The concept of educational standard
Among the progressive directions of development of modern education, its standardization clearly stands out, caused by certain life circumstances and, above all, the need to create a unified pedagogical document in the country, thanks to which a holistic level of general education received by children in various types of educational institutions will be ensured.
The very concept of “standard” translated from British means norm, standard, general measure. The main purpose of standards is to organize and regulate the relationships and work of people, which is focused on creating productive results that satisfy the needs of society.
The education standard includes a system of basic characteristics accepted as the state standard of education, reflecting the social standard and taking into account the individual abilities of the individual and the education system to achieve this ideal.
Standardization of education in developed countries of the world has been carried out for a long time through the development of curricula and programs, and the establishment of a special level of education. However, the term “standard” itself in relation to education began to be used relatively recently. Its emergence is associated not only with the creation of a unified state educational standard, but also with ensuring the necessary quality and level of education in various educational institutions.
In Russia, the Federal State Educational Standard (FSES) is considered the main regulatory document that reflects the meaning of a specific part of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”. It develops and specifies such concepts as the content, level and form of education, designates the means of teaching, shows ways and methods of measuring, analyzing and evaluating learning outcomes. In addition, the Federal State Educational Standard sets a minimum list of requirements for the training of graduates.
A significant criterion of the education system is the degree of democracy of its standard, which, first of all, is characterized by the correspondence of the part of education compiled by authorized government bodies with the part of education independently determined by educational institutions. However, despite this, in each individual educational institution the content of education may vary, that is, there may be slight deviations from the established norm.
Levels of educational standard
The Russian Federation Law “On Education” states that the state determines only the minimum required level of education. Supplementing the content of education beyond this norm is the responsibility of the educational institutions themselves. In this regard, the state standard of general secondary education distinguishes 3 levels, differing in their structure and content:
- federal level
- national-regional level,
- school level.
The federal level describes those standards, compliance with which ensures the determination of Russia's pedagogical position, its place in the educational field, as well as the inclusion of each individual in the system of world culture.
The national-regional level has standards in the field of native language, literature, art, geography, labor training, etc. They are determined and are the responsibility of regional authorities.
The federal and national-regional levels of the education standard include such important regulatory aspects as:
- a description of the content of education at all stages of education, which the state provides to students in the amount of the necessary general education training;
- minimum requirements for the preparation of students in the scale of the specified amount of educational content;
- the most optimal volume of children’s teaching load depending on the year of study.
The school level describes the functioning of the educational institution itself, its basic educational characteristics. In addition, the standard specifies the volume of educational content that fully reflects the specifics and trends of a particular educational institution.
The importance of educational standard
Clear standardization of the minimum requirements for general education preparation of students opens up opportunities for differentiation of teaching. Thus, essential prerequisites arise for resolving the contradictions between the rights and responsibilities of the student: he must fulfill state requirements for the level of general education and at the same time has the right, if he has the appropriate desire, to advance further in mastering the content of education and achieve high results.
When studying a difficult or unloved subject, a student can limit himself to the minimum requirements, and this, in turn, frees him from additional time-consuming academic workload and gives him the opportunity to realize his own interests and abilities. Since information about the standards is made publicly available, it allows students to consciously choose their own personal development path.
This approach to the content of general education to a greater extent relieves unjustified emotional and psychological stress of students, gives everyone the opportunity to study at the level that is most feasible for them, forms positive motives for learning and allows creating conditions for the true full development of the child.
The implementation of the main functions of the federal state educational standard truly promotes:
- ensuring the unity of the educational position in the context of the existence of a variety of types of educational institutions;
- developing positive learning motivation among students;
- transition to assessing the results of a teacher’s work on the basis of compliance of students’ educational achievements with the educational standard;
- making informed management decisions;
- allocating time in the educational process for activities of students' choice, taking into account their capabilities, in accordance with personal interests and inclinations.
