Most often, antibiotics are administered intramuscularly. Antibiotics for injection are produced in the form of crystalline powder in special bottles. Before use, it is dissolved in a sterile isotonic solution of sodium chloride (saline solution 0.9% sodium chloride), water for injection or 0.25%, 0.5% solution of novocaine, 2% solution of lidocaine.
The most popular is antibiotic PENICILLIN(benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt). It is available in bottles of 250,000, 500,000, 1,000,000 units. Dosed in action units.
It is better to dissolve penicillin in a 0.25% or 0.5% solution of novocaine, because it is better retained in the body. In case of individual intolerance to novocaine, use saline solution or water for injection.
There is a rule: For 100 thousand units (0.1 g) of penicillin (benzylpenicillin sodium salt), 1 ml of solvent is taken.
Thus, if the bottle contains 1,000,000 units, then you need to take 10 ml of novocaine.
X =------------------= 10 ml solvent
The penicillin solution cannot be heated, because under the influence of high temperature it is destroyed. Penicillin can be stored in diluted form for no more than a day. Penicillin should be kept in a cool and dark place. Iodine also destroys penicillin, so iodine tinctures are not used to treat the rubber stopper of the bottle and the skin at the puncture site.
Penicillin is administered 4-6 times a day every 4 hours. If the contents of the bottle are intended for one patient, penicillin is diluted randomly with 2-3 ml of novocaine or water for injection (if there is an allergy).
STREPTOMYCIN can be dosed both in grams and in units (units of action). Vials of streptomycin are available in 1.0 g, 0.5 g, 0.25 g. Therefore, in order to dilute it correctly, you need to know TWO RULES:
1.0 gr. corresponds to 1,000,000 units.
0.5 g -"-"- 500000 units.
0.25 g -"-"- 250000 units.
250,000 units of streptomycin are diluted with 1 ml of 0.5% novocaine
500,000 units - 2 ml of 0.5% novocaine
1,000,000 units - 4 ml of 0.5% novocaine _
BICILLIN - antibiotic of prolonged (extended) action. Bicilin - 1, Bicilin - 3, Bicilin - 5. It is produced in bottles of 300,000 units, 600,000 units, 1,200,000 units, 1,500,000 units.
The solvent used is isotonic sodium chloride solution, water for injection. It is necessary to REMEMBER that 300,000 units take 2.5 ml of diluent
600000 units -"-"- 5 ml
1200000 IU-"-"- 10 ml
1500000 IU-"-"- 10 ml
Rules for performing bicillin injections:
1. The injection is performed as quickly as possible, because the suspension crystallizes. The injection needle should have a wide bore. Air from the syringe should only be released through the needle cone.
2. The patient must be fully prepared for the injection. We dilute carefully in the presence of the patient. When diluting the suspension, there should be no foaming.
3. The suspension is quickly drawn into the syringe.
4. The drug is administered only IM, deep into the muscle , it is better to use the 2-step method in the thigh: before insertion, after puncturing the skin, pull the plunger towards you and make sure that there is no blood in the syringe. Add the suspension.
5. Apply a heating pad to the injection site.
Penicillin is one of the most commonly used bactericidal drugs, available in tablet form and as a powder for injection. The medicine has a wide range of applications and is actively used to eliminate many pathologies of a bacterial nature. The most effective form of using the drug is injections.
Description and composition of the drug
Penicillin is the first bactericidal agent obtained from the waste products of microorganisms. Its inventor is called Alexander Fleming, who discovered the antibiotic by accident, discovering its antimicrobial effect.
The first samples of the drug were obtained in the USSR by scientists Balezina and Ermolyeva in the mid-twentieth century. After this, the medicine began to be produced on an industrial scale. At the end of the fifties of the twentieth century, synthetic penicillins were also obtained.
Currently, four groups of penicillins are used in medicine:
- natural origin;
- semi-synthetic compounds;
- broad-spectrum aminopenicillins;
- broad-spectrum bactericidal penicillins.
For injection use penicillin G sodium salt 500 thousand units or 1 million units. In pharmacy chains, such powder can be purchased in glass bottles sealed with a rubber stopper. Before direct administration, the powder is diluted with water. The drug can be obtained from a pharmacy with a doctor's prescription.
