The reference book compiled by I. I. Pavlova will help you understand the names and features of medicines. In the modern world, the abundance of various drugs is simply amazing. There are many different drugs that have the same effect, many analogues are produced. It is often very difficult for an ordinary person to understand all this, he wonders why there are so many different drugs, if it was possible to create only one that works well and performs the necessary functions.
When a person comes to the pharmacy with a list of necessary drugs, they may offer him something else, saying that this is a similar remedy. But people may begin to question how well this drug fits the bill. This handbook contains descriptions of medicines, the names of which are arranged in alphabetical order. It indicates the main substance, the effect that it has on the body, indications for use and contraindications. It should be understood that drugs have not only the name that is written on the box, but also have a chemical and international name. All this is written in this guide, it will help any person to navigate, choose the appropriate analogue and get information about the drug of interest.
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Classification of medicines
The most common international Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC). In Russia, the division into Pharmacological groups. In addition, there is also Nosological classification.
Prescription and non-prescription medicines
In world practice, there is the concept of "over-the-counter" and "prescription" medicines. The latter suggest a greater potential danger of over-the-counter use. There is a constant struggle between the "pharmaceutical" and "medical" lobbies (respectively, for the expansion of the 1st or 2nd group of drugs and the corresponding business).
State regulation is designed to take into account the interests of the population (the dilemma of "availability" and / or "safety" of medicines), without biasing towards the interests of the pharmaceutical or medical business.
Homeopathic medicines
In a number of countries, these drugs are regulated differently - either as a category "Medicines", or as "Food and supplements", or as "alternative medicine". Currently, there is no well-established opinion of international organizations on this matter, agreed with national health authorities.
In the Russian Federation, homeopathic medicines are subject to the same legislative regulation as conventional medicines.
Legislative regulation
The circulation of medicines is regulated by law and by-laws, including regularly updating the list of Vital and Essential Medicines (VED), the List of Narcotic Drugs, etc.
Economic consequences of legislative regulation
In Ukraine, there is a practice of returning excise duty for the use of alcohol in the manufacture of medicines - only after they are sold.
Bodies of state control over the quality of medicines
The quality of medicines in Russia is controlled by the Federal Service for Supervision of Health and Social Development (Roszdravnadzor), subordinate to the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation.
Centers for quality control of medicines operate in most large cities of Russia. Their main task is to check the organizations selling medicines (compliance with numerous norms for the storage and sale of medicines), as well as selective (and in some regions even total) control of medicines. Based on the data from the regional centers, Roszdravnadzor will make decisions on the rejection of a particular drug.
This is how it should ideally be. In practice, things look a little different.
Firstly, the vast majority of drug quality control centers are more than poorly equipped, and they are not able to carry out a complex chemical analysis of a modern drug. An even more difficult situation arises with microbiological studies, which are either not carried out at all or are carried out in a very reduced volume. As a result, all, so to speak, studies are often limited to assessing the appearance of the drug (is there any unacceptable sediment, are the tablets cracked, are the packaging correctly designed, the label is crooked, etc.).
Secondly, according to the legislation in force in Russia, it is unacceptable to require additional analysis from the seller if the medicinal product already has a valid certificate (declaration) of conformity. Thus, all additional studies should be carried out at the expense of the Centers for Quality Control of Medicines. In fact, this translates into additional costs for the seller.
Third, drug quality control centers should produce selective drug control. In many regions of Russia (for example, Stavropol, Tver region, Tatarstan), the re-check is of a total nature. In general, this is illegal, and due to the lack of equipment in laboratories, it is simply meaningless, which leads to a significant difficulty in selling not only falsified and low-quality drugs, but also drugs in general.
As a result of the above, we can say that most of the regional Centers for Quality Control of Medicines today do not fulfill their tasks, only creating grounds for bribes and unfair competition.
