Factors in the development of chronic non-infectious diseases. Water activity

Non-communicable diseases and risk factors for their occurrence

Item:“Fundamentals of life safety. Fundamentals of medical knowledge."

Class: tenth.

The purpose of the lesson - consider the concept of non-communicable diseases, get acquainted with the risk factors for non-communicable diseases.

During the classes

Organizing time.

Greetings.

Checking the list of students.

State the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Repetition of what has been learned.

What measures are taken to prevent diphtheria?

What rules of behavior in everyday life help prevent influenza?

What is the importance of a healthy lifestyle in preventing tuberculosis infection?

Checking homework.

Listening to several students' answers to homework (as chosen by the teacher). Answer from paragraph.

Learning new material.

One of the main health problems in Russia is the very high and earlier mortality from non-communicable diseases than in other countries. A scientifically based approach to their prevention is the concept of risk factors.

Concept non-communicable diseases relatively new and reflects a change in the picture of human morbidity in the course of social development. Advances in medicine and education of the population in preventive measures have made it possible to reduce the mortality rate of the population from infectious diseases. At the same time, morbidity and mortality from non-communicable diseases have increased, which, according to the degree of risk, include: diseases of the circulatory system, malignant neoplasms (cancer), diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine system of the body. When analyzing the causes of mortality in Russia, there is a clearly visible trend towards an increase in population mortality from non-communicable diseases.

Under the term risk factor understand the various characteristics of a person’s condition and behavior that contribute to the development of certain diseases.

A serious risk factor for major non-communicable diseases is the environment. No less important is the violation of the foundations of a healthy lifestyle: poor nutrition, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, low physical activity, high stress levels.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified non-communicable diseases that are most characteristic of modern conditions and identified the main risk factors for their occurrence.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are not transmitted from person to person. They have a long duration and usually progress slowly. The four main types of noncommunicable diseases are cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attack and stroke), cancer, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes.

NCDs already disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries, where about 75% of all NCD deaths, or 28 million, occur.

Today, non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, pneumonia and cancer account for almost 63% of all deaths on Earth. Every year, 36 million people die from non-communicable diseases. About 30% of people who die from heart disease, diabetes, pneumonia and cancer are under 60 years of age.

The main risks of non-communicable diseases are associated with smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and physical inactivity. WHO experts believe that six million deaths a year associated with non-communicable diseases are the result of smoking, and another 3.2 million deaths are the consequences of inactivity.

Medical statistics show that smoking takes an average of 8.3 years of life; consumption of alcoholic beverages – 10 years of life; poor nutrition – 6-10 years; poor physical activity – 6-9 years; stressful situations – 10 years.

Often these lifestyle disorders become “trigger points” leading to the development and constant resumption, exacerbation of one or another pathology. It is no coincidence that chronic diseases are called lifestyle diseases.

Very often, an incorrect lifestyle is the basis of a whole group of diseases.

In modern conditions, the problem of maintaining health is not an internal matter of healthcare alone. An effective mechanism for preventing chronic non-communicable diseases is teaching children practical skills to maintain health. Even in ancient times, people understood that “teaching adults is like writing on the coastal sand, and teaching children is like carving in stone.”

First of all, everyone needs to learn how to create their own individual healthy lifestyle plan. Its essence is simple - it is a combination of knowledge about one’s ancestry (doctors talk about a hereditary predisposition to a particular pathology) with modern ideas about risk factors that contribute to the development of the corresponding disease. Since risk factors are different for different diseases, the lifestyle in the presence of a hereditary predisposition should be different.

Lesson summary.

conclusions

Non-communicable diseases in the modern world pose a serious threat to the individual health of each person and the demographic security of the state.

The main risk factors for non-communicable diseases are associated with the hereditary characteristics of each person and his lifestyle.

Everyone needs to draw up an individual plan for a healthy lifestyle, taking into account their genetic predisposition to a particular non-communicable disease.

Self-control issues

What diseases are recognized as non-communicable?

What lifestyle-related risk factors contribute to the occurrence of non-communicable diseases?

Why is non-compliance with the rules of a healthy lifestyle a risk factor contributing to the development of non-communicable diseases in humans?

End of lesson.

