Option 1
A1. What is the name of the science of the structure of man and his organs?
1) anatomy 3) biology
2) physiology 4) hygiene
A2. What part of the brain is called the small brain?
1) midbrain 3) medulla oblongata
2) spinal cord 4) cerebellum
A3. What muscle group do the temporal muscles belong to?
1) to facial expressions 3) to respiratory ones
2) to chewing 4) to motor
A4. What is the process of destroying microbes by eater cells called?
1) immunity 3) phagocytosis
2) brucellosis 4) immunodeficiency
A5. What is the name of the enzyme in gastric juice that can act only in an acidic environment and breaks down protein into simpler compounds?
1) hemoglobin 3) cerebellum
2) pituitary gland 4) pepsin
A6. What are the nerve structures that convert perceived stimuli into nerve impulses called?
1) sensory neurons 3) interneurons
2) receptors 4) synapses
A7. What is an excessive increase in blood pressure called?
1) hypertension 3) hypotension
2) allergy 4) arrhythmia
IN 1. What functions do the organs of the nervous and endocrine systems perform?
AT 2. What is the constant composition of the liquids that make up the internal
AT 3. What is a liquid containing weakened microbes or their poisons called?
AT 4. Who discovered central braking?
AT 5. What are the rhythmic vibrations of artery walls called?
C1. What secretory gland does the pancreas belong to? Explain why?
C2. What are the consequences of impaired kidney function in humans?
Biology test for 8th grade course
Option 2
A1. What is the name of the warm salty liquid that connects all human organs with each other, providing them with oxygen and nutrition?
1) tissue fluid 3) lymph
2) blood 4) intercellular fluid
A2. What is the name of the part of the brain that provides coordination and consistency of movements, as well as balance of the body?
1) medulla oblongata 3) cerebellum
2) hypothalamus 4) midbrain
A3. What type of tissue is bone tissue?
1) connective 3) muscular
2) epithelial 4) nervous
A4. What makes up the bulk of plasma?
1) lymph 3) red blood cells
2) water 4) formed elements
A5. What is the name of the largest gland in our body, located in the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm?
1) thyroid 3) pancreas
2) spleen 4) liver
A6. What is the means of contact between neurons and cells of working organs?
1) with the help of synapses 3) with the help of the vagus nerve
2) with the help of alveoli 4) with the help of receptors
A7. What is lymph formed from?
1) from blood 3) from tissue fluid
2) from the intercellular substance 4) from gastric juice
IN 1. What is the name of the transparent semi-liquid mass that fills the inner space of the eyeball?
AT 2. What does the gray matter of the brain consist of?
AT 3. What is the lack of vitamins in the body called?
AT 4. Where does gas exchange occur?
AT 5. What is the ability of an organ to be rhythmically excited under the influence of impulses arising in it without external stimuli?
C1. Name at least 3 criteria that allow us to classify a person as a mammal.
C2. Is it possible for a person with blood group II to be transfused with blood group III and why? Why can blood of group I be transfused into all four groups?
Answers
Option 1
A3 - 2
A4 - 3
A5 - 4
A6 - 2
B1 - regulatory
B2 - homeostasis
B3 - vaccine
B4 – I.M. Sechenov
B5 – pulse
C1 – Mixed secretion. Some pancreatic cells secrete hormones (insulin) directly into the blood, while the other part releases pancreatic juice, which enters the duodenum through the ducts.
C2 – Kidneys – organ of the excretory system. Disruption of their work can lead to disruption of homeostasis (changes in the composition of the internal environment) and to poisoning of the body with metabolic products
Option 2
A3 - 1
A4 - 2
A5 - 4
A6 - 1
B1 – vitreous body
B2 – from neuron cell bodies
B3 - hypovitaminosis
B4 - in the alveoli of the lungs and tissues
B5 – automaticity
C1 – the presence of a uterus and mammary glands, lungs of the alveolar type, the heart includes 4 chambers, constant body temperature, the chest and abdominal cavities are separated by a diaphragm.
C2 – it is impossible, because the meeting of β agglutinins contained in the blood of group II with agglutinogens B contained in the blood of group III will lead to agglutination. Group blood does not contain agglutinogens A and B, so it can be transfused to all blood groups.
Response evaluation criteria
For each correctly completed task under the letter A, 1 point is awarded, a total of 7 points.