In recent weeks, the new educational standard of the Russian school has been vigorously discussed in society. Sometimes very harsh judgments are heard on the Internet, the media, radio and television, from rational criticism to loud statements about the impending collapse of domestic secondary education. For clarification about the Federal State Educational Standard, the Maternity.ru portal turned to the developers of the standard. Lyubov Nikolaevna Fedenko, candidate of pedagogical sciences, honored teacher of the Russian Federation, deputy director of ISIO RAO for standardization of general education, agreed to answer our questions.
Question: What is the Federal State Educational Standard, and how will it affect children’s education?
Answer: In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” (as amended by Federal Law dated December 1, 2007 N 309-FZ; Article 7) Federal State Educational Standards (FSES) are a set of requirements mandatory for the implementation of educational programs by all schools that have state accreditation.
The first difference between the Federal State Educational Standard and its predecessors– reliance on the results of identifying the needs of the individual, family, society and state for the results of general education.
The second fundamental difference of the Federal State Educational Standard is their focus on achieving not only subject-specific educational results, but, above all, on the formation of students’ personality, their mastery of universal methods of educational activity, ensuring success in cognitive activity at all stages of further education.
The third fundamental difference between the new standards from previous versions - this is a difference in structure.
The Federal State Educational Standard for Primary General Education is a fundamentally new document for the national school, the purpose and functions of which are unprecedented in its history. Compared to the first generation standards, its subject and scope have expanded significantly and began to cover areas of educational practice that, at the same time, had never been standardized before from a single systemic standpoint. The Federal State Educational Standard actually determines the entire structure of school life and is the constitution of general education.
The Federal State Educational Standard focuses education on achieving a new quality that is adequate to the modern (and even predicted) needs of the individual, society and the state.
The introduction of the second generation standard will greatly change a child’s school life. We are talking about new forms of organizing education, new educational technologies, a new open information and educational environment that goes far beyond the boundaries of the school. That is why the standard, for example, introduced a program for the formation of universal educational activities, and exemplary programs are focused on the development of independent educational activities of the student (such types of educational and extracurricular (extracurricular) activities as educational design, modeling, research activities, role-playing games, etc. )
The Federal State Educational Standard is a guideline for the development of programs for individual academic subjects and courses. The main educational program includes a curriculum that determines the total volume of workload and the maximum volume of classroom workload for students, the composition and structure of compulsory subject areas, as well as the programs of individual academic subjects and courses.
- Are there three Federal State Educational Standards in total?
Currently, two standards have been approved and put into effect by orders of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation - the Federal State Educational Standard for primary general education (grades 1-4) and the Federal State Educational Standard for basic general education (grades 5-9). The draft Federal State Educational Standard for secondary (complete) general education (grades 10-11) is under consideration and will be approved in the near future.
- Where did the Federal State Educational Standards test take place, and for how long?
Education standards were developed in stages, starting in 2006. At the same time, they were tested in regional schools. The results of all developments and testing were repeatedly discussed in the professional community at seminars, meetings, conferences with the participation of representatives of regions of the Russian Federation (Moscow region, Yaroslavl region, Leningrad region, Kaliningrad region, Dagestan, Rostov region, Tatarstan, Orenburg region, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Chelyabinsk Region, Novosibirsk Region, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Stavropol Territory, Omsk Region), at meetings with parents of students and the public.
All documents are constantly discussed on the specialized Internet site “New Standards of General Education: Towards a Social Contract” http://standart.edu.ru, the website of the Institute for Strategic Studies in Education http://fgos.isiorao.ru/.
- Have any adjustments been made to the Federal State Educational Standard for primary general education based on the results of testing? What character?
All constructive comments expressed by teaching staff during the discussions were taken into account by the developers.
- When developing standards, did the developers take into account the experience of other countries?
Of course, the experience of all countries in which students show high results was carefully analyzed and taken into account when developing the Federal State Educational Standard.
- Will curricula and textbooks be developed by September 1?