Rejected and counterfeit medicines are subject to withdrawal from the pharmacy network, information about them is available on the following websites:
Original medicines and generics
An original drug is a drug that is first released by the developer. As a rule, the development and marketing of a new drug is a very expensive and time-consuming process. Of the many known compounds, as well as newly synthesized ones, by enumeration, on the basis of databases on their properties and computer modeling of the proposed biological activity, substances with the maximum target activity are identified and synthesized. After animal experiments, in the case of a positive result, limited clinical trials are carried out on groups of volunteers. If the effectiveness is confirmed, and side effects are insignificant, the drug goes into production, and based on the results of additional tests, possible features of the action are clarified, undesirable effects are revealed. Often the most harmful side effects are found in clinical use.
At the same time, the manufacturer patents this new drug. All other firms can produce synonyms (so-called generics), but according to their own technology, if they prove the bioequivalence of drugs. Of course, they cannot use the brand name for this drug, but only the INN, or some new one patented by them. Despite the new name, these drugs can be similar or very close in their effects.
Are original drugs and generics completely equivalent? From the point of view of chemistry, the active substance is the same. But the production technology is different, different degrees of purification are possible. There are other factors as well. For example, it is known that for a long time different companies could not achieve the same effectiveness of acetylsalicylic acid (generic) as Bayer AG, the manufacturer of the original drug "Aspirin". It turned out that the matter was not only in the purity of the raw materials, but also in a special method of crystallization, which resulted in special, smaller crystals of acetylsalicylic acid. There can be many such nuances. The opposite result is also possible, when the generic is more successful than the original medicine.
In modern preparations, only one of the isomers (enantiomers) may be biologically active, the other may be weakly active, inactive, or even harmful (see Bioavailability).
Illegal actions in the production and circulation of medicines
Counterfeit drugs, counterfeit drugs
The pharmaceutical business is considered the third most profitable, after the arms and drugs trade. This attracts unscrupulous entrepreneurs to him.
In Russia, until 1991, the problem of falsification of medicines was practically absent.
Fake
Counterfeit is a deliberate change in the formulation of the production of a medicinal product. Replacing expensive components with cheaper ones, or reducing the content (and in the worst case, completely absent) of the necessary component of the drug. For example, replacing the more expensive cefazolin with cheaper (and less effective) penicillin. In addition, other violations in production are possible: violation of the time and sequence of the technological process, underestimation of the degree of purification, poor-quality packaging materials, etc.
Useful information about medicinesThe 100 best medicines from proven remedies are still up to date and help better than others. And some drugs have serious side effects that patients should be aware of. All this will help you stay healthy. But doctors warn: do not self-medicate.
COLD
1. Arbidol - increases the antiviral activity of all body systems.
2. Ibupron is a strong analgesic, acts quickly, in the form of effervescent tablets it spares the stomach, and in candles it is convenient for babies.
3. Coldrex is an excellent vasoconstrictor. It acts quickly because it is dissolved in hot water.
4. Nazol - relieves the common cold and does not allow the nasal mucosa to dry out, lasts 12 hours.
5. Nurofen - ambulance, acts quickly. There are candles for babies, but it greatly worsens the quality of the blood.
6. Paracetamol (panadol, efferalgan) - an excellent antipyretic, indispensable for asthmatics.
7. Polyoxidonium - stimulates the immune system, is prescribed for children, suitable for emergency care and for prevention during the SARS epidemic.
8. Ribomunil - restores immunity, recommended for children as the most effective remedy.
9. Sanorin - the fastest remedy for a cold with anti-allergic components.
10. Flucol-B is a cheap and effective drug, but contains 8% alcohol and is contraindicated for drivers.
LIVER
1. Antral is a domestic original drug, it has no analogues in the world, it protects liver cells from any microbial aggression.
2. Galstena - drops, an indispensable medicine for young children.
3. Lioliv - improves the condition of the liver with jaundice (low bilirubin).
4. Lipoferon - the drug is taken by mouth, it is 5 times cheaper than injectable interferons!
5. Potassium orotate - improves liver function, protein synthesis, overall metabolism.
6. Silymarin - hexal. Herbal preparation. It contains much more active ingredient than its analogues: karsil, silibor, hepaben.