For each correctly completed task under the letter B, 2 points are awarded, for a total of 10 points.
For each correctly completed task under the letter C, 3 points are awarded, for a total of 6 points.
Total – 23 points
80-100% - score “5”
60-80% - score “4”
40-60% - score “3”
0-40% - estimate "2".
Explanatory note
To conduct an intermediate certification in biology in the 8th grade, a set of test tasks (2 options) has been compiled. They are compiled taking into account the state educational standard. The content of the educational material is correlated with the amount of time allocated for studying biology in the 8th grade by the basic curriculum (2 hours per week/68 hours per year).
All questions and tasks are divided into three difficulty levels (A, B, C).
Level A - basic (A1-A7). For each task there are 4 possible answers, only one of which is correct.
Level B – contains 5 tasks (B1-B5). Each task at this level requires a short answer (one or two words).
Level C – increased complexity contains 2 tasks (C1-C2). This task requires you to write a detailed answer.
45 minutes (1 lesson) are allotted to complete the test.
The golden mean is what is important when it comes to the iron content in the body of a healthy person. Normally, this microelement is allocated only 4-5 grams, but its role is colossal.
Surely you know that iron is simply necessary for humans and cannot be replaced by anything. It is involved in the process of hematopoiesis and oxygen transport to all cells of the body as part of hemoglobin. In addition, iron is involved in the synthesis of cellular enzymes, generates a magnetic field and electromagnetic impulses in nerve cells, and promotes tissue formation. A normal level of this metal gives the body the strength to resist stress, fatigue, drowsiness, and supports the immune system, brain and thyroid function. And what is important, and for you and me, it is even very important to maintain skin and muscle tone.
If the hemoglobin level is normal, then there is no painful craving for sweets
The role of iron in the body
Daily iron requirement
The daily requirement of iron is individual for everyone and depends on the person’s health and lifestyle. With intense physical activity, the need increases. The table below shows averages for different categories of people.
| Average daily iron requirement
(at a maximum of 45 mg) |
|
| Age 0-6 months | 27 |
| Age 7-12 months | 11 |
| Age 1-3 years | 7-12 |
| Age 4-8 years | 10-18 |
| Age 9-13 years | 8-14 |
| Boys 14-18 years old | 11-19 |
| Girls 14-18 years old | 15-27 |
| Breastfeeding women 14-18 years old | 10-18 |
| Men 19+ | 8-14 |
| Women 19-50 years old | 18-32 |
| Breastfeeding women 19-50 years old | 9-16 |
| Women 50+ | 8-14 |
| Pregnancy | 27-48 |
Ideally, any healthy body should have an iron supply (300–1000 mg for women and 500–1500 mg for men). In reality, most people have a reserve of this microelement at the lower limit of normal, or completely absent.
P foods containing large amounts of iron table
The table shows only those foods that contain the highest amount of iron. The share of iron is given in grams per 100 grams of product.
| PLANT ORIGIN | ANIMAL ORIGIN | ||
| Dried porcini mushrooms | 35,0 | Pork liver | 19,0 |
| Syrup | 19,5 | Lungs | 10,0 |
| Brewer's yeast | 18,1 | Beef liver | 9,0 |
| Sea kale | 16,0 | Chicken liver | 8,5 |
| Pumpkin seeds | 14,0 | Egg yolk | 7,2 |
| Cocoa | 12,5 | Chicken heart | 6,2 |
| Lentils | 11,8 | Language | 5,0 |
| Sesame | 11,5 | Rabbit meat | 4,4 |
| Buckwheat | 8,3 | Hematogen | 4,0 |
| Peas | 7,0 | Quail eggs | 3,2 |
| Blueberry | 7,0 | Beef | 3,1 |
| Halva | 6,4 | Black caviar | 2,5 |
| Beans | 5,9 | Chicken | 2,1 |
| Beans | 5,5 | Pork | 2,0 |
| Fresh mushrooms | 5,2 | Mutton | 2,0 |
| Black currant | 5,2 | ||
| Dried apricots | 4,7 | ||
| Almond | 4,4 | ||
| Peaches | 4,1 | ||
| Rye bread | 3,9 | ||
| Raisin | 3,8 | ||
| Spinach | 3,5 | ||
| Walnut | 2,9 | ||
| Corn | 2,4 | ||
| Chocolate | 2,3 | ||
| Apples | 2,2 | ||
If we are talking about a lack of something, then it is already clear that this does not bode well. There are two stages of iron deficiency: latent stage And anemia stage.