All primary education programs have been developed and published, and instrumental and methodological support materials have also been developed and partially published to ensure the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard for primary general education. Selected documents are posted on the website http://fgos.isiorao.ru. At seminars held at ISIO RAO, seminar participants receive CDs with recordings of lectures and teaching materials. The textbooks presented in the list of the Ministry of Education and Science have been examined and comply with the Federal State Educational Standard.
Let's take a closer look at the Federal State Educational Standards Project for high school, which causes the most controversy. Parents and teachers are concerned about the issue of compulsory subjects and elective subjects. Will such freedom of choice affect the basic literacy of graduates?
The principle of variability in education has been implemented in Russia since 1992, when the current Law “On Education” was adopted. It consists of providing students with the opportunity to choose academic subjects and additional courses in accordance with their interests and aspirations. The curriculum included an invariant part and a variable part. The variable part contained regional and school components (the content of education was determined by the region and school and did not always meet the needs of students and parents). In the new standard, the main educational program also consists of two parts: a mandatory part and a part formed by participants in the educational process. Thus, great rights are granted to all participants in the educational process (primarily parents, students) to influence the content of education. The compulsory part reinforces the study of all “basic” academic subjects. Participants in the educational process can additionally choose to study academic subjects, modules, courses, and engage in extracurricular activities that are not directly related to the subjects being studied. All these classes are included in the main educational program and are paid for by the budget. In high school today, specialized education is implemented; the student can choose subjects for deeper study in accordance with his interests and life prospects. In the proposed draft of the new standard, this approach was further developed. Traditional compulsory subject areas have been defined; in accordance with their interests, the student chooses the level of compulsory study of academic subjects from this area: specialized, basic or integrated. Subjects such as physical education, life safety and Russia in the world are presented at the same level and are required to be studied. In addition, he can choose to study additional courses, modules, disciplines, and extracurricular activities. Funding for all these activities, within the total number of hours determined by the standard (which is larger than those in force today), is provided by the budget.
Alexander Kondakov, General Director of the Prosveshchenie Publishing House: “In fact, the new standards propose to consider the 9th grade as the completion of basic education. The 10th–11th grades are already preparing the child, taking into account his individual needs. This is a real individualization of the learning process for further socialization, professional activity and vocational education.”
In high school there will be 10 subjects instead of the current 20. All of them are divided into six groups. From each, the student must choose one thing: either an in-depth study of algebra and then take the upper level of Russian literature, choosing “Russian literature,” or take the Russian language, and instead of chemistry, physics and biology, take the general course “natural science.” There are only three lessons that everyone does not choose, but attends: physical education, life safety, and the new discipline “Russia in the World.”
- What if a student is exempt from compulsory physical education lessons?
The Federal State Educational Standard does not regulate educational technologies. Regarding the conduct of physical education lessons, you must contact the school leaders.
- Who will determine the number of hours allocated for studying a particular subject?
The number of hours for studying subjects is determined by the school curriculum included in the main educational program. The basic educational program is developed and approved by the educational institution in accordance with the Federal Law “On Education” independently on the basis of an approximate basic educational program developed at the federal level with the participation of the regions. As part of the approximate basic educational program (they are developed for primary and basic general education), there are 3-4 options for the basic (approximate) curriculum. An educational institution can choose one of the proposed options or develop a curriculum independently.
Currently, a tenth-grader's schedule includes 15-17 academic subjects. The Federal State Educational Standard suggests reducing their number to 10 (3 mandatory and 7 optional from the proposed subject areas). Why did the developers decide to make such a reduction?
The draft Federal State Educational Standard for the senior level has not yet been approved; it is being discussed in the professional community, in the media and at the level of the general public. There is no talk of any reduction in the number of items. The traditional set of subject areas remains mandatory for studying; the student can choose the level of study of the subjects he needs.
How will compliance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard be monitored? Will the certification of schoolchildren be carried out on the basis of educational programs or a “graduate portrait”?