Homework. Using the Internet and popular science literature, prepare a message on the topic “The importance of an individual healthy lifestyle system for the prevention of non-communicable diseases.”

Giving and commenting on ratings.

NCDs already disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries, where about 80% of all NCD deaths, or 29 million, occur. They are the leading cause of death in all regions except Africa, but current projections indicate that by 2020 the largest increase in mortality from NCDs will occur in Africa. By 2030, the number of deaths from NCDs in African countries is projected to exceed the total number of deaths from infectious and nutrition-related diseases, as well as maternal and perinatal deaths, which are the leading causes of death.

Who is at risk for such diseases?

NCDs are common in all age groups and all regions. These diseases are often associated with older age groups, but evidence suggests that nine million people who die from NCDs are under 60 years of age. 90% of these “premature” deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. Children, adults and older people are all vulnerable to risk factors that contribute to the development of noncommunicable diseases, such as unhealthy diets, lack of physical activity, exposure to tobacco smoke or harmful use of alcohol.

The development of these diseases is influenced by factors such as aging, rapid unplanned urbanization and the globalization of unhealthy lifestyles. For example, the globalization of unhealthy diets can manifest in individuals as high blood pressure, high blood glucose, high blood lipids, overweight and obesity. These conditions are called "intermediate risk factors" and can lead to the development of cardiovascular disease.

Risk factors

Modifiable behavioral risk factors

Tobacco use, lack of physical activity, unhealthy diet and harmful use of alcohol increase the risk of developing or lead to most NCDs.

Metabolic/physiological risk factors

These behaviors lead to four metabolic/physiological changes that increase the risk of developing NCDs, such as high blood pressure, overweight/obesity, hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) and hyperlipidemia (high blood fat levels).

In terms of attributable deaths, the leading risk factor for NCDs globally is high blood pressure (associated with 16.5% of global deaths(1)). This is followed by tobacco use (9%), elevated blood glucose (6%), lack of physical activity (6%) and overweight and obesity (5%). Low- and middle-income countries are experiencing the fastest increases in the number of overweight young children.

Prevention and control of NCDs

Reducing the impact of NCDs on people and society requires a comprehensive approach that requires all sectors, including health, finance, international affairs, education, agriculture, planning and others, to work together to reduce the risks associated with NCDs and to implement interventions to prevention and control.

One of the most important ways to reduce the burden of NCDs is to focus efforts on reducing the risk factors associated with these diseases. There are inexpensive ways to reduce common modifiable risk factors (mainly tobacco use, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity, and harmful use of alcohol) and map the NCD epidemic and its risk factors.(1)

Other ways to reduce the burden of NCDs include basic, high-impact interventions to strengthen early detection and timely treatment of diseases, which can be delivered through primary health care. Evidence suggests that such interventions are an excellent economic investment because, when implemented in a timely manner, they can reduce the need for more costly treatments. The greatest impact can be achieved by developing health-promoting public policies that promote the prevention and control of NCDs and reorient health systems to meet the needs of people with them.

Lower-income countries tend to have lower capacity to prevent and control NCDs.

High-income countries are four times more likely to have NCD services covered by health insurance than low-income countries. Countries with inadequate health insurance are unlikely to achieve universal access to essential NCD interventions.

WHO activities

Action plan for the global strategy for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2008–2013. Provides guidance to Member States, WHO and international partners on action to combat NCDs.

WHO is also taking action to reduce risk factors associated with NCDs.

Countries' adoption of tobacco control measures outlined in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control can help significantly reduce people's exposure to tobacco.

WHO's Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health aims to promote and protect health by empowering communities to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with unhealthy diets and physical inactivity.

WHO's Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol proposes measures and identifies priority areas for action to protect people from the harmful use of alcohol.

In accordance with the UN Political Declaration on NCDs, WHO is developing a comprehensive global monitoring system for the prevention and control of NCDs, including indicators and a set of voluntary global targets.