For latent iron deficiency The level of hemoglobin in the blood is normal and there are no clinical symptoms of iron deficiency, however, tissue reserves of iron are inexorably falling, and the activity of iron-containing enzymes is gradually decreasing. In addition, adults are characterized by a compensatory increase in iron absorption in the intestine.
For iron deficiency anemia the following clinical symptoms are observed:
- depletion of iron reserves in the body;
- the decrease in the saturation of red blood cells with hemoglobin is significantly reduced, which leads to their hypochromia, in other words, red blood cells lose color;
- dystrophic changes occur in organs and tissues;
- an increased amount of protoporphyrin is observed in erythrocytes;
- decrease in the level of hemoglobin in the blood and its production.
Symptoms of anemia
When should you pay attention to your condition and what hints from your body should you use to think about a possible iron deficiency? If you are worried about systematic fatigue for no apparent reason and at the same rhythm of life as always... There is a rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath with light exertion. Muscle weakness, tinnitus, headaches. Visually, others may notice the pallor of the face. Hair loss, brittle nails, and dry skin also often increase. More pronounced symptoms are also possible, such as cracks in the mucous membranes in the corners of the mouth, redness of the tongue. It all depends on the severity and duration of the deficiency. It should be noted that you should not self-medicate and take medications on your own without examination. This is because an excess of iron, like its deficiency, can quite realistically cause serious harm, namely, disrupt the functioning of internal organs. Only a doctor can make a diagnosis based on tests and prescribe the right dosage specifically for your case.
The human body is able to absorb approximately a tenth of the incoming iron. There are some factors that can be influenced that reduce the absorption of iron in the intestinal lumen that should be taken into account. This is precipitation by phosphates, phytates and antacids. Soy proteins, albumin, and ethanol (taken orally or given by injection) reduce iron absorption. As for milk, its proteins also have a detrimental effect on Fe absorption. Tea and coffee significantly reduce iron absorption due to their caffeine content. Phytic acid contained in the seeds of cereals, legumes and oilseeds reduces the absorption of iron. In order to neutralize the effect of phytate on iron absorption, ascorbic acid or meat should be included in the diet. Plant fibers other than cellulose can also reduce iron absorption.
Large oral doses of ascorbic acid, as well as citric and succinic acids and sugar have a positive effect. Absorption increases in the presence of poultry or beef.
Note that the most easily absorbed iron for the human body is found in plants!
Video: Iron and body energy
Conclusion
Proper and balanced nutrition is daily work on your health. But this is the only way to best provide your body with all the necessary vitamins, minerals and trace elements. There is no better way than to get iron from foods. And, of course, do not forget about regular physical activity.
Be sure to read about it
2) spleen
3) pancreas
4) adrenal gland
Answer: 1
43. What role does bile play in digestion?
1) breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids
2) activates enzymes, emulsifies fats
3) breaks down carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and water
4) accelerates the process of water absorption
Answer: 2
44. In which part of the human intestine does the breakdown of plants occur?
Noah fiber
1) duodenum
2) colon
3) small intestine
4) cecum
Answer: 2
45. In the human digestive system, the main chemical transformations
Niya food ends in
1) cecum
2) stomach
3) small intestine
Answer: 3
The enzymatic breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the human digestive system begins in
Answer: 1
47. Toxic substances that enter the human body with food are neutralized
Huddle in
3) large intestine
4) pancreas
Answer: 2
48. Digestion of starch and other complex carbohydrates begins in:
1) large intestine;
2) small intestine;
3) oral cavity;
4) in the stomach.