Monitoring the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard will be carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in education. A new Federal Law “On Education” is being prepared, which will outline control procedures. These are, first of all, licensing procedures, accreditation of educational institutions and certification of graduates, including state certification. The criteria for the certification of graduates are the requirements for the results of mastering basic educational programs, presented in the Federal State Educational Standard, and specifying their planned results. The Federal State Educational Standard and the draft new law provide for monitoring studies that identify trends in the development of education systems and educational institutions.
1. Federal state educational standards and federal state requirements provide:
1) unity of the educational space of the Russian Federation;
2) continuity of basic educational programs;
3) variability in the content of educational programs at the appropriate level of education, the possibility of creating educational programs of various levels of complexity and focus, taking into account the educational needs and abilities of students;
4) state guarantees of the level and quality of education based on the unity of mandatory requirements for the conditions for the implementation of basic educational programs and the results of their development.
2. Federal state educational standards, with the exception of the federal state educational standard for preschool education, educational standards are the basis for an objective assessment of compliance with the established requirements of educational activities and training of students who have mastered educational programs of the appropriate level and appropriate focus, regardless of the form of education and form of training.
3. Federal state educational standards include requirements for:
1) the structure of the main educational programs (including the ratio of the compulsory part of the main educational program and the part formed by participants in educational relations) and their volume;
2) conditions for the implementation of basic educational programs, including personnel, financial, material, technical and other conditions;
3) the results of mastering basic educational programs.
4. Federal state educational standards establish the time frame for obtaining general education and vocational education, taking into account various forms of education, educational technologies and the characteristics of individual categories of students.
5. Federal state educational standards for general education are developed by level of education; federal state educational standards of vocational education can also be developed by profession, specialty and area of training at the corresponding levels of vocational education.
5.1. Federal state educational standards for preschool, primary general and basic general education provide the opportunity to receive education in native languages from among the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, study the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation, native languages from among the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, including Russian as a native language .
(Part 5.1 introduced by Federal Law dated August 3, 2018 N 317-FZ)
6. In order to ensure the realization of the right to education of students with disabilities, federal state educational standards for the education of these persons are established or special requirements are included in the federal state educational standards.
7. The formation of the requirements of federal state educational standards of vocational education for the results of mastering the main educational programs of vocational education in terms of professional competence is carried out on the basis of relevant professional standards (if any).
(Part 7 as amended by Federal Law dated 02.05.2015 N 122-FZ)
8. Lists of professions, specialties and areas of training indicating the qualifications assigned to the relevant professions, specialties and areas of training, the procedure for the formation of these lists are approved by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education. When approving new lists of professions, specialties and areas of training by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education, the correspondence of the individual professions, specialties and areas of training indicated in these lists with the professions, specialties and areas of training may be established. specified in the previous lists of professions, specialties and areas of training.
9. The procedure for developing, approving federal state educational standards and introducing amendments to them is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
10. Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, St. Petersburg State University, educational organizations of higher education in respect of which the category “federal university” or “national research university” has been established, as well as federal state educational organizations of higher education, the list of which is approved by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, have the right to develop and approve independent educational standards at all levels of higher education. Requirements for the conditions for the implementation and results of mastering educational programs of higher education, included in such educational standards, cannot be lower than the corresponding requirements of federal state educational standards.
Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”- N 273-FZ - regulates social relations that arise in the field of education due to the exercise by the population of the right to education. Provides state guarantees of freedoms and rights of people in the field of education and appropriate conditions for the realization of the right to education. Determines the legal status of participants in relationships within the framework of educational activities. Establishes the economic, legal, organizational framework of education in our country, the principles of state policy in the field of education, the rules of operation of the educational system and the implementation of educational activities.
Draft federal law
“On education in the Russian Federation”
Article 11. Federal state educational standards and federal state requirements.
1. Federal state educational standards (hereinafter referred to as Federal State Educational Standards - V.S.) and federal state requirements... are the basis for an objective assessment of the quality of education of persons who have mastered educational programs of the appropriate level and focus, regardless of the form of education.