7. Cholenzim - an inexpensive choleretic drug, helps digestion of food, improves the production of enzymes.
8. Holiver - choleretic drug of plant origin.
9. Hepel - homeopathic German remedy without side effects.
10. Essentiale - for 20 years there is no more effective drug for the treatment of the liver.
STOMACH
1. Altan - domestic herbal preparation, indispensable for peptic ulcer disease.
2. Acidine-pepsin. The drug increases the acidity in the stomach.
3. Gastritol - drops of plant origin, good for babies.
4. Motilium - normalizes the motility of the stomach, improves the movement of food through the stomach.
5. Sea buckthorn oil - reduces inflammation in the stomach.
6. Pariet - from the latest generation of drugs that well reduce acidity in the stomach.
7. Pylobact - the latest remedy for Helicobacter.
8. Renorm - a domestic phytoconcentrate with a strong anti-inflammatory effect, normalizes digestion.
9. Riabal - well relieves stomach cramps, it is prescribed for children. Available in syrup and drops.
10. Phosphalugel - gel, well relieves heartburn attacks, less toxic than its counterparts.
EYES
1. Zovirax - eye ointment, indispensable for conjunctivitis of a viral nature.
2. Quinax is the best prophylactic for cataracts.
3. Korneregel - gel, well restores the tear film on the cornea.
4. Xalacom - it combines two drugs xalatan and timalol. They reinforce each other.
5. Xalatan (travatan) - effective for glaucoma, you can drip once a day.
6. Sisteyn - an artificial tear, the advantage - you can drip once a day.
7. Uniclofen is a good non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in drops.
8. Floksal - drops, antibiotic, acts on a wide range of microorganisms.
9. Phloxal ointment - indispensable for bacterial conjunctivitis.
10. Cycloxane - a strong antibiotic in drops, a panacea for acute conjunctivitis.
EARS
1. Amoxicillin is an antibiotic that actively fights against the main pathogens that cause ENT diseases.
2. clavicillin-Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid. In addition to microorganisms sensitive to amoxicillin, the drug also actively affects some types of bacteria.
3. Otofa - ear drops, an antibiotic is used for inflammatory diseases of the middle ear.
4. Otipax is a combined topical preparation with a pronounced analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect. The combination of phenazone and lidocaine in it reduces the time of onset of the anesthetic effect.
5. Nimesulide - simultaneously has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects.
6. Knoxprey - when administered through the nasal cavity, it causes a narrowing of the mucous membrane, reduces its swelling, as well as swelling around the mouths of the Eustachian tubes, improves drainage in eustachitis and otitis media.
7. Ciprofloxacin is an effective local remedy for otitis media, it has anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and vasoconstrictive effects, reduces swelling.
8. Cefaclor, cefixime, cefpodoxime, cefprozil, cefuroxime are second and third generation cephalosporins. They are prescribed to those who are not affected by ampicillin.
9. Edas-125 tonsillin - homeopathic drops, prescribed for children from 2 years of age with otitis media, adenoids, chronic tonsillitis with water or on a piece of sugar.
10. Erythromycin - prescribed for those who are allergic to penicillin drugs.
NERVES
1. Venlaxor - an antidepressant with virtually no side effects, quickly removes severe depression.
2. Busperone - a strong anti-anxiety agent, does not create the effect of inhibition. Can be used by drivers and students before the exam.
3. Gidazepam is a mild sleeping pill that does not affect the driver's reaction. But you can get used to it - you can’t drink more than a month!
4. Zyprexa - has no serious side effects, provides instant relief.
5. Imovan (sonap, somnol, sonavan) - the most modern sleeping pills.
6. Paxil - an antidepressant well eliminates panic, fear, obsessive-compulsive states (phobias), helps with anorexia, and also prolongs the duration of sexual intercourse.
7. Pramestar - improves memory in general and simplifies the memorization of information.
8. Rispolept - acts for a long time, convenient - dissolves in the mouth like candy.
9. Sulpiride (eglanil) - treats nerves and stomach at the same time. Another plus: today I drank - today the result.
10. Finlepsin - treats convulsions and neuritis, and also stabilizes mood.
KIDNEYS
1. Aksef is an antibiotic, it is convenient because it can be taken as tablets, or it can be injected. It is sold by the piece complete with a solvent.
2. Blemaren is the most effective kidney stone dissolver.
3. Canephron is a herbal preparation without side effects.
4. Movalis - candles, non-hormonal anti-inflammatory agent that does not irritate the mucous membrane of the rectum.
5. Nefrofit - a combined phytopreparation with anti-inflammatory and diuretic action. Without side effects, prescribed for children from 5 years old and pregnant women.
6. Ofloxin - not aggressive for the stomach, rarely causes allergies.
7. Urosept - candles, act only on the urinary system.
8. Urolesan is a herbal preparation that removes sand from the kidneys well, often prescribed for children. Available in syrup form.
9. Flemoklav solutab - a wide range of antimicrobial action, recommended for debilitated patients.
10. Ceftriaxone is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with a minimum of side effects, approved for use even by pregnant women.
PROSTATE
1. Azitrox - an antibiotic, convenient - one tablet per week.
2. Gatifloxacin - the newest antibiotic, fast acting.
3. Zokson - gives a minimum of side effects, convenient - one tablet at night.
4. Penisten - reduces the volume of the prostate, reduces the risk of developing prostate cancer.
5. Prostamol UNO - herbal preparation without side effects.
6. Prostatilen (Vitaprost) - extract from the prostate gland of cattle, biostimulant.
7. Proteflazid - plant immunostimulant, effective for prostatitis.
8. Fokusin - does not lower blood pressure.
9. Funid is an antifungal drug of the latest generation.
10. Unidox Solutab is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that penetrates well into the prostate tissue.
JOINTS
1. Aspirin - indispensable for gout.
2. Alflutop - improves blood exchange and activates metabolic processes in muscles.
3. Dona - strengthens cartilage tissue.
4. Dicloberl is a non-hormonal anti-inflammatory drug. Used in candles, but injections can also be given.
5. Diclofen - less than others gives side effects.
6. Diclofenac - effective, but affects the state of the blood.
7. Ketanov is an effective injectable drug.
8. Olfen - convenient in that it is in candles, the gastric mucosa does not suffer.
9. Osteogenon - an effective chondoprotector, relieves joints from looseness.
10. Retabolil - improves peripheral circulation.
THROAT
1. Anaferon is a good homeopathic remedy for the treatment of viral infections of the upper respiratory tract.
2. Colustan - an aerosol, well relieves swelling in inflammation.
3. Lugol dissolved in glycerin is the best external remedy for laryngitis.
4. Proposol-N - has pronounced antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, does not irritate the body.
5. Sinupret - has an antibacterial and anti-edematous effect, can be prescribed for children - is in the form of drops.
6. Tonsilgon - anti-inflammatory and analgesic, helps to reduce swelling of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract.
7. Tonsilotren - increases the activity of the mucous membrane.
8. Flemoxin solutab - an effective instant antibiotic for purulent sore throat, is used both inside and for rinsing.
9. Pharyngosept - an antiseptic, pleasant to the taste (dissolves in the mouth). Does not affect the intestinal microflora.
10. Falimint - a remedy with a cooling effect for the treatment of diseases of the oral cavity and pharynx. Indispensable on the eve of operations, with prosthetics and for lecturers.
Attention! The effect of these drugs depends on concomitant drugs and other nuances of treatment.
Doctors warn: it is impossible to be treated without consulting a doctor!
BE HEALTHY!