Pharmacological characteristics
In terms of its chemical composition, Penicillin is an acid for producing salts. Its biosynthetic products act on anaerobic spore-forming rods, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, inhibiting the synthesis of their walls. Benzylpenicillin is considered the most active and relevant drug today.
The penicillin drug is administered intramuscularly and immediately after direct use it enters the bloodstream and quickly concentrates in muscles and joints, and tissue lesions. The highest degree of concentration of the composition is observed half an hour to an hour after the procedure.
The concentration of the drug in the cerebrospinal fluid and abdominal cavity is minimal. The composition is excreted through the kidneys and bile. The half-life is up to one and a half hours.
Indications for use
Penicillin treatment with injections is carried out for the development of bacterial infections, including:
- focal and lobar pneumonia;
- chronic and acute osteomyelitis;
- pleural empyema;
- blood poisoning;
- acute and subacute types of endocarditis;
- tonsillitis;
- scarlet fever;
- infectious inflammatory processes of the brain;
- erysipelas;
- anthrax;
- furunculosis and its complications;
- acute cholecystitis;
- gonorrhea;
- rheumatism;
- inflammatory bacterial pathologies of the urinary tract and reproductive organs;
- diphtheria;
- ENT pathologies;
- purulent dermatological lesions;
- pyemia;
- actinomycosis.
Important: Penicillin is used not only to treat human diseases, but also to eliminate pathologies in animals and is one of the most inexpensive drugs of its kind.
Methods of treatment using Penicillin
According to the instructions for use, the drug is allowed to be administered in four main ways, depending on the type and extent of the lesion:
- into the spinal canal;
- intravenously;
- intramuscularly;
- subcutaneously
Injections are given every three to four hours, maintaining the content of the composition so that for each milliliter of the patient’s blood there is a concentration of 0.1-0.3 units. In most cases, the treatment regimen is selected individually for each patient. The same applies to the course of treatment.
Special instructions for use
In order for treatment to be as effective and safe as possible, it is necessary to take into account the following therapy problems:
- Before starting to use the medicine, it is necessary to test for possible intolerance to antibiotics.
- The medication must be replaced if three to five days later, if the therapy shows insufficient effectiveness.
- To prevent the occurrence of mycotic superinfection, it is necessary to take antifungal medications during treatment. It is also important to pay attention to the likelihood of colonization of the body with resistant strains of bacteria.
- It is possible to dilute the medicine for injection only with water for injection, strictly following the proposed proportions.
- It is not recommended to skip injections. If missed, it is necessary to administer the drug as soon as possible and restore the regimen.
- After the expiration date, the medicine becomes toxic and dangerous to use.
Limitations and main contraindications
Penicillin has relatively few contraindications. The main one is hypersensitivity to the antibiotic itself and other drugs in its group. In addition, the medication is not recommended for use if:
- manifestations of allergies in the form of urticaria, asthma and hay fever;
- manifestations of intolerance to antibiotics and sulfonamides.
It is necessary to use the medicine under the supervision of a doctor for pathologies of the kidneys and cardiovascular system.
Side effects and complications
An overdose of medication does not pose a threat to the patient’s life. In this case, nausea and vomiting and a general deterioration in health may occur. In addition, the development of hyperkalemia is likely with the simultaneous use of potassium supplements. In rare cases, epileptic seizures are possible. Exceeding the prescribed dosage is treated symptomatically.
With prolonged use of the antibiotic, allergic reactions are likely to occur (urticaria, swelling, rash formation, anaphylactic manifestations, and, extremely rarely, death). Treatment in this situation is symptomatic. Typically, adrenaline is administered intravenously. In other situations the following are also possible:
- disturbance of digestive processes and stool;
- dysbacteriosis;
- fungal diseases of the oral cavity and vagina;
- neurotoxic manifestations, seizures, coma.
Important: In order to reduce the likelihood of negative reactions to therapy, it is recommended not to exceed the established dosages and not to extend the course of treatment without the consent of the doctor.
Interaction of Penicillin with other drugs
Concomitant treatment with Probenecid increases the half-life of the antibiotic components. The use of Tetracycline and sulfonamides significantly reduces the effectiveness of Penicillin. Cholistyramine seriously reduces the bioavailability of the antibiotic.