In accordance with the World Health Assembly resolution, WHO is developing a Global Action Plan on NCDs 2013–2020, which will provide a framework for implementing the political commitments of the UN High-Level Meeting. A draft action plan will be presented for adoption at the World Health Assembly in May 2013.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) kill 41 million people every year, accounting for 71% of all deaths worldwide.
Each year, 15 million people aged 30 to 69 die from NCDs; More than 85% of these “premature” deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.
In the structure of mortality from NCDs, the largest share falls on cardiovascular diseases, from which 17.9 million people die every year. They are followed by cancer (9 million cases), respiratory diseases (3.9 million cases) and diabetes (1.6 million cases).
These four disease groups account for 80% of all deaths from NCDs.
Tobacco use, physical inactivity, alcohol abuse and unhealthy diets all increase the risk of dying from NCDs.
Identification, screening and treatment of NCDs, as well as palliative care, are core components of the NCD response.

general information

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, tend to be long-lasting and result from a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioral factors.

The main types of NCDs include cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attack and stroke), cancer, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes.

The burden of NCDs is disproportionately high in low- and middle-income countries, which account for more than three quarters of NCD deaths worldwide (32 million).

Who is at risk for such diseases?

NCDs are common in all age groups, all regions and all countries. These diseases are often associated with older age groups, but evidence suggests that of all deaths attributed to NCDs, 17 million occur in the age group 30 to 69 years. However, more than 85% of these “premature” deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. Children, adults and older people are all vulnerable to risk factors that contribute to the development of NCDs, such as unhealthy diets, lack of physical activity, exposure to tobacco smoke or excessive use of alcohol.

Factors contributing to the development of these diseases include rapid and unorganized urbanization, globalization of unhealthy lifestyles and aging populations. The effects of an unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity can manifest in individuals as high blood pressure, high blood glucose, high blood lipids and obesity.

Risk factors

Modifiable behavioral risk factors

Modifiable behaviors such as tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diets and harmful use of alcohol increase the risk of developing NCDs.

More than 7.2 million people die each year from the consequences of tobacco use (including from the consequences of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke), and this figure is projected to increase significantly in the coming years. (1)
Every year, 4.1 million people die from the consequences of excessive salt/sodium consumption. (1)
Of the 3.3 million deaths per year due to alcohol use, more than half are due to NCDs, including cancer. (2)
1.6 million deaths per year can be attributed to insufficient levels of physical activity. (1)

Metabolic risk factors

Metabolic risk factors contribute to the development of four major metabolic changes that increase the risk of NCDs:

high blood pressure
overweight/obesity
hyperglycemia (high blood glucose)
hyperlipidemia (high blood lipids)

The top metabolic risk factor for death from NCDs worldwide is high blood pressure (associated with 19% of all deaths worldwide) (1), followed by overweight, obesity and elevated blood glucose.

What are the socioeconomic impacts of NCDs?

NCDs threaten progress towards the 2030 Development Agenda, which sets a target of reducing premature deaths from NCDs by one third by 2030.

There is a strong link between poverty and NCDs. The rapid increase in NCD incidence is projected to hamper poverty reduction initiatives in low-income countries, in particular by increasing household health costs. Vulnerable and disadvantaged populations get sick more often and die at a younger age than those in more advantaged social groups, mainly due to their higher exposure to unhealthy products such as tobacco or unhealthy diets. , and also due to limited access to health services.

In low-resource settings, medical costs associated with NCDs quickly deplete household resources. Every year, the exorbitant costs of NCDs, including the costs of often lengthy and expensive treatment and the impact of losing a breadwinner, push people into poverty and hinder development.

Prevention and control of NCDs

An important way to combat NCDs is through targeted efforts to reduce exposure to risk factors for the development of these diseases. There are low-cost solutions that governments and other stakeholders can use to reduce exposure to modifiable risk factors. Monitoring progress and trends in NCDs is important when developing policies and setting priorities.

Reducing the negative impact of NCDs on individuals and society requires a comprehensive approach that involves all sectors, including health, finance, transport, education, agriculture, planning and others, working in collaboration with each other to reduce risks, associated with NCDs, and promoting interventions to prevent and control these diseases.

Investment in better management of NCDs is critical. Management of NCDs includes identifying, screening and treating these diseases and providing access to palliative care for all those in need. Highly effective core interventions for NCDs can be delivered through primary health care to strengthen early detection and timely treatment. Evidence shows that, if implemented in a timely manner, such interventions are an excellent economic investment because they can reduce the need for more expensive treatments.