2. Federal State Educational Standards and federal state requirements, as well as educational standards established by universities, ensure:
1) unity of the educational space of the Russian Federation;
2) continuity of basic educational programs;
3) variability in the content of educational programs at the appropriate level of education, the possibility of creating educational programs of various levels of complexity and focus, taking into account the educational needs and abilities of students;
4) state guarantees of the level and quality of education based on the unity of mandatory requirements for the conditions for the implementation of basic educational programs.
3. Federal State Educational Standards are mandatory for the implementation of basic educational programs in organizations carrying out educational activities.
4. Federal State Educational Standards include requirements for:
1) the structure of the main educational programs, including the requirements for the ratio of parts of the main educational program and their volume;
2) conditions for the implementation of basic educational programs, including personnel, financial, material, technical and other conditions;
3) the results of mastering basic educational programs.
Federal State Educational Standards establish deadlines for obtaining general and vocational education.
5. In order to ensure the realization of the right to education for students with disabilities, the Federal State Educational Standards include special requirements and (or) establish special federal state educational standards.
6. Federal State Educational Standards are developed by level of education, Federal State Educational Standards of vocational education - by profession, areas of training and specialties of the corresponding levels of vocational education 97.
ACCORDING TO THE BOOK:
ZAGVYAZINSKY V. I.
LEARNING THEORY:
MODERN INTERPRETATION
Standard, standardization is the establishment and compliance with certain norms in any type of activity and in the results created in the process of activity.
Standardization in education has always existed in the form of national traditions associated with ideas about ideals, general goals, content and forms of education and upbringing, as well as in the form of legislative acts, regulations, curricula, programs, and textbooks.
For the first time, the text of the current Constitution of the Russian Federation includes the provision that the state establishes federal state educational standards and supports various forms of education and self-education (Article 43).
The Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” reveals the content and essence of the state standard. The standard normalizes (determines) the mandatory minimum content of basic educational programs, the maximum volume of students' teaching load, and the requirements for the level of training of graduates.
Federal State Educational Standards are thus intended to provide a guaranteed minimum of compulsory training for each student, regardless of which educational institution of a given level and profile he receives his education at. Federal State Educational Standards ensure the unity of educational requirements for the quality of knowledge, skills and abilities, and therefore, the unity of the country’s educational space; they are designed to protect students from overload (determines the maximum permissible volume of workload), provide a unified objective assessment of the success of educational activities and the work of educational institutions, and ultimately guarantee the quality of education.
For all its positive qualities, the educational standard also carries certain dangers associated with the possibility of returning to a unified, strictly regulated school, with the risk of the standard turning into a template, a way of suppressing the individuality of the child and the creativity of the teacher. V. S. Lednev was right when he wrote that standards are needed that would consolidate democratic principles in education, protect the interests of the child and the creativity of the teacher, and at the same time preserve the level of education necessary for society and the unity of the country’s educational space.
Of course, the pedagogical process itself should not be standardized or its variability and creative diversity should be regulated. A standard is a means of ensuring the minimum required quality of education and its unity in the educational space of the Federation, a condition for the variability of education without destroying its foundations. Hence the requirement for flexibility of standards and variability in their use. A school or any educational institution must have sufficient “variable space” for planning, for operational maneuver, and for taking into account the real situation. In this case, the priority of humanistic values, preservation of the moral, mental and physical health of the schoolchild or student 98 must be respected.
ACCORDING TO THE BOOK:
PEDAGOGY /
L. P. KRIVSHENKO, M. E. WEINDORF-SYSOEVA AND OTHERS.
In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, education standards (or educational standards) have been introduced in our country. The concept of “standard” comes from the English word “standard”, meaning sample, norm, measure. An education standard is a system of basic parameters accepted as a state standard of education, reflecting a social ideal and taking into account the capabilities of a real individual and the education system to achieve this ideal.