Due to incompatibility, you cannot give an injection of Penicillin and any aminoglycoside at the same time. The combined use of thrombolytics is also prohibited.
The risk of bleeding increases with the simultaneous use of anticoagulants and Penicillins against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Therefore, treatment in this case should be supervised by a specialist.
Antibiotic therapy slows down the elimination of methotrexate and also reduces the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.
Penicillin analogues
- Cefazolin. A drug from the group of cephalosporins, which can be used in case of intolerance to penicillin medications. It is used for intramuscular and intravenous administration and retains its therapeutic properties after the procedure for ten hours.
- Ceftriaxone. The cephalosporin medication is most often used in a hospital setting. Intended for the treatment of inflammatory processes caused by bacterial pathogens, it is active against gram-negative bacteria and anaerobic infections.
- Extensillin. It is one of the long-acting beta-lactam antibiotics. The medication is available in powders and is not recommended for use simultaneously with non-steroidal drugs against inflammatory processes.
Among the drugs for oral administration containing a similar active ingredient are:
- Ampicillin trihydrate;
- Amoxicillin;
- Flemoxin Solutab;
- Amosin;
- Amoxicar;
- Ecobol.
Important: Replacement is made if it is impossible to give injections, intolerance to penicillins, as well as if the latter are insufficiently effective.
Conclusion
Penicillin is a first-generation antibiotic that has been tested over the years and through long-term trials. Currently, the drug is used to treat many bacterial infections in a modernized form and is relatively safe for humans. Penicillins are actively used in veterinary medicine and have several varieties, which are selected for therapy depending on the type of disease and the individual characteristics of the patient.
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Everyone knows about penicillin. This antibiotic has saved many lives. But today it is no longer so popular, as more modern medicines have appeared. However, despite this, it can still be found in the pharmacy. Why is that? The fact is that penicillin helps much better with purulent infections and some inflammations than other antibiotics. In addition, it is safer for the human body. We will tell you more about penicillin and the history of its discovery in this article.
Penicillin is the first antibiotic that was discovered at the beginning of the 20th century. It was discovered by one famous bacteriologist - Alexander Fleming. During the war he worked as a military doctor. And at that time there were no antibiotics, so many people died due to blood poisoning, inflammation and complications. Fleming was very upset by this and he began to work on creating a medicine that could save people from various infections.
Thanks to his talent and perseverance, Fleming was already famous in scientific circles by the age of 20. At the same time, he was a terrible slob, but oddly enough, this was precisely what played a decisive role in his discovery. At that time, all experiments with bacteria were carried out in the simplest bioreactor (Petri dish). This is a wide glass cylinder with low walls and a lid. After each experiment, this bioreactor had to be well sterilized. And then one day Fleming got sick and during the experiment he sneezed, right into this Petri dish, into which he had already placed a bacterial culture. A normal doctor would immediately throw everything away and sterilize everything again. But Fleming did not do this.
A couple of days later, he checked the cup and saw that in some places all the bacteria had died, namely where he had sneezed. Fleming was surprised by this and began to work on it in more detail. A little later, he discovered lysozyme - a natural enzyme in the saliva of humans, animals and some plants, which destroys the walls of bacteria and dissolves them. But lysozyme acts too slowly, and not on all bacteria.
As mentioned above, Fleming was a slob and very rarely threw away the contents of Petri dishes. He did this only when the clean ones had already run out. And then one day he went on vacation, and left all the cups unwashed. During this time, the weather changed many times: it got colder, warmer, and the humidity level increased. Because of this, fungus and mold appeared. When the scientist returned home, he started cleaning and noticed that in one cup with staphylococci there was mold that killed these bacteria. By the way, this mold was also introduced completely by accident.
Until the 40s, Fleming actively studied his new discovery and tried to understand production technology. And he had to fail many times. Penicillin was very difficult to isolate, and its production was not only expensive but also slow. Therefore, he almost abandoned his discovery. But doctors from Oxford University saw the drug's future potential and continued Fleming's work. They disassembled the technology for the production of penicillin, and already in 1941, thanks to this antibiotic, the life of a 15-year-old teenager who had blood poisoning was saved.
As it turned out later, similar studies were also carried out in the USSR. In 1942, penicillin was obtained by Zinaida Ermolyeva, a Soviet microbiologist.