Countries with insufficient health coverage are unlikely to achieve universal coverage of essential NCD treatment and prevention interventions. Such interventions are critical to achieving the global target of a 25% relative reduction in the risk of premature mortality from NCDs by 2025 and the SDG target of reducing premature deaths from NCDs by one third by 2030.

WHO response

WHO's role in governance and coordination

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizes NCDs as one of the main barriers to sustainable development. As part of the Agenda, heads of state and government committed to taking decisive action at the national level to reduce premature mortality from NCDs by one third through treatment and prevention by 2030 (SDG target 3.4). This goal follows on from the High-level Meetings of the UN General Assembly on NCDs in 2011 and 2014, which reaffirmed WHO's leadership and coordination role in monitoring and facilitating global work on NCDs. The UN General Assembly will hold a third High-Level Meeting in 2018 to review progress and develop consensus on the way forward for the period 2018-2030.

To support countries in their work at the national level, WHO has developed the Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2013–2020, which includes nine global goals that will have the greatest impact on global mortality rates from NCDs. These goals address the prevention and management of NCDs.

References

(1) GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioral, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet, 2016; 388(10053):1659-1724

1. Introduction

2.Smoking

3. Excess body weight

4.High levels of cholesterol in the blood

5.High blood pressure

6.Alcohol consumption

7.Drug prevalence

8.Low physical activity

9.Ecological condition

10. List of used literature

1. Introduction

According to the territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Krasnodar Territory, the population of the region as of June 1, 2006 was 5,094 thousand people, of which 53 percent live in cities and 47 percent live in rural areas. Since the beginning of the year, the population of the region has decreased by 2.4 thousand people (0.05%). Compared to January-May 2005, the population mortality rate decreased by 7 percent, and 505 fewer people were born (2%) less. The population loss was compensated by migration growth by only 81 percent.

2.Smoking

According to WHO, tobacco smoking is a leading cause of ill health and premature death. Smoking is one of the most significant risk factors leading to the development of diseases such as cardiovascular, respiratory, and some forms of cancer. Up to 90% of all cases of lung cancer, 75% of cases of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and 25% of cases of coronary heart disease are associated with smoking. It is also known that tobacco tar is not the only life-threatening substance inhaled during smoking. Until recently, tobacco smoke contained 500, then 1000 components. According to modern data, the number of these components is 4720, including the most toxic - about 200.

It should be noted that smoking exists in two completely different clinical varieties: in the form of a smoking habit and in the form of tobacco addiction. Those who smoke only out of habit can become non-smokers completely painlessly, without any medical assistance and, over time, completely forget that they smoked. And those who have developed a tobacco addiction, no matter how much they want, cannot give up smoking forever, even if their first days without tobacco go relatively well. Sometimes, even after a long break (several months or even years), they relapse. This means that smoking has left a deep mark on the mechanisms of memory, thinking, mood and metabolic processes of the body. According to available data, out of 100 systematic smokers, only seven smoke as a result of habit, the remaining 93 are sick.

As established by special studies, up to 68% of the smoke of burning tar and the air exhaled by a smoker enters the environment, polluting it with tar, nicotine, ammonia, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, cyanides, aniline, pyridine, dioxins, acrolein, nitrosamines and other harmful substances. If several cigarettes are smoked in an unventilated room, then in one hour a non-smoking person will inhale as many harmful substances as enter the body of a person who has smoked 4-5 cigarettes. While in such a room, a person absorbs the same amount of carbon monoxide as a smoker, and up to 80% of other substances contained in the smoke of a cigarette, cigarette or pipe.

Regular exposure to second-hand smoke increases the risk of fatal heart disease by 2.5 times compared to people who are not exposed to second-hand smoke. Children under 5 years of age are most sensitive to tobacco smoke. Passive smoking contributes to the development of hypovitaminosis in them, leading to loss of appetite and indigestion. Children become restless, sleep poorly, and have a prolonged cough that is difficult to treat, often dry and paroxysmal in nature. During the year they suffer from bronchitis and ARVI 4-8 or more times. Much more often than children of non-smoking parents, they also develop pneumonia.