Answer: 3
49. What vitamin should be included in the diet of a person suffering from scurvy?
Answer: 3
The conversion of glucose to glycogen occurs in
1) stomach
4) intestines
Answer: 3
51. Enzymatic breakdown of proteins to amino acids in the digestive tract
The human system begins in
1) stomach, and ends in the small intestine
2) the oral cavity, and ends in the small intestine
3) the oral cavity, and ends in the esophagus
4) the cecum, and ends in the rectum
Answer: 1
52. Bile and pancreatic juice enter through the ducts into:
1) stomach
2) duodenum
3) sections of the large intestine
4) rectum
Answer: 2
In the human small intestine, it is absorbed into the bloodstream
1) starch
2) amino acids
3) glycogen
Answer: 2
The function of nutrient absorption in the human digestive system is performed by
1) muscle cells
2) epithelial cells
3) stomach glands
4) blood vessels
Answer: 2
Lack of vitamin A in the human body leads to disease
1) night blindness
2) diabetes mellitus
4) rickets
Answer: 1
56. In the human digestive system, the main chemical transformations
Niya food ends in
1) cecum
2) stomach
3) small intestine
Answer: 3
57. Conversion of glucose into storage carbohydrate - glycogen is the most intense
How can we help the liver bear the burden of our carelessness with ease?
Here's what the famous herbalist, Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor, head of the herbal medicine course at the Department of Family Medicine of the MMA said about this. Sechenova Sergey Nikolaevich Turishchev:
- There are many fruits and medicinal plants that contain active plant components that help a person protect the liver from diseases. Such properties are possessed, for example, by rose hips, mint, oregano, St. John's wort, chamomile, immortelle, corn silk, celandine, calendula, birch buds, milk thistle, oats, many vitamin preparations...
Celandine. In folk medicine, a decoction of the celandine herb with flowers and roots is used in small doses for cholelithiasis, jaundice and other liver diseases.
It is known to increase bile secretion.
Calendula promotes the secretion of bile. In folk medicine, it is often used as a choleretic agent for liver diseases.
- In pharmacies today there are many “targeted” herbal preparations that promote the secretion of bile, cleanse the bile ducts, and remove small stones. Medicinal plants are good because they are close in structure to the components of the human body. They act gently and are absolutely harmless, since man himself, albeit a unique one, is a biosystem. Official medicine today no longer denies the therapeutic effect of natural biologically active compounds. Moreover, it emphasizes not only their advantages, but often their advantages. The active substances of plants can not only cleanse the liver of toxins, and therefore protect its cells from destruction, but also help restore already damaged liver cells.
Based on practical experience, I can say: natural remedies are also good for treating chronic liver diseases. As you know, the percentage of viral liver pathologies (hepatitis, cirrhosis, jaundice) is now growing. And in case of high load on this organ, herbs will act as hepatoprotectors (literally, liver protectors).
Without much difficulty, you can help your liver through gentle nutrition.
In this sense, according to experts, boiled meat and fish, dairy products, and oatmeal are good. And even more so - decoctions of natural oats. The same thing they feed horses. Cranberries and lemon drinks are good for removing toxins and saving the liver from medicinal “violence.” After all, all nutrients absorbed into the blood from the digestive tract pass through the liver and are processed there. At the same time, some of the fats are converted into carbohydrates, so the liver, figuratively speaking, is the largest glycogen depot in the body. It also synthesizes blood plasma proteins.
The diet will help normalize impaired liver and biliary tract function
Recommended products and dishes.
Egg - white omelet (without yolk) no more than 2 times a week.
Bread and bakery products - gray, coarse bread. The cookies are not good.
Milk and dairy products: low-fat cottage cheese, one-day yogurt, low-fat kefir.
Fats: butter, sunflower in ready-made dishes.
Meat and fish dishes: lean meats, boiled chicken. Low-fat fish (cod, navaga, pike) - boiled.
Soups - with vegetable broth or milk (with water). Cereals - buckwheat, oatmeal, pasta. Fruit soups.
Fruits, berries, sweets - ripe varieties of fruits and berries, raw and boiled, lemon with sugar, watermelons, soy chocolate, sugar.
Drinks, juices - rosehip decoction, various juices (with water), tea with milk, tea with lemon, dried fruit compotes.
Vegetables and greens - cabbage, potatoes, carrots, beets raw and boiled, onions are added after boiling.
Undesirable: mushrooms, beans, peas, peppers, sorrel, spinach, fried foods, egg yolks, canned food, alcohol, beer, sparkling water.
The protein content in this diet is 100-200 g, fat - 120-130 g, carbohydrates - 350-400 g. Calorie content - 3500 kcal, free liquid up to 1.5 l, table salt - up to 12 g.