By 1952, the technology had been improved, and this antibiotic could be purchased at any pharmacy. It has become widely used to treat various inflammations: pneumonia, gonorrhea, and so on.
We all know that antibiotics destroy not only pathogenic microbes, but also our microflora, that is, beneficial microbes. Penicillin works completely differently. It does not cause any harm to the human body and only acts on bacteria. This antibiotic blocks the synthesis of peptidoglycan, which takes part in the construction of new bacterial cell walls. As a result, the proliferation of bacteria stops. Our cell membranes have a different structure, so they do not react in any way to the administration of the drug.
A lot of time has passed since the creation of penicillin. Scientists have already discovered the fourth generation of antibiotics. Therefore, most doctors began to make complaints about penicillin - they say it is no longer effective, since the bacteria are accustomed to it. In addition, it disrupts the intestinal microflora. But is this really so?
Doctors are right about the fact that antibiotics disrupt the intestinal microflora. But we should not forget that today there are special preparations that help restore this microflora. In addition, antibiotics are no more harmful than smoking, alcohol, and so on.
Allergy to penicillin
A person can have an allergic reaction to any medicine. Therefore, taking any medication, especially antibiotics, should be prescribed and monitored by a doctor.
An allergic reaction to penicillin manifests itself as follows:
- signs of hives may appear;
- anaphylaxis;
- attacks of suffocation;
- angioedema;
- fever.
To avoid such symptoms, it is recommended to conduct an allergy test before prescribing treatment with penicillin. To do this, you need to inject a small amount of antibiotic into the patient and see what the body’s reaction will be. In small quantities, the drug will not cause any harm, so there is no need to worry that the sample may cause one of the above symptoms.
It is also worth noting that an allergy to penicillin may disappear over time. This is evidenced by some studies conducted by specialists.
As you can see, penicillin is a very useful antibiotic. During the time that it existed, this medicine was able to save many lives. It is prescribed for inflammatory processes. Since its discovery, it has been improved several times. Due to this, the microbes have not yet adapted to it. This is the reason for the highly effective action of this antibiotic.
Penicillin- antibiotic, waste product of various types of mold Penicillium notatum, Penicilium chrysogenum and etc.
Several types of penicillin compounds, which are obtained in crystalline form, pass into the cultural liquid of these fungi.
Penicillin is one of the main representatives of the group of antibiotics; the drug has a wide spectrum of bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects (of the penicillin preparations, benzylpenicillin is the most active).
Streptococci, pneumococci, gonococci, meningococci, causative agents of tetanus, gas gangrene, anthrax, diphtheria, certain strains of pathogenic staphylococci and Proteus are especially sensitive to penicillin.
Penicillin is ineffective against bacteria of the enteric-typhoid-dysenteric group, tuberculosis, whooping cough, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Friedlander's bacilli, pathogens of brucellosis, tularemia, cholera, plague, as well as rickettsia, viruses, fungi and protozoa.
Indications for use
The use of penicillin is indicated for sepsis (especially streptococcal), in all sulfonamide-resistant cases of corresponding infections (pneumococcal, gonococcal, meningococcal infections, etc.), with extensive and deeply localized infectious processes (osteomyelitis, severe phlegmon, gas gangrene), after injuries involving the process and infection of large musculoskeletal masses, in the postoperative period for the prevention of purulent complications, with infected third and fourth degree burns, with soft tissue injuries, chest wounds, purulent meningitis, brain abscesses, erysipelas, gonorrhea and its sulfonamide-resistant forms, syphilis , severe furunculosis, sycosis, with various inflammations of the eye and ear.
In the clinic of internal medicine, Penicillin is used to treat lobar pneumonia (together with sulfonamide drugs), focal pneumonia, acute sepsis, cholecystitis and cholangitis, prolonged septic endocarditis, as well as for the prevention and treatment of rheumatism.
In children, Penicillin is used: for umbilical sepsis, septicopyemia and septic-toxic diseases of newborns, pneumonia in newborns and infants and young children, otitis in infants and young children, septic form of scarlet fever, septic-toxic form of diphtheria (necessarily in combination with special serum ), pleuropulmonary processes that are not amenable to the action of sulfonamide drugs, purulent pleurisy and purulent meningitis, with gonorrhea.
Rules of application
The antimicrobial effect of Penicillin is achