a section of the heart muscle - or, scientifically, the myocardium - suddenly and abruptly stops. This leads to a pronounced lack of both oxygen and many nutrients in it. As a result, myocardial cells die. The damaged section of the heart muscle can no longer take part in heart contractions, so the heart is not able to provide the necessary blood flow in the body. All organs and tissues begin to experience oxygen starvation, and this immediately leads to a violation of their function.
Most often, myocardial infarction occurs in people with atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary arteries. In this process, cholesterol is deposited in the form of peculiar plaques on the walls of the vessels supplying the myocardium with blood. These plaques are mechanically unstable and may rupture; at the same time, their contents enter the lumen of the vessel and cause its blockage. In place of dead myocardial cells, a scar is formed, which is not able to contract like the rest of the muscle. As a result, the remaining cells are forced to take on the load in order to maintain the blood supply to the internal organs at the required level.
However, vessels affected by atherosclerosis cannot always pass through themselves a sufficient amount of blood, and with it oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium. As a result, retrosternal pain develops. This is a manifestation of oxygen starvation or, in scientific terms, ischemia. It is important to note that in this situation, the risk of a second heart attack and even sudden death increases.
Lifestyle changes after a myocardial infarction can reduce the likelihood of such complications. That is why doctors strongly advise all patients after a heart attack to follow a diet and follow the recommendations. The correct way of life after a heart attack, in particular, includes a strict organization of nutrition, otherwise the effect of other methods of treatment - taking drugs or spa treatment - will never be sufficient.
The importance of proper nutrition after a heart attack can not be said: it is obvious. Healthy eating is also shown to all people who care about the health of their hearts. It is important to emphasize that the recommended diet for heart patients after a heart attack is also the key to successful prevention of coronary heart disease.
Features of the diet after myocardial infarction are due to three periods of the disease. These include: acute period (up to 2 weeks), scarring period (from 2nd to 8th week) and rehabilitation period (after 8 weeks). The therapeutic nutrition menu after a heart attack for such patients throughout all three periods is aimed at restoring processes in the myocardium and improving heart function. Diet therapy is aimed at correcting disturbed metabolic processes and preventing atherosclerosis.
What diet is prescribed after a heart attack for a successful recovery? First of all, the energy value of food should be reduced with its gradual increase, animal fats, table salt, liquid, cholesterol, nitrogenous substances are limited. The diet menu after myocardial infarction is enriched with ascorbic acid, lipotropic substances, potassium salts. Excluded from the diet are foods that contribute to bloating (grapes, fruits with coarse fiber, milk). It is important to prevent weight gain and dysfunction of the digestive system.
Nutrition after myocardial infarction must be regular. The diet should include vegetables, wholemeal bread products, beans, nuts, durum wheat pasta, brown rice, lean boiled meat, seafood, fruits.
“An apple a day keeps a doctor away” (“One apple a day - and you won’t need a doctor”), says an English proverb. It really is. Apples contain a large amount of pectin, which is very good for the heart. What is the best diet after a heart attack? During this period, the body especially needs fruits, which include substances that have a beneficial effect on the activity of the heart muscle. These are apricots, prunes, dried apricots, figs, rose hips, black and red currants. It is important to remember that malnutrition after a heart attack can provoke a relapse of the disease. For dressing salads and other food, it is recommended to use only vegetable oil.
The basic rules of the diet, which is prescribed after a heart attack, can be formulated as follows:
- It is necessary to increase the number of meals to 6-7, but reduce the volume of servings.
- Reduce your total calorie intake. If a person overeats, it will only lead to insomnia.
- Reduce intake of animal fats and cholesterol in food.
- Exclude hot and cold dishes, be sure to heat food to medium temperature.
- Eliminate salt from the diet.
- Remove bloating or gas in the stomach by eliminating carbonated drinks, sugary juices and bread from the diet.
- Reduce the daily amount of fluid consumed to 1.5 liters, including soups and jelly in this amount.
- Be sure to include foods containing potassium and magnesium in the menu: prunes, baked potatoes, nuts, beets, potatoes, buckwheat, citrus fruits, seaweed, watermelons.
- Limit sugar intake.
To reduce the load on the cardiovascular system, doctors advise fractional meals, 1-2 more meals. The recommended diet after a heart attack is 5-6 times a day, and the last meal is allowed no later than 3 hours before bedtime. In addition, foods that have a stimulating effect (strong tea, coffee, cocoa, chocolate and spices) are excluded from the diet.
Nutrition after a heart attack makes it possible to avoid disorders of fat metabolism or at least reduce them. Therefore, in this case, the diet is the primary prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction. Back in 1987, a group of experts in the study of atherosclerosis formulated the "7 golden principles" of the menu after myocardial infarction, the observance of which will help eliminate fat metabolism disorders:
- reduce the consumption of fats;
- sharply reduce the consumption of foods containing saturated fatty acids (animal fats, butter, cream, eggs), as they increase blood cholesterol levels;
- increase the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are found in certain foods (liquid vegetable oils, fish, poultry, seafood) and reduce blood lipid levels;
- increase the intake of fiber and complex carbohydrates (vegetables and fruits);
- when cooking, completely replace butter and saturated fats with vegetable oil;
- sharply reduce the consumption of foods rich in cholesterol;
- limit the amount of salt in food to 5 g per day.
The chemical composition of this diet is characterized by the content of proteins - 80-90 g (of which 60% are animals), fats - 70 g (of which vegetable - 20%), carbohydrates - 350-400 g (of which 30 g are simple carbohydrates), energy value - 2300 kcal. The amount of fluid consumed by the patient during the day is 1.2 liters, including soup, compote, jelly, etc.
Of great importance in diet therapy is the vitamin composition of food products. The content of vitamins A, C, D in them is especially important. It is these vitamins that affect the metabolic processes in the myocardium. With myocardial infarction, their consumption increases.
What foods can you eat after a heart attack to increase your intake of water-soluble vitamins? This is achieved by including fresh vegetables and fruits in the diet, the predominant use of some cereal products (buckwheat, oatmeal) and some meat products (veal). Increased fortification with fat-soluble vitamins is carried out by including the optimal amount of vegetable fat in the diet.
In violation of myocardial metabolism, changes in the electrolyte composition of the intracellular and extracellular fluid are of particular importance. Given this fact, the most significant for the myocardium are the redistribution and deficiency of potassium. Therefore, the menu after a heart attack aimed at improving the nutrition of the myocardium contains an increased amount of potassium compared to the usual diet. This is achieved by including fruits and vegetables, decoctions and infusions from them in the diet.
Another important component for effective myocardial contraction is calcium. The introduction of a sufficient amount of dairy products after myocardial infarction, containing a relatively high content of this microelement, usually allows optimal supply of calcium to the myocardium. The deficiency of some trace elements necessary for the normal metabolism of the heart muscle - for example, manganese and magnesium - possible with myocardial infarction, is fully compensated by the use of a variety of products, both plant and animal origin.
What foods can be eaten after a myocardial infarction, and which are recommended to be excluded?
1. Fats
It is recommended to limit the intake of all fats containing polyunsaturated fatty acids in large quantities: limit the intake of butter, and exclude margarine altogether. Useful products for the heart after a heart attack are olive, sunflower, corn oils.
The intake of bacon, ham, minced lean beef, liver and kidneys is limited.
The list of foods that can not be eaten after a heart attack includes: meat with visible fat, lamb brisket and ribs, pork (meat from the abdomen), bacon with layers of fat, sausages, sausages, salami, pates, scrambled eggs with meat, duck, goose , poultry skin.
3. Dairy products
From dairy products after a heart attack are recommended: skimmed milk, low-fat cheeses (for example, pressed cottage cheese), cheese from skimmed milk, from curdled milk, kefir with a low fat content.
The intake of semi-skimmed milk, medium-fat cheeses, processed, spreadable cheeses is limited. Low-fat sour cream is used only for dressing dishes.
4. Fish and seafood
Products useful after a heart attack include all “white” fish of low-fat varieties, boiled or baked after boiling: cod, flounder, as well as fatty fish (herring, mackerel, sardine, tuna), salmon (chum salmon, pink salmon, salmon) .
The intake of marine products (molluscs, crustaceans) is limited.
Fish caviar is an undesirable food after a heart attack.
5. Fruits and vegetables
Recommended: all fresh and frozen fruits, boiled and baked vegetables, peas, beans, olives. Potatoes boiled, peeled or "in their skins" (eat the skin when possible). Also useful foods after a heart attack include fresh fruits, unsweetened canned fruits, walnuts. Dried fruits (prunes, dried apricots, seedless raisins).
The intake of fried, stewed potatoes cooked in oil, fruits in syrup, candied fruits, almonds and hazelnuts is limited.
6. Flour and confectionery
Of the flour products for a heart attack, it is recommended: products made from wholemeal flour (wholemeal), bread from it, as well as grain bread, with bran, peeled, rye, unground (whole) cereals, oatmeal, wheat flour, oatmeal porridge in water and milk , puddings, cereals, brown rice and pasta casseroles, oven-baked crackers, oatmeal cookies, yeast-free bread.
Allow limited intake of products made from white flour (white bread, sweet cereals for breakfast, polished rice, biscuits).
Allow limited intake of cakes, confectionery, biscuits and seasonings cooked in butter, homemade snacks on unsaturated fats.
Not recommended: cakes, puddings, saturated fat biscuits, dumplings, interior fat puddings, cream and butter seasonings, all store-bought puddings and seasonings, snacks cooked in “boiling” butter (fried side dishes), milk ice cream.
Limit sugary drinks, low-malt drinks, low-fat liquid chocolate, packaged soups, and alcohol.
The first period lasts 10-14 days after a heart attack. All dishes for the menu after a heart attack are prepared pureed and without salt. The calorie content of the daily diet is 800-1000 kcal. There are 7 meals a day every 2-3 hours. Immediately after a heart attack, a strict diet is prescribed. All this time, the patient should be under the supervision of a doctor, who, if necessary, can adjust the diet.
You need to eat 5-7 times a day in small portions.
From foodstuffs it is allowed to use:
- vegetable broths and soups;
- liquid, well-boiled cereals;
- low-fat dairy products;
- carrot juice with the addition of vegetable oil (2 times a day, 100 ml of juice, necessarily mixed with 1 teaspoon of oil).
The use of salt during this period is completely prohibited.
Sample menu after a heart attack in the first period for one day:
- 50 g of boiled fish, half a glass of vegetable broth and jelly.
- half a glass of tea with milk, milk porridge with a small piece of butter, grated apple.
- half a glass of decoction of prunes or yogurt.
- 50 g of boiled chicken, half a glass of rosehip broth.
- 100 g of applesauce, half a glass of rosehip broth.
- 50 g of cottage cheese, half a glass of rosehip broth.
- 50 g prune puree.
The second period begins on the 2-4th week after a heart attack. It corresponds to the period of scarring.
What should be the nutrition after a heart attack in the second rehabilitation period? The daily calorie content of the diet is 1200-1400 kcal.
The chemical composition of food:
- Proteins - 90-100 g
- Fats - 70-80 g
- Carbohydrates - 400-450 g
Salt can already be used, but in limited quantities (up to 5 g per day). The daily volume of liquid is 1.2-1.4 liters (at the same time, you can drink no more than 0.8 liters, and everything else goes to cooking). The diet should be divided into 7 meals (the last meal should be completed a couple of hours before bedtime). Before going to bed, you can drink juice or any of the fermented milk products.
Prohibited products:
- fatty meats, fish and poultry, as well as lard and sausages;
- pickles and smoked meats; strong coffee or tea;
- any foods rich in cholesterol (egg yolks, offal, and others);
- alcohol;
- horseradish, mustard and other hot spices.
If you are overweight, you will have to limit the consumption of bread, sweets and flour products.
List of products that are useful after a heart attack in the second rehabilitation period:
- cereals (especially oatmeal and buckwheat);
- berries, fruits (including citrus fruits) and vegetables (it is very important to eat cabbage, especially cauliflower);
- milk and dairy products (cottage cheese, hard cheese, etc.);
- milk and sour cream sauces (on vegetable broth);
- pasta;
- seafood;
- black salted caviar (20 g 1-2 times a week);
- lean meats, fish and poultry (150 g once a day);
- strong meat and fish broths; greenery;
- raisins, dried apricots, prunes, apricots, figs;
- nuts;
- beans, soybeans;
- black bread;
- butter (melted, unsalted);
- vegetable oil (20-25 ml per day);
- egg white (1 piece per day); compotes, kissels, jelly, mousses and jams;
- tea with milk or lemon;
- rosehip decoction;
- vegetable, fruit and berry juices;
- decoction of bran with the addition of honey and lemon juice.
Sample menu after myocardial infarction in the second rehabilitation period for one day:
- half a glass of prunes broth.
- milk porridge, 50 g of cottage cheese with 10 g of sour cream, scrambled eggs from 2 proteins, half a glass of tea with milk.
- apple and carrot puree, apple pancakes, half a glass of rosehip broth or fruit juice.
- 150 g vegetable broth with crackers, 50 g boiled chicken or fish, apple jelly.
- half a glass of yogurt, juice or tea.
- 50 g boiled fish or chicken, beet and carrot puree, boiled cauliflower.
- half a glass of curdled milk or 100 g of prune puree.
After the 8th week, the patient can gradually return to his usual diet, while observing all the recommendations and adhering to seven meals a day.
For people with normal and low body weight, the energy value of the diet per day is 2500 kcal. Liquids can be drunk up to 1 liter. Salt intake is limited to 3-5 g per day. The diet of patients after a heart attack in the third period is enriched with potassium salts, which ensures the contractile function of the myocardium and removes fluid from the body. Potassium is found in dry vegetables, fruits and berries (apricots, dried apricots, raisins, dates, prunes, etc.).
However, some foods (sorrel, lettuce, rhubarb, radish, gooseberries, black currants, etc.) contain a lot of oxalic acid, which is forbidden to use in heart failure.
It is good to replace sugar with 1 teaspoon of honey, which contains vitamins, microelements, and biologically active substances. A glass of water drunk on an empty stomach with 1 dessert spoon of honey helps to normalize bowel activity, which is especially important for bedridden patients.
Black bread, salads.
Vinaigrettes, boiled fish, homemade vegetable caviar.
Vegetable side dishes (with the exception of legumes).
One egg per day (only protein is allowed).
Lean beef, lamb, poultry and fish 1 time per day, 150 g in a piece, as well as in the form of steam cutlets and meatballs.
Porridge and pasta dishes.
Low-fat dairy products (cottage cheese, cheese, sour cream, kefir).
Kissels, creams, jellies, mousses, raw fruits, baked, boiled - and jams.
From drinks are allowed: weak tea with lemon or milk, vegetable, fruit and berry juices, rosehip infusion, bran decoction with honey and lemon juice.
Excluded: strong meat and fish broths, fried meat, fish, poultry dishes. Particularly dangerous: fat in large quantities, spicy and salty dishes and snacks, canned food, smoked meats, sausages, alcoholic drinks, soft bread, as well as mustard, horseradish and other spicy seasonings, strong tea and coffee.
Overweight people need to normalize body weight, as this will reduce lipid metabolism disorders and reduce physical stress on the heart muscle. Fasting days are recommended for such patients after myocardial infarction.
Nutrition menu after myocardial infarction for fasting days:
- 500 g of oatmeal and 800 ml of fruit juice per day;
- watermelon day (5 times a day, consume 300 g of ripe watermelon);
- rice-compote day (5 glasses of compote, 100 g of rice porridge per day);
- apple day (1.5-2 kg of baked or pureed apples per day).
Recipes for heart disease - here!
Proper nutrition during the rehabilitation period can improve the function of the heart and accelerate the recovery processes in the myocardium.
In the first ten days after a heart attack, you need to follow a strict diet, which includes only low-calorie foods. Limit salt and fluid intake. It is recommended to use liquid cereals, fruit, vegetable purees and pureed soups. From meat dishes you can boil lean beef.
In the second half of the rehabilitation period (in two weeks), everything is also taken, but it is already possible in a boiled, rather than mashed form. Salt intake is limited.
A month later, during the scarring period, foods enriched with potassium are needed. It enhances the outflow of fluid from the body and increases the ability of the muscle to contract. It is useful to eat dried fruits, dates, bananas, cauliflower.
Apples should be eaten as much as possible, they help to cleanse the entire body of toxins and strengthen the walls of blood vessels.
It is recommended to replace sugar with honey, as it is a natural biostimulant. Honey enriches the body with the necessary microelements and vitamins, dilates the heart vessels, improves the blood supply to the body and increases its protective reactions.
It is useful to eat nuts, especially walnuts and almonds. Walnuts contain magnesium, which has vasodilating properties, as well as potassium, copper, cobalt, zinc, which are necessary for the formation of red blood cells.
Birch sap is very useful, you can drink it from 0.5 liters to 1 liter per day.
It is useful to eat turnips, persimmons, drink beetroot juice.
People who have suffered a myocardial infarction need to introduce seafood into their regular diet, as they contain iodine, cobalt and copper. These trace elements thin the blood and prevent the formation of blood clots.
Folk remedies for the treatment of myocardial infarction
During the rehabilitation period, it is very useful to take such funds.
- Mix freshly squeezed onion juice in equal parts with honey. Take two, you can three times a day for a spoon.
- 2 A mixture of chokeberry with honey is very useful, in a ratio of 1: 2. Take one tablespoon per day.
- 3Lemon zest improves the functioning of the heart muscle. It must be eaten fresh.
- 4 In the first days of rehabilitation, carrot juice is very useful. Freshly squeezed juice should be drunk in half a glass, with the addition of a little vegetable oil, twice a day. It is very useful to combine carrot juice with the use of a weak infusion of hawthorn as a tea.
- 5 Ginseng root tincture with honey is effective. It is necessary to mix 20 grams of ginseng root with ½ kg of honey and stir regularly, leave for a week. This tincture also helps with low hemoglobin. Take ¼ teaspoon three times a day.
Dietary nutrition in the first month of illness
A diet after a heart attack should consist of several successive stages, each of which has its own characteristics. Immediately after the diagnosis of the disease, patients are recommended to eat small portions up to 6 times a day. All food should be served to a man in the form of a thin puree. Vegetable and cereal soups, rare cereals and low-fat dairy products are shown. The interval between each meal should be 2-2.5 hours.
Within 2-3 weeks after a heart attack, the patient has an acute stage of the disease. At this time, he is allowed to eat crushed food. The diet and the frequency of meals remain the same. Adding salt and fats of animal origin to food is strictly prohibited. The energy value of the diet should not be more than 1 thousand calories per day.
21 days after a heart attack, a man begins the stage of scarring. At this time, his diet can be varied with dried fruits, honey, bran, nuts. It is useful to drink a decoction prepared from rose hips. Take food, as before, often and in small portions. The calorie content of the diet can be increased to 1400 kilocalories. The black list of products of this stage of the diet includes confectionery, sweet pastries, fatty foods, smoked meats, and canned food. Salt, as before, is completely banned. Of the drinks, coffee, strong tea and all types of alcohol are contraindicated.
Nutrition during the rehabilitation period
After discharge from cardiology, the patient begins the rehabilitation process. If during the entire time he was in the hospital, his diet was monitored by the attending physician, then at this stage the diet after a heart attack is controlled by the patient and his family members. The number of meals can be reduced to four. Dinner should be no later than 2 hours before going to bed. If you can’t fall asleep on an empty stomach, nutritionists recommend that patients drink a glass of low-fat kefir at night (it can be replaced with yogurt). It is allowed to eat no more than 3 eggs during the week.
During the rehabilitation period after a heart attack, the diet for the stronger sex should be enriched with foods high in potassium and magnesium.
It is recommended to gradually introduce fruits, vegetables, meat and fish dishes, various cereals, wholemeal bread into the diet of patients. It is important to remember that in the diet of a man there should not be anything salty, fatty, fried. The daily calorie content is increased to 2 thousand kilocalories. It is important to monitor blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
During the diet, you need to monitor the amount of fluid consumed. Excess water to the body, which is recovering from a heart attack, is not needed, as it will put an additional burden on the cardiovascular system of a man. The optimal amount of fluid to drink per day should not exceed 1.5 liters, including liquid food.
Proper nutrition after myocardial infarction should become the norm for men. It will help to restore a diseased heart and prevent relapses. People who monitor their diet and do not consume products harmful to the heart and blood vessels manage to successfully cope with a heart attack and return to a full life.
kakbik.ru
Diet after myocardial infarction
Not many people know that after a myocardial infarction, any person needs the most powerful psychological support, as well as a significant change in the entire rhythm and lifestyle. Perhaps that is why in modern medicine they try to pay so much attention to the rehabilitation of post-infarction patients.
Full rehabilitation is necessary both for the restoration of all vital functions, and for the realization of the possibilities of former activity. In addition, rehabilitation is important to minimize the risk of recurrent heart attacks.
Several main areas of rehabilitation work, which include:
- Significant weight loss, of course, only if there is actually some excess body weight.
- Constant adherence to the principles of proper dietary nutrition.
- Moderate, but not low physical activity of the patient.
- Constant prevention of stressful situations and prevention of chronic fatigue syndrome.
- Almost constant control over blood pressure, control over the level of glucose in the patient's blood and the level of cholesterol in the blood.
Further about everything in more detail, and in order
It is important to understand that physical activity, as well as proper nutrition, is necessary for absolutely every person, including a person who has had a heart attack. However, if we talk about physical activity, we note that those in patients with heart disease will have to increase strictly gradually.
As a rule, you should start doing any physical exercises after myocardial infarction only under the supervision of doctors and only in a hospital.
Women who have had a heart attack are initially offered only to walk, and rather calmly and relatively slowly, for a start no more than five or ten minutes. In addition, with such walking, the doctor must carefully monitor the patient's pressure and his pulse. Further, such walks can gradually begin to increase, and by the time of one and a half months of the rehabilitation period, such loads can already reach half an hour.
Somewhat later, other methods are added to the complex of physical exercises, aimed solely at strengthening or increasing the endurance of a diseased heart, as well as enriching the heart with oxygen. Such exercises include regular swimming, perhaps cycling, as well as simple walking, both in the air and on a treadmill.
But with regard to dietary nutrition, it should be quite low-calorie and most importantly aimed at significant weight loss. However, such nutrition must be fully balanced in order to be able to provide the patient with a complete recovery of the myocardium and other cardiac membranes.
With such a diet, it is necessary to significantly limit the daily intake of salt, the use of fatty foods, as well as reduce the amount of fluid consumed. Quite often, with such a diet, patients are prescribed a standard intake of certain vitamin preparations or their complexes.
The first stage is the time of the diet in the acute period (the time interval constituting the first week after a heart attack). During this period, the patient must eat at least six times a day, but in fairly moderate portions.
The diet of such a patient includes only lean beef, ordinary crackers, possibly boiled chicken or lean fish. At the moment, it is permissible to use any fermented milk products with low fat content. You can eat steamed omelet, almost any cereal, as well as vegetable, preferably mashed soups. Be sure to refuse (and completely) even any homemade pastries, smoked meats, any hard cheeses, of course, chocolate, strong coffee and any alcohol.
The second stage is the time of the subacute period (the time interval is two or three weeks after the heart attack). During this period, the diet becomes less strict. Various non-mashed dishes are already allowed, although, just as before, completely without salt. Of course, food in this time period, as before, should remain fractional, you should eat in very small portions and at least five times a day.
The third stage is the so-called scarring period. This is a period that begins approximately from the fourth week after suffering an emergency infarction. At this time, the patient is prescribed a fairly low-calorie diet with a significant restriction of fluid intake per day. With such a diet, you should drink no more than one liter of fluid per day, and salt intake is limited to three to five grams per day.
It is highly recommended to use dried apricots during this period, and other dried fruits, such as raisins or prunes. This is important, since it is dried fruits that are able to saturate the body of a patient who has had a heart attack with potassium, which is so urgently needed to normalize the work of the heart. It is important at this stage to eat seafood that will be rich in iodine.
When the three periods of recovery after a heart attack have passed, the patient, in order to avoid relapses, should also eat, following certain rules.
It is important to keep track of your weight
Dietary post-rehabilitation nutrition after myocardial infarction should begin with a significant reduction in serving size. For example, you can simply replace your plates with slightly smaller ones and with a smaller diameter. Indeed, on large-sized plates, the volume of food prepared for consumption seems to be much less. And visually it seems that you can’t get enough of this portion.
Remember, being overweight puts your heart under serious stress, so the heart has to pump more blood every second to properly supply the excess adipose tissue with blood.
As a rule, overweight people inevitably have problems with high blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus can develop. But a violation of the absorption of glucose received, as well as diabetes mellitus, can lead to a deterioration in the basic physiological properties of hemoglobin (the very protein that carries oxygen) in the blood. As a result, the heart of a full person will experience additional unnecessary oxygen starvation.
How is it estimated whether you have a normal body weight?
To do this, they usually use a certain formula that allows you to calculate the so-called body mass index (or BMI). To calculate BMI, your present weight, taken in kilograms, should be divided by your height, squared in meters.
For example, if your body weight is 85 kilograms, and your height is 1.7 meters, your BMI will be 85 divided by (1.7 × 1.7), you will get an indicator of 29.4.
It is believed that a body mass index equal to eighteen to twenty-five is an absolutely normal person's weight. However, if the BMI is above 25.0, it is considered that a person is overweight, which undoubtedly indicates a real risk of developing various cardiovascular or other complications.
Note that the BMI index goes off scale above 30, may indicate that we are talking about obesity. Recall that obesity is a very specific disease and, of course, it must be treated, and not independently and spontaneously, but with the help of experienced professionals.
Principles of dietary nutrition after a heart attack, which should be followed for the rest of your life
The rehabilitation period was successful and the patient may think that now, finally, you can afford to relax. Unfortunately, this is not entirely true. A person who once suffered a heart attack forever falls into the risk group for relapses. And this means that it is important to adhere to the correct dietary nutrition all the time. However, this does not mean that the patient will never eat delicious food again. Dietary nutrition after heart attack rehabilitation can be both tasty and healthy. It is only important to learn to follow a few simple rules.
It is important to eat as many fruits and vegetables as possible.
Proper dietary nutrition after a myocardial infarction should contain both raw and boiled or baked fruits and vegetables. It is important to eat steamed or grilled vegetables. However, you should avoid eating overcooked vegetables, any canned fruit or vegetables in brine or syrup, as well as vegetables cooked in a creamy sauce.
You should consume as much fiber as possible, invaluable in its properties.
It is important to know that fiber is not able to be digested and absorbed directly by the gastrointestinal tract. And at the same time, it is fiber that has many incredibly useful properties and qualities. Fiber is an excellent natural sorbent. It also helps the physiologically normal functioning of our intestines, it also slows down the absorption of dangerous fats at times, it is also capable of creating a complete and unconditional feeling of satiety for a person.
Recall that a fairly large amount of useful fiber today is found in simple bread made from exceptionally wholemeal flour, in many whole (not ground and not otherwise processed) cereals. And also in any vegetables, and of course fruits (well, except for the sweetest fruits, such as a banana, like grapes, or dates).
It is advisable to consume less protein, although not exclude it from the diet
It is advisable, after a myocardial infarction, to try not to overload your diet with an excess of even healthy proteins. Let's just say that the daily need of any organism for proteins can be almost completely provided by 400 grams of cottage cheese, or non-fatty fish, or any lean meat.
Diet after myocardial infarction: blacklist and healthy foods
A balanced and proper diet after a heart attack is one of the key factors in the rehabilitation period. A healthy diet significantly increases the effectiveness of pharmacological correction, and regular eating disorders can neutralize the healing effect of drug therapy. How to eat right after a heart attack?
Blacklisted products
The blacklisted foods that increase blood pressure are coffee and caffeinated sodas, and, of course, alcohol. Diet after myocardial infarction requires a complete rejection of the above drinks, especially alcohol! When it comes to coffee, a compromise solution can be found in the form of a caffeine-free drink.
Salt also increases blood pressure, and therefore its consumption after a heart attack (as well as in other cardiac diseases) should be sharply limited. The general recommendation is to reduce the amount of salt to 5 grams per day, but your cardiologist may recommend a completely salt-free diet. Please do not ignore this point of the rehabilitation program!
If it is unbearable for you to eat unleavened foods, buy therapeutic salt, which instead of sodium contains much more useful trace elements - potassium and magnesium. These trace elements should be enriched in the diet after myocardial infarction; recipes for preparing dishes with salt substitutes do not differ from traditional recipes.
The black list includes products that contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis. For a long time, all animal fats were classified as such: it was believed that the diet after a heart attack and stenting should contain less fatty meat and more vegetable oils, but in recent years the concept has changed somewhat. Based on the data of a meta-analysis, scientists at Harvard University concluded that the amount of saturated fat in the diet does not affect the development of cardiovascular disease!
In this case, what is considered the main culprit of atherosclerosis. The most dangerous are trans fats, which are used in the confectionery and food industries. These are artificial solid fats obtained from vegetable oils by hydrogenation. It is these fats that are involved in the formation of LDL, which are deposited in the walls of blood vessels in the form of atherosclerotic plaques.
The post-heart attack diet for men can and should contain animal products. Of course, you can’t get carried away with lard and fatty meat, but there is no need to completely abandon these products. But confectionery, semi-finished products, cakes, cakes, chips and other gifts of the food industry must be completely excluded from the diet! Trans fats are found in large quantities in margarine and spreads, so in no case should you replace normal butter with cheap analogues.
Healthy foods
From the black list, we move on to the list of products shown to patients with cardiovascular pathology. Products that help lower blood pressure fall into this category. as well as products that prevent atherosclerotic processes and reduce the level of "bad" cholesterol.
If a person has suffered a massive myocardial infarction, the diet should contain as many magnesium-rich foods as possible. calcium and potassium. With calcium on this list, everything is simple, because there are a lot of products around us that are artificially enriched with this element. Things are not much more complicated with potassium and magnesium: excellent sources of potassium are bananas, avocados, tomatoes, raisins, watermelons, melons, dried apricots, citrus fruits, apricots, legumes, baked potatoes; a lot of magnesium is found in sesame, pine nuts, buckwheat and sprouted wheat.
Among the products that prevent atherosclerotic processes, the first place is occupied by sources of essential fatty acids - fatty fish and vegetable oils, especially flax seed oil. Please note that not only the amount of essential fatty acids consumed is of great importance, but also the proportions in which they enter the body. You should be getting at least 1 gram of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA/DHA) daily, and for more information on omega-3s and omega-6s, see a separate article on our website.
How to help the body recover from a heart attack
How to cope with the consequences of a heart attack? After all, a serious illness leaves its mark, making it helpless, plunging into despondency and depression. But, do not despair, because the terrible days are behind us and life again gives a chance. Now the main thing is to recover, in which the diet after myocardial infarction will help you.
Diet after myocardial infarction is effective as a primary prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction
Principles of Diet Therapy
Therapeutic nutrition allows you to accelerate the recovery of the myocardium and improve the functionality of the heart.
At the same time, the main tasks of diet therapy are: to promote the restoration of muscle tissues, stimulate blood circulation and metabolic processes, reduce the load on the heart and blood vessels, facilitate the activity of the central nervous system, provide a gentle regimen for the digestive organs, and normalize the motor function of the intestine.
Nutrition in myocardial infarction is one of the methods of rehabilitation of patients and the primary prevention of recurrent infarction.
- Reducing the energy value of human food, taking into account low energy consumption during bed and semi-bed rest;
- Restriction of animal fats, with cholesterol content, which are unacceptable with concomitant atherosclerosis, pathologies of the liver and biliary tract. Introduction to the diet of vegetable fats.
- Reduction of sugar, as well as sugar-containing products, including its large one-stage receptions, which adversely affect blood clotting. This shows the partial inclusion in the recipes of honey and xylitol (up to 20 g daily) instead of sugar;
- Exclusion from the menu of products that cause fermentation and gas formation in the intestines, with its swelling (any fresh bread, including rye, whole milk, white cabbage, cucumbers, legumes, carbonated drinks, grape juice, etc.);
- The inclusion of products that gently stimulate the motor functions of the intestine with its emptying (decoctions, compotes, dried fruit infusions, carrot, beet, apricot juices, puree mixtures of apples, carrots, beets, kefir, etc.);
- Restriction in the menu of table salt, as well as free fluid, given the state of blood circulation, as well as blood pressure. A sharp and prolonged restriction of salt is not justified, due to a possible decrease in appetite, the onset of weakness and other side effects. It is advisable to replace table salt with substances containing potassium and magnesium, for example, treatment-and-prophylactic salt, Sana-sol;
- Providing 7 or 8 meals a day during the acute period, and in the future - 5 or 6 meals a day. At the same time, easily digestible food should be given in small portions, preventing difficulties in the work of the heart due to the rise of the diaphragm;
- Exclusion of hot or cold food; stimulation of appetite with citric acid, table vinegar, sweet and sour fruits, lemon and tomato juice, vanillin, etc.
Diet number 10
The diet after myocardial infarction should contain raw fruits and vegetables, steamed and boiled vegetables.
Specialists of the Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences have developed diet No. 10 for people with diseases of the cardiovascular system, against the background of circulatory insufficiency.
The rules of this particular diet should be subject to nutrition after myocardial infarction. It is a complete diet with limited intake of table salt, as well as liquids, substances that stimulate the activity of the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system, and irritate the kidneys (strong tea, coffee, spicy and salty snacks, seasonings, alcohol).
According to the prescriptions of scientists, the diet for myocardial infarction on rehabilitation days should consist of small, frequent meals (up to 5 times daily), the last of which occurs 2 or 3 hours before going to bed.
Food preparation technology: with moderate mechanical impact.
Allowed to use:
- Flour products from flour of I and II grades, bread, yesterday's pastries or slightly dried, salt-free bread, biscuits, unbread cookies.
- Soups (no more than 400g per meal), without meat, with various cereals, vegetables, potatoes. You can add sour cream and herbs.
- Recipes should include meat and poultry (low-fat varieties: veal, beef, pork, rabbit, turkey, chicken). After boiling, they can be baked or fried, cooking aspic. Boiled sausages - minimal.
- Fish - you can low-fat varieties.
- Eggs no more than one per day, baked into an omelet or cooked soft-boiled, added to meals.
- Dairy products - skimmed milk if tolerated, you can eat cottage cheese masses, sour-milk drinks, as well as dishes from them. It is worth including low-fat cheeses in recipes.
- Cereals (cereals and casseroles), pasta (boiled).
- Any kind of vegetables (boiled, baked, raw) - potatoes, beets, carrots, tomatoes, zucchini, lettuce, pumpkin, cucumbers. It is recommended to limit white cabbage, as well as green peas. You can cut greens into dishes - onions, dill, parsley.
- Fruits and dishes from them - ripe soft fruits and berries are useful to eat fresh. Drink compotes and jelly from dried fruits, use jelly, mousses, milk jelly and creams.
- Useful honey and jam. Chocolates should be completely avoided.
- From drinks - weak tea, fruit or vegetable juices, infusion of rosehip broth. Limit grape juice and drinks containing coffee.
- Fats - only vegetable natural oils. Eliminate or limit animal fats.
A balanced and proper diet after a heart attack is one of the key factors in the rehabilitation period.
Be sure to exclude from the diet:
- Products from rich, as well as puff pastry, fresh bread.
- Broths with meat, fish, mushrooms.
- Fatty meats, fish, poultry (goose, duck), kidneys, liver, brains, sausages, smoked meats, canned food (meat and fish), caviar.
- Cheeses (salty and fatty), fried eggs, legumes.
- Vegetables (salted, pickled, pickled), sorrel, spinach, radish, radish, onion, garlic, mushrooms, coarse fruit fiber,.
- Natural coffee, chocolate, cocoa, meat or cooking fats.
With a pronounced degree of circulatory insufficiency of the cardiovascular system, all dishes are cooked in boiled or pureed form. Fried foods, as well as hot and cold foods, are prohibited. The number of meals increases up to 6 times - fractionally, in small portions. The amount of bread (150g per day) and soup (200g) is reduced, a complete exception is possible. Quite exclude cheese, barley, pearl barley, millet. The amount of fluid taken daily is reduced to 800-1000 ml under the control of excreted urine. The set of main products is identical to the above.
Overweight patients are prescribed fasting days.
It is worth remembering that a diet after a myocardial infarction is not only a certain special style of nutrition that people who have already experienced it need. These are recommendations for those who would like to avoid such serious troubles with their health. Indeed, according to statistics, 80% of cases of heart and vascular diseases can be prevented simply by making appropriate changes to your daily diet.
Similar articles:
heal-cardio.ru
Lifestyle changes after a heart attack
A myocardial infarction is a disease in which, due to blockage of the coronary artery, the full blood supply to a section of the heart muscle - or, scientifically, the myocardium - suddenly and abruptly stops. This leads to a pronounced lack of both oxygen and many nutrients in it. As a result, myocardial cells die. The damaged section of the heart muscle can no longer take part in heart contractions, so the heart is not able to provide the necessary blood flow in the body. All organs and tissues begin to experience oxygen starvation, and this immediately leads to a violation of their function.
Most often, myocardial infarction occurs in people with atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary arteries. In this process, cholesterol is deposited in the form of peculiar plaques on the walls of the vessels supplying the myocardium with blood. These plaques are mechanically unstable and may rupture; at the same time, their contents enter the lumen of the vessel and cause its blockage. In place of dead myocardial cells, a scar is formed, which is not able to contract like the rest of the muscle. As a result, the remaining cells are forced to take on the load in order to maintain the blood supply to the internal organs at the required level.
However, vessels affected by atherosclerosis cannot always pass through themselves a sufficient amount of blood, and with it oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium. As a result, retrosternal pain develops. This is a manifestation of oxygen starvation or, in scientific terms, ischemia. It is important to note that in this situation, the risk of a second heart attack and even sudden death increases.
Lifestyle changes after a myocardial infarction can reduce the likelihood of such complications. That is why doctors strongly advise all patients after a heart attack to follow a diet and follow the recommendations. The correct way of life after a heart attack, in particular, includes a strict organization of nutrition, otherwise the effect of other methods of treatment - taking drugs or spa treatment - will never be sufficient.
The importance of proper nutrition after a heart attack can not be said: it is obvious. Healthy eating is also shown to all people who care about the health of their hearts. It is important to emphasize that the recommended diet for heart patients after a heart attack is also the key to successful prevention of coronary heart disease.
Diet rules for hearts after a heart attack
Features of the diet after myocardial infarction are due to three periods of the disease. These include: acute period (up to 2 weeks), scarring period (from 2nd to 8th week) and rehabilitation period (after 8 weeks). The therapeutic nutrition menu after a heart attack for such patients throughout all three periods is aimed at restoring processes in the myocardium and improving heart function. Diet therapy is aimed at correcting disturbed metabolic processes and preventing atherosclerosis.
What diet is prescribed after a heart attack for a successful recovery? First of all, the energy value of food should be reduced with its gradual increase, animal fats, table salt, liquid, cholesterol, nitrogenous substances are limited. The diet menu after myocardial infarction is enriched with ascorbic acid, lipotropic substances, potassium salts. Excluded from the diet are foods that contribute to bloating (grapes, fruits with coarse fiber, milk). It is important to prevent weight gain and dysfunction of the digestive system.
Nutrition after myocardial infarction must be regular. The diet should include vegetables, wholemeal bread products, beans, nuts, durum wheat pasta, brown rice, lean boiled meat, seafood, fruits.
“An apple a day keeps a doctor away” (“One apple a day - and you won’t need a doctor”), says an English proverb. It really is. Apples contain a large amount of pectin, which is very good for the heart. What is the best diet after a heart attack? During this period, the body especially needs fruits, which include substances that have a beneficial effect on the activity of the heart muscle. These are apricots, prunes, dried apricots, figs, rose hips, black and red currants. It is important to remember that malnutrition after a heart attack can provoke a relapse of the disease. For dressing salads and other food, it is recommended to use only vegetable oil.
The basic rules of the diet, which is prescribed after a heart attack, can be formulated as follows:
- It is necessary to increase the number of meals to 6-7, but reduce the volume of servings.
- Reduce your total calorie intake. If a person overeats, it will only lead to insomnia.
- Reduce intake of animal fats and cholesterol in food.
- Exclude hot and cold dishes, be sure to heat food to medium temperature.
- Eliminate salt from the diet.
- Remove bloating or gas in the stomach by eliminating carbonated drinks, sugary juices and bread from the diet.
- Reduce the daily amount of fluid consumed to 1.5 liters, including soups and jelly in this amount.
- Be sure to include foods containing potassium and magnesium in the menu: prunes, baked potatoes, nuts, beets, potatoes, buckwheat, citrus fruits, seaweed, watermelons.
- Limit sugar intake.
The diet of patients after a heart attack and what foods can be eaten
To reduce the load on the cardiovascular system, doctors advise fractional meals, 1-2 more meals. The recommended diet after a heart attack is 5-6 times a day, and the last meal is allowed no later than 3 hours before bedtime. In addition, foods that have a stimulating effect (strong tea, coffee, cocoa, chocolate and spices) are excluded from the diet.
Nutrition after a heart attack makes it possible to avoid disorders of fat metabolism or at least reduce them. Therefore, in this case, the diet is the primary prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction. Back in 1987, a group of experts in the study of atherosclerosis formulated the "7 golden principles" of the menu after myocardial infarction, the observance of which will help eliminate fat metabolism disorders:
- reduce the consumption of fats;
- sharply reduce the consumption of foods containing saturated fatty acids (animal fats, butter, cream, eggs), as they increase blood cholesterol levels;
- increase the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are found in certain foods (liquid vegetable oils, fish, poultry, seafood) and reduce blood lipid levels;
- increase the intake of fiber and complex carbohydrates (vegetables and fruits);
- when cooking, completely replace butter and saturated fats with vegetable oil;
- sharply reduce the consumption of foods rich in cholesterol;
- limit the amount of salt in food to 5 g per day.
The chemical composition of this diet is characterized by the content of proteins - 80-90 g (of which 60% are animals), fats - 70 g (of which vegetable - 20%), carbohydrates - 350-400 g (of which 30 g are simple carbohydrates), energy value - 2300 kcal. The amount of fluid consumed by the patient during the day is 1.2 liters, including soup, compote, jelly, etc.
Of great importance in diet therapy is the vitamin composition of food products. The content of vitamins A, C, D in them is especially important. It is these vitamins that affect the metabolic processes in the myocardium. With myocardial infarction, their consumption increases.
What foods can you eat after a heart attack to increase your intake of water-soluble vitamins? This is achieved by including fresh vegetables and fruits in the diet, the predominant use of some cereal products (buckwheat, oatmeal) and some meat products (veal). Increased fortification with fat-soluble vitamins is carried out by including the optimal amount of vegetable fat in the diet.
In violation of myocardial metabolism, changes in the electrolyte composition of the intracellular and extracellular fluid are of particular importance. Given this fact, the most significant for the myocardium are the redistribution and deficiency of potassium. Therefore, the menu after a heart attack aimed at improving the nutrition of the myocardium contains an increased amount of potassium compared to the usual diet. This is achieved by including fruits and vegetables, decoctions and infusions from them in the diet.
Another important component for effective myocardial contraction is calcium. The introduction of a sufficient amount of dairy products after myocardial infarction, containing a relatively high content of this microelement, usually allows optimal supply of calcium to the myocardium. The deficiency of some trace elements necessary for the normal metabolism of the heart muscle - for example, manganese and magnesium - possible with myocardial infarction, is fully compensated by the use of a variety of products, both plant and animal origin.
What foods are good for the heart after a heart attack and what not to eat
What foods can be eaten after a myocardial infarction, and which are recommended to be excluded?
1. Fats
It is recommended to limit the intake of all fats containing polyunsaturated fatty acids in large quantities: limit the intake of butter, and exclude margarine altogether. Useful products for the heart after a heart attack are olive, sunflower, corn oils.
The intake of bacon, ham, minced lean beef, liver and kidneys is limited.
The list of foods that can not be eaten after a heart attack includes: meat with visible fat, lamb brisket and ribs, pork (meat from the abdomen), bacon with layers of fat, sausages, sausages, salami, pates, scrambled eggs with meat, duck, goose , poultry skin.
3. Dairy products
From dairy products after a heart attack are recommended: skimmed milk, low-fat cheeses (for example, pressed cottage cheese), cheese from skimmed milk, from curdled milk, kefir with a low fat content.
The intake of semi-skimmed milk, medium-fat cheeses, processed, spreadable cheeses is limited. Low-fat sour cream is used only for dressing dishes.
4. Fish and seafood
Products useful after a heart attack include all “white” fish of low-fat varieties, boiled or baked after boiling: cod, flounder, as well as fatty fish (herring, mackerel, sardine, tuna), salmon (chum salmon, pink salmon, salmon) .
The intake of marine products (molluscs, crustaceans) is limited.
Fish caviar is an undesirable food after a heart attack.
5. Fruits and vegetables
Recommended: all fresh and frozen fruits, boiled and baked vegetables, peas, beans, olives. Potatoes boiled, peeled or "in their skins" (eat the skin when possible). Also useful foods after a heart attack include fresh fruits, unsweetened canned fruits, walnuts. Dried fruits (prunes, dried apricots, seedless raisins).
The intake of fried, stewed potatoes cooked in oil, fruits in syrup, candied fruits, almonds and hazelnuts is limited.
6. Flour and confectionery
Of the flour products for a heart attack, it is recommended: products made from wholemeal flour (wholemeal), bread from it, as well as grain bread, with bran, peeled, rye, unground (whole) cereals, oatmeal, wheat flour, oatmeal porridge in water and milk , puddings, cereals, brown rice and pasta casseroles, oven-baked crackers, oatmeal cookies, yeast-free bread.
Allow limited intake of products made from white flour (white bread, sweet cereals for breakfast, polished rice, biscuits).
Allow limited intake of cakes, confectionery, biscuits and seasonings cooked in butter, homemade snacks on unsaturated fats.
Not recommended: cakes, puddings, saturated fat biscuits, dumplings, interior fat puddings, cream and butter seasonings, all store-bought puddings and seasonings, snacks cooked in “boiling” butter (fried side dishes), milk ice cream.
Limit sugary drinks, low-malt drinks, low-fat liquid chocolate, packaged soups, and alcohol.
What should be the nutrition after a heart attack in the first period
The first period lasts 10-14 days after a heart attack. All dishes for the menu after a heart attack are prepared pureed and without salt. The calorie content of the daily diet is 800-1000 kcal. There are 7 meals a day every 2-3 hours. Immediately after a heart attack, a strict diet is prescribed. All this time, the patient should be under the supervision of a doctor, who, if necessary, can adjust the diet.
You need to eat 5-7 times a day in small portions.
From foodstuffs it is allowed to use:
- vegetable broths and soups;
- liquid, well-boiled cereals;
- low-fat dairy products;
- carrot juice with the addition of vegetable oil (2 times a day, 100 ml of juice, necessarily mixed with 1 teaspoon of oil).
The use of salt during this period is completely prohibited.
Sample menu after a heart attack in the first period for one day:
- 50 g of boiled fish, half a glass of vegetable broth and jelly.
- half a glass of tea with milk, milk porridge with a small piece of butter, grated apple.
- half a glass of decoction of prunes or yogurt.
- 50 g of boiled chicken, half a glass of rosehip broth.
- 100 g of applesauce, half a glass of rosehip broth.
- 50 g of cottage cheese, half a glass of rosehip broth.
- 50 g prune puree.
Diet menu after a heart attack for the second period
The second period begins on the 2-4th week after a heart attack. It corresponds to the period of scarring.
What should be the nutrition after a heart attack in the second rehabilitation period? The daily calorie content of the diet is 1200-1400 kcal.
The chemical composition of food:
- Proteins - 90-100 g
- Fats - 70-80 g
- Carbohydrates - 400-450 g
Salt can already be used, but in limited quantities (up to 5 g per day). The daily volume of liquid is 1.2-1.4 liters (at the same time, you can drink no more than 0.8 liters, and everything else goes to cooking). The diet should be divided into 7 meals (the last meal should be completed a couple of hours before bedtime). Before going to bed, you can drink juice or any of the fermented milk products.
Prohibited products:
- fatty meats, fish and poultry, as well as lard and sausages;
- pickles and smoked meats; strong coffee or tea;
- any foods rich in cholesterol (egg yolks, offal, and others);
- alcohol;
- horseradish, mustard and other hot spices.
If you are overweight, you will have to limit the consumption of bread, sweets and flour products.
List of products that are useful after a heart attack in the second rehabilitation period:
- cereals (especially oatmeal and buckwheat);
- berries, fruits (including citrus fruits) and vegetables (it is very important to eat cabbage, especially cauliflower);
- milk and dairy products (cottage cheese, hard cheese, etc.);
- milk and sour cream sauces (on vegetable broth);
- pasta;
- seafood;
- black salted caviar (20 g 1-2 times a week);
- lean meats, fish and poultry (150 g once a day);
- strong meat and fish broths; greenery;
- raisins, dried apricots, prunes, apricots, figs;
- nuts;
- beans, soybeans;
- black bread;
- butter (melted, unsalted);
- vegetable oil (20-25 ml per day);
- egg white (1 piece per day); compotes, kissels, jelly, mousses and jams;
- tea with milk or lemon;
- rosehip decoction;
- vegetable, fruit and berry juices;
- decoction of bran with the addition of honey and lemon juice.
Sample menu after myocardial infarction in the second rehabilitation period for one day:
- half a glass of prunes broth.
- milk porridge, 50 g of cottage cheese with 10 g of sour cream, scrambled eggs from 2 proteins, half a glass of tea with milk.
- apple and carrot puree, apple pancakes, half a glass of rosehip broth or fruit juice.
- 150 g vegetable broth with crackers, 50 g boiled chicken or fish, apple jelly.
- half a glass of yogurt, juice or tea.
- 50 g boiled fish or chicken, beet and carrot puree, boiled cauliflower.
- half a glass of curdled milk or 100 g of prune puree.
Nutrition after a heart attack in the third period
After the 8th week, the patient can gradually return to his usual diet, while observing all the recommendations and adhering to seven meals a day.
For people with normal and low body weight, the energy value of the diet per day is 2500 kcal. Liquids can be drunk up to 1 liter. Salt intake is limited to 3-5 g per day. The diet of patients after a heart attack in the third period is enriched with potassium salts, which ensures the contractile function of the myocardium and removes fluid from the body. Potassium is found in dry vegetables, fruits and berries (apricots, dried apricots, raisins, dates, prunes, etc.).
However, some foods (sorrel, lettuce, rhubarb, radish, gooseberries, black currants, etc.) contain a lot of oxalic acid, which is forbidden to use in heart failure.
It is good to replace sugar with 1 teaspoon of honey, which contains vitamins, microelements, and biologically active substances. A glass of water drunk on an empty stomach with 1 dessert spoon of honey helps to normalize bowel activity, which is especially important for bedridden patients.
Black bread, salads.
Vinaigrettes, boiled fish, homemade vegetable caviar.
Vegetable side dishes (with the exception of legumes).
One egg per day (only protein is allowed).
Lean beef, lamb, poultry and fish 1 time per day, 150 g in a piece, as well as in the form of steam cutlets and meatballs.
Porridge and pasta dishes.
Low-fat dairy products (cottage cheese, cheese, sour cream, kefir).
Kissels, creams, jellies, mousses, raw fruits, baked, boiled - and jams.
From drinks are allowed: weak tea with lemon or milk, vegetable, fruit and berry juices, rosehip infusion, bran decoction with honey and lemon juice.
Excluded: strong meat and fish broths, fried meat, fish, poultry dishes. Particularly dangerous: fat in large quantities, spicy and salty dishes and snacks, canned food, smoked meats, sausages, alcoholic drinks, soft bread, as well as mustard, horseradish and other spicy seasonings, strong tea and coffee.
Overweight people need to normalize body weight, as this will reduce lipid metabolism disorders and reduce physical stress on the heart muscle. Fasting days are recommended for such patients after myocardial infarction.
Anterior wall infarction Focal infarction