According to scientists, by getting rid of nicotine addiction, the average life expectancy of earthlings would increase by 4 years. In many countries, economic levers are used to reduce the number of smokers, such as systematically increasing prices for tobacco products. Research by American experts has shown that people who are just starting to smoke, especially teenagers, react most to rising prices. Even a 10% increase in the retail price of cigarettes leads to a reduction in their purchases by more than 20%, and deters many from starting smoking altogether.

The number of smokers is decreasing all over the world, and in Russia their number is 65 million people. Many diseases that Russians acquire are associated with smoking. According to the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia, among middle-aged Russians, mortality due to smoking is 36% for men and 7% for women. More than 270 thousand people die annually from smoking-related causes in the country - more than from AIDS, car accidents, drug addiction and murders combined. Due to increased tobacco consumption, the incidence of lung cancer has increased by 63% over the past 10 years. The prevalence of smoking in Russia among the male population is 70%, among the female population - more than 14%. Every year, 280–290 billion cigarettes are consumed in our country, and the production of tobacco products is steadily growing. Particularly alarming is smoking among teenagers, which is becoming a national disaster. The peak of initiation into smoking occurs at early school age - from 8 to 10 years. Among adolescents aged 15-17 years old – urban residents – an average of 39.1% of boys and 27.5% of girls smoke. Similar indicators for the Krasnodar Territory are lower than the Russian average - 35.7% for boys and 22.5% for girls.

3. Excess body weight

Almost all countries (both high and low income) have an obesity epidemic, although with large variations between and within countries. In low-income countries, obesity is more common among middle-aged women, people of higher socioeconomic status, and people living in cities. In richer countries, obesity is not only common among middle-aged women, but is also becoming increasingly common among younger adults and among children. It also increasingly affects people of lower socioeconomic status, especially women. As for the differences between urban and rural areas, they are gradually decreasing or even changing places.

Food and foodstuffs have become commodities, produced and sold in a market that has evolved from what was once a predominantly “local market” to an ever-growing global market. Changes in the global food industry are reflected in dietary changes, such as increased consumption of energy-dense foods rich in fat, particularly foods containing saturated fat and low in unrefined carbohydrates. These trends are aggravated by trends in the reduction of physical energy consumption of the population caused by a sedentary lifestyle, in particular, the presence of motor vehicles, the use of household appliances that reduce the labor intensity of work at home, the reduction of jobs requiring manual physical labor, and leisure, which is predominantly a pastime that does not associated with physical activity.

As a result of these changes in diet and lifestyle, chronic noncommunicable diseases—including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), high blood pressure and stroke, and some types of cancer—are increasingly causing disability and premature death among people. in developing and newly developed countries, thus representing an additional burden on national health sector budgets that are already burdened with costs.

In the Krasnodar Territory, according to the territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Krasnodar Territory, the consumer market is growing. In January-June 2006, retail trade turnover amounted to 110 billion rubles, which in comparable prices is 7% more than in the same period last year. In the structure of retail trade turnover, the share of food products was 46%. In the group of food products, prices for poultry meat decreased by 11%, and for chicken eggs by 32%. The cost of the minimum set of food products included in the consumer basket (for a man of working age) by the end of June of this year amounted to 1,451 rubles per person per month (in Russia - 1,512 rubles), since the beginning of the year its cost has increased by 10.3 %. According to the territorial department of Rospotrebnadzor for the Krasnodar Territory, since 1995, the consumption of meat, fish, and fruits has been increasing in the region. At the same time, as of the beginning of 2005, there remains a significant deficit in the consumption of the main food groups by the population of the region in comparison with physiological norms: meat and meat products - by 18.5%, milk and dairy products - by 56%, vegetables and food melons – by 27.4%, potatoes – by 18.3%, fruits – by 16.8%. There is an excess consumption of carbohydrates due to sugar and confectionery products by 37%, vegetable fats - by 37%, eggs - by 26%. The structure and nature of nutrition is regarded as unbalanced in proteins, fats, carbohydrates - their ratio in the diet of the region's population is 1: 1: 1.3.