The main objects of standardization in education are: its structure, content, volume of teaching load and level of student preparation. The norms and requirements established by the standard are accepted as a standard when assessing the quality of education.
The need to standardize education is caused by fundamental changes in the field of education as a social phenomenon. Russia's turn to democracy, to market relations, and to individual rights and freedoms required a rethinking of education policy. The sphere of education is now focused primarily on satisfying the spiritual needs of the individual, and not on the interests of the state. This in turn led to significant changes in the organization of education. Educational institutions have acquired greater independence in choosing the content, forms and methods of teaching.
The standardization of education is also associated with the fact that the transition of schools to new, freer forms of organizing the educational process, a change in the status of many schools, the introduction of new curricula, a freer choice of academic subjects and volumes of study by schools, the introduction of alternative textbooks, the creation of new teaching technologies, multi-level and differentiated education - all this required concern for maintaining the basic unity of the educational space, which makes it possible to ensure a uniform level of education received by students in different types of educational institutions. The standard is the mechanism that ensures the existence of a unified educational space in the country.
The standardization of education is also caused by Russia's desire to enter the system of world culture, which requires taking into account achievements in this area of international educational practice when forming general education. This provides Russian citizens with recognition of their educational documents abroad.
The idea of standardizing education is not new for Russia. It existed back in Soviet times. Although in the USSR, as a rule, the concept of a state educational standard was not used, its role was actually fulfilled by unified curricula 99.
ACCORDING TO THE BOOK:
PEDAGOGY: PEDAGOGICAL THEORIES,
SYSTEMS, TECHNOLOGIES /
UNDER THE EDITION S. A. SMIRNOVA
The education standard is the main regulatory document that interprets a certain part of the Law “On Education”. It develops and specifies such characteristics of education as content, level and form of presentation, and indicates methods and means of measuring and interpreting learning results. An important indicator of the education system is the degree of democracy of its standard, which is characterized by the ratio of the share of education centrally regulated by authorities with the share of education independently determined by educational institutions.
The Law “On Education” stipulates that state authorities standardize only the minimum required level of education. Determining the content of education beyond this norm is within the competence of regions and educational institutions. That is why the state standard of general secondary education distinguishes three levels: federal, national-regional and school.
The federal level determines those standards, the observance of which ensures the unity of the pedagogical space of Russia, as well as the integration of the individual into the system of world culture.
The national-regional level contains standards in the field of native language and literature, history, geography, art, labor training, etc. They fall under the competence of regions and educational institutions.
The school level is determined by the educational institution. However, the standard specifies the scope of educational content, reflecting the specifics and focus of an individual educational institution.
Federal and national-regional levels of education standards include:
requirements for the minimum necessary training of students within the specified scope of content;
the maximum permissible volume of schoolchildren’s academic workload by year of study.
Determining the minimum requirements for the general education preparation of students opens up opportunities for resolving the contradiction between the rights and responsibilities of the student: the student is obliged to fulfill state requirements for the level of general education and has the right, if there is an appropriate desire, to move further in mastering the content of education.
The right to limit oneself to the minimum requirements when studying a difficult or unloved subject frees the student from an overwhelming academic load and allows him to realize his interests and inclinations. The standard enables the student to consciously choose an individual trajectory of his learning and development, which largely relieves students of unjustified emotional and psychological stress, allows everyone to learn at the highest level possible, forms positive motives for learning and creates conditions for the student’s full development.
The implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard helps to ensure the unity of the educational space in the context of the diversity of types of schools, national and regional models of education; the formation of positive motivation for learning among students due to increased accessibility of educational material, normalization of the educational load, knowledge of the requirements for the level of education and the criteria for its assessment; transition to assessing the results of a teacher’s work based on the compliance of students’ educational achievements with the educational standard; guaranteed allocation of time in the curriculum for activities of students' choice in accordance with their abilities, interests and inclinations.
Based on the educational standard, working curricula 100 can be developed.