This diet is good because it is balanced: it contains a normal amount of proteins and limits fats (especially lamb, goose, and internal fat). The range of products that promote fermentation has been reduced. The amount of vegetables and fruits has been increased.
It is better to eat 4-5 times a day.
Don't climb the wall
Paradoxically, even a person’s behavior and character depend on the condition of the liver. Unconscious anxiety, irritability, and sleep disturbances can also be signs of liver system overload. Losing your temper is a typical manifestation of an irritated liver. Even the ancients noticed this: harmful and vindictive choleric people were called gall people; closed, sad and painful melancholic people - people with black bile. And in our time, many apt expressions circulate among the people, tracing the connection between the liver, health and character of a person: a bilious person, sits in the liver.
So if you help your protector - the liver, it will help you enjoy life more often.
BY THE WAY
In folk medicine, celandine is used as a remedy that inhibits the growth of certain malignant tumors. But we must remember that celandine is a poisonous plant, so it must be used internally with extreme caution. If poisoned, it can cause nausea, vomiting and even death.
Rosehip is an ancient medicinal plant, the medicinal properties of which were known already in the 17th century. At that time, rose hips were highly valued and were given out for treatment with special permission only to noble and wealthy people. Its fruits contain so many vitamins that their variety exceeds all other plants known to medicine. That is why rosehip infusion is also good for the prevention of liver diseases. It increases the body's resistance to infectious diseases, in particular hepatitis. Promotes better secretion of bile. As is known, many medicinal preparations for the treatment of hepatitis and cholecystitis are made from rose hips.
The liver is the largest gland
The human body is amazing. There is such a considerable number of various complex processes taking place in it, which in their totality allow the individual to exist - to have what they are accustomed to calling “full life”.
The main task of providing it falls on large organs in the body, including glands. They produce hormones that are responsible for many processes, without which the most significant events - physiologically and psychologically - for any individual (for example, digestion or childbirth) will simply become impossible.
At the same time, one’s own body remains largely a mystery to non-medics. So, not everyone will be able to say with accuracy what the largest human gland is. Meanwhile, without the compounds it produces, the absorption of many elements from food would not occur, the blood would not be purified, the removal of toxic substances would not occur to the proper extent, etc.
Hot organ
The above statements refer to the liver. It is considered not only the largest of the glands present in humans, but also the “hottest” organ. The constant temperature in it is about forty-two degrees. This is not surprising, because it is considered a real “industrial enterprise” of the body. It is constantly in full swing with the production of lipids, bile, bilirubin, replenishment of a number of vitamins and other nutrients, as well as hormones and enzymes, with the participation of which food is broken down into its component parts in the duodenum.
In general, the list of those chemical compounds in the production of which the above-mentioned largest human gland is somehow involved would be very extensive. However, this organ of considerable size (in an adult it weighs about one and a half to two kilograms) is also involved in many other processes that constantly occur in the body of every inhabitant of the planet.
Liver in critical situation
Thus, the liver neutralizes substances that are foreign and unsafe for humans (including poisons, allergens, etc.). Here they are transformed into more harmless compounds, which are then removed naturally. Also, with the help of this organ, excess various hormones, vitamins, mediators and intermediate harmful metabolic products (for example, ethanol, ammonia, acetone and others) are removed.
However, many people have an idea about these liver functions. However, not everyone realizes that it also serves as a kind of “blood reservoir”. A fairly large volume of this life-giving fluid is stored here. It is thrown into the vascular bed in case of injuries and other situations in which significant blood loss occurs.
Caring for your liver
With all those countless tasks (and not all of them are listed just above) that the liver has to cope with, it is, of course, very vulnerable to additional obstacles in their implementation, erected by the person himself. Is it worth mentioning in this regard the repeated “libations” that many of the planet’s inhabitants are addicted to, as well as other unsafe habits (for example, smoking), which supply the body with such decent volumes of toxins that the body’s main filter is not always able to cope.
In addition, many people are very indiscriminate in terms of diet, and in this regard, the liver encounters an excessive amount of fats and other difficult-to-digest compounds. This has a strong negative impact on the functionality of the liver. However, she has the ability to regenerate, but sometimes even this is of little help.
Those who strive to join the ranks of centenarians who live out their lives in perfect health should also take care of the liver. The recipe for this is simple - watch your diet and not overload the largest gland with harmful compounds.