According to the WHO European Bureau, in most European countries, about 50% of the adult population - both men and women - have a body mass index greater than the desired value (BMI> 25). In Russia, according to monitoring studies conducted in various regions of Russia, overweight is observed in 15-40% of the adult population. Medical statistics presented by the State Healthcare Institution "Medical Information and Analytical Center" of the Department of Health of the Krasnodar Territory indicate a steady increase in indicators for the line "endocrine system diseases, nutritional disorders and metabolic disorders." Only at the end of 2005, the increase in indicators was 2.5 for the teenage population (15-17 years old) and 1.55 for the adult (18 years and older) population of the region per 1000 population of this age group. In order to achieve the best possible results in the prevention of chronic diseases, the central role of diet must be fully recognized.

4. High blood cholesterol

There is a definite relationship between elevated blood cholesterol levels and the development of CVD. According to WHO, a 10% reduction in average cholesterol levels in the population reduces the risk of developing coronary heart disease by 30%. Elevated cholesterol levels, in turn, are determined by excessive consumption of animal fats, especially meat, sausages, fatty dairy products and milk. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Russia is very high. Thus, up to 30% of men and 26% of women aged 25-64 years have cholesterol above 250 mg%.

For most people in the world, especially in developing countries, animal products remain a favorite food for their nutritional value and taste. Excessive consumption of animal products in some countries and classes of society may, however, lead to excess consumption of fat. The increase in the amount of fat in diets around the world exceeds the increase in the amount of protein in the same diet.

Nutrition remains one of the most complex and insufficiently studied issues in the field of improving the health of the Russian population. Until recently, in the field of prevention of major non-communicable diseases in Russian healthcare, the point of view was cultivated on nutrition as one of the aspects of treatment, as a type of therapy, medicine. The task of organizing a system for measuring blood cholesterol levels in the population, as well as improving the quality of blood lipid measurements in practical health laboratories with the widespread introduction of internal and external measurement quality control procedures seems extremely urgent. This will enable healthcare planning organizations to objectively assess and monitor the lipid profile of the population and, therefore, guide preventive interventions in the right direction. In addition, this will help to avoid both under- and overestimation of the number of people with hypercholesterolemia and to adequately assess the cost of preventive measures.

The importance of nutrition both for maintaining and promoting health and for preventing diseases is beyond doubt. Most of the data regarding the strength of the relationship between nutrition and chronic pathology have been accumulated in the field of cardiovascular diseases. The most well studied relationships are between diet, plasma lipid levels and the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD), where extensive experimental, clinical and epidemiological material has been accumulated. As a result of these and other studies, by the beginning of the 70s, an opinion had emerged about the negative role of saturated fatty acids (FAs) and the positive role of polyunsaturated FAs.

5. High blood pressure

Among cardiovascular diseases, arterial hypertension is one of the most common diseases. Its frequency increases with age. Cardiovascular complications of arterial hypertension, primarily cerebral stroke and myocardial infarction, are the main cause of death and disability in the working age population and cause significant socio-economic damage.

Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for the development of cardiovascular complications. However, this risk increases sharply if hypertension is combined with other risk factors for CVD, especially dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. Therefore, when carrying out a program to control hypertension, it is advisable, in addition to pressure, to try to correct other risk factors. This will then significantly increase the effectiveness of preventing myocardial infarction and stroke. Thus, when assessing the risk of cardiovascular complications in people with hypertension, it is necessary to take into account not only the degree of increase in blood pressure, but also other risk factors, i.e. assess global or total risks based on their magnitude, determine treatment tactics for a particular patient.

In Russia, according to screening studies of the State Scientific Research Center for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health and Social Development, the prevalence of arterial hypertension was: among men of working age from 24 to 40%, among women – 26-38%. In older age groups (50-59 years), this figure among women was 42-56%, and among men 39-53%.

In the Krasnodar Territory, according to the State Institution "Medical Information and Analytical Center" of the Department of Health of the Krasnodar Territory for 2005, the overall morbidity rate of the adult population of the region (18 years and older) in the line "diseases of the circulatory system" is the highest and amounted to 160.26 per 1000 population of this age. In the structure of the general morbidity of the population, diseases of the circulatory system are in first place in terms of prevalence and account for 15.2% among other classes of diseases. An analysis of the causes of temporary disability of the working population in 2005 showed that hypertension is the leader in the list of diseases of the circulatory system in terms of the number of days and the number of cases per 100 workers.

6. Alcohol consumption

According to WHO experts, the main cause of the demographic crisis in Russia, along with the “collapse of the healthcare system and psychosocial stress,” is excessive alcohol consumption: over the past few years, Russia has become the world leader in alcohol consumption per capita - 13 liters per person per year. year, with the average European figure - 9.8 liters.

In terms of the scale of damage that alcohol consumption leads to, chronic alcoholism, one of the types of diseases associated with addiction, should be put in first place. The prevalence of alcoholism, according to various sources, is 2-20% of the population. And although the difference in indicators largely depends on the difference in evaluation criteria, nevertheless, everyone recognizes the large magnitude of the negative consequences that alcohol leads to. In addition to the direct harm caused by alcohol to direct consumers, its negative impact manifests itself in the form of a secondary problem - a “codependent” environment from among his relatives, who develop neurotic conditions, depression, personality pathology, and psychosomatic suffering. This negatively affects the quality of life of the entire population and creates additional medical and social burdens.

It is reliably known that chronic alcoholism significantly increases mortality due to other causes, in particular, diseases of the cardiovascular system, liver, gastrointestinal tract, domestic and industrial injuries. The overall mortality rate of patients with alcoholism is 2 times higher than in a similar situation, and among the total number of sudden deaths, 18% are associated with drunkenness. In recent years, reports have appeared about the pathogenic role of ethanol in the development of cancer. In experiments on animals, it was proven that ethanol prevents the natural destruction of carcinogenic substances entering the body.

Of particular concern is the increase in the prevalence of alcohol consumption among teenagers, especially among urban schoolchildren. According to monitoring studies conducted by the Center for Monitoring Bad Habits among Children and Adolescents of the Central Research Institute for Organization and Informatization of Health Care of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, the prevalence of alcohol consumption among urban adolescent schoolchildren aged 15-17 years on average in Russia was 81.4% for boys and 87. 4% for girls.

7. Drug prevalence

The problem of drug abuse is determined by a complex of negative interrelated factors and events, among which are:

1) Deep destructive mental and physical consequences from abuse, entailing the impossibility of normal functioning of a person as an individual and as a member of society;

2) the growing prevalence of drug addiction throughout the world, which in many societies takes on the character of epidemics and affects mainly people of working age, youth and adolescents;

3) significant social and economic losses associated with the two above-mentioned factors, an increase in crime events, and the destruction of the national gene pool;

4) the increasing influence of the drug mafia, its penetration into administrative, managerial and economic structures, law enforcement agencies, which entails a situation of anomie (disorganization) of society;

5) destruction of the attributes of traditional culture, including sanitary culture.

Studies of the medical and social center for the prevention of drug addiction among minors of the State Institution "Narcological Dispensary" of the Department of Health of the Krasnodar Territory, conducted over several years, show: a large share of drug pathology occurs among school students - 45.2%; growth is observed in groups of students of secondary secondary schools and universities - 14.3% and 10.1%, respectively; Among registered users of psychoactive substances, the proportion of girls is constantly growing - 26.7% in 2005 versus 17.8% in 2003.

A study of the prevalence of “casual” use of narcotic and toxic substances among urban adolescent schoolchildren aged 15-17 years, conducted by anonymous questioning at the State Institution “Center for Medical Prevention of the Department of Health of the Krasnodar Territory”, showed that the group of “casual” users of psychoactive substances amounted to 14.5 % for boys and 7.1% for girls per 100 adolescents 15-17 years old. The data obtained are slightly lower than similar average Russian indicators - 17.0% for boys and 9.8% for girls.

8. Low physical activity

Low physical activity or a sedentary lifestyle is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular and other diseases, including coronary heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and osteoporosis. In physically untrained people, the risk of developing CVD is 2 times higher than in physically active people. The degree of risk for sedentary people is comparable to the relative risk of the three most known factors contributing to the development of CVD: smoking, arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.

For thousands of years of the existence of the biological species “thinking man” on Earth, the only source of its life support was the muscular apparatus. Over the past 100 years, the share of physical labor in supporting human life has decreased by 200 times. This has led to the fact that a modern civilized person spends 500-750 kcal per day on physical work, which is 2-2.5 times less than what is inherent in the human genotype and is necessary for normal life. A healthy person should spend 350-500 kcal of energy daily or 2000-3000 kcal weekly for physiologically justified exercise through health-improving physical education and sports.

Physical activity is an important determinant of body weight. In addition, physical activity and physical fitness (which refers to the ability to perform physical activity) are important modifiers of mortality and morbidity associated with overweight and obesity. There is clear evidence that moderate to vigorous levels of physical fitness are associated with a significantly reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. According to many scientists, a properly constructed system of physical exercises not only preserves active longevity, but also extends life by an average of 6-8 years.

In the Krasnodar Territory, based on the results of 2005, about 20% of the population is involved in physical education and sports, mainly children, teenagers, and young people.

9. Ecological state.

According to the territorial department of Rospotrebnadzor for the Krasnodar Territory, in recent years in the Krasnodar Territory there has been a continuing trend towards an increase in the level of atmospheric air pollution with chemicals in relation to established standards (MPC). The high level of atmospheric air pollution in the territory of the region is due, firstly, to the high anthropogenic load on the atmosphere associated with the operation of vehicles, thermal power facilities, petroleum products transport, enterprises of the fuel, chemical, oil refining industries, construction industry and agro-industrial complex, and the activities of ports for transshipment of various cargo, including oil and petroleum products; and, secondly, special climatic conditions characterized by a reduced dispersive capacity of the atmosphere, which worsens the condition of the surrounding air environment in the region.

According to the Research Institute of Applied and Experimental Ecology of the Kuban State Agrarian University, a big problem that requires thorough study and analysis is represented by the river systems of the region and, first of all, the Kuban River basin, the Black Sea and steppe rivers, the water of which was used only 45-50 years ago drinking purposes, today are highly polluted. Often the concentrations of pollutants (for example, petroleum products) in surface waters exceed permissible standards. The regional center discharges over 20 million cubic meters per year into the Kuban River in the form of open storm drains without treatment due to the lack of capacity of treatment facilities and sewerage problems. Cities such as Armavir, Labinsk, Kropotkin, Slavyansk-on-Kuban, Tikhoretsk, Timashevsk, Ust-Labinsk, Krymsk, Belorechensk and a number of others have a very significant impact on the pollution of water systems. Industrial enterprises of the region discharge wastewater contaminated with petroleum products, heavy metals, surfactants, phenols and other hazardous substances; Many enterprises do not have effective facilities for treating wastewater from pollutants and directly discharge them into water systems, having a negative impact on living organisms. A big problem is created by the housing and communal services of cities and villages, which discharge wastewater (often untreated) into small and large reservoirs. A significant source of surface water pollution is discharge from rice paddies with high levels of residual pesticides used in rice cultivation. Currently, up to 1.5 million cubic meters are discharged into rivers and estuaries annually. m of water contaminated with pesticides, heavy metals, as well as nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and soil organic matter.

List of used literature.

1. Die early. Problems of high morbidity and premature mortality from non-communicable diseases and injuries in the Russian Federation and ways to solve them. - Russia "Alex", 2006.

2. Monitoring behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases in the population: Guidelines. - M.: MAKS Press, 2004. - 54 p.

New methods of electrocardiography, ed. Gracheva S.V., Ivanova G.G., Syrkina A.L. - M.: Tekhnosphere, 2007.

3. Oganov R.G., Maslennikova G.Ya., Shalnova S.A., Deev A.D. The importance of cardiovascular and other non-communicable diseases for the health of the Russian population. // Disease prevention and health promotion. – 2002

4. Main indicators of health and healthcare in the Russian Federation (statistical materials).

5. Statistical collection. Federal State Statistics Service Rostovstat. - Rostov-on-Don, 2004.

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Factors in the development of chronic non-infectious diseases. Water activity

general information

Who is at risk for such diseases?

Risk factors

Modifiable behavioral risk factors

Metabolic risk factors

What are the socioeconomic impacts of NCDs?

Prevention and control of NCDs

WHO response

WHO's role in governance and coordination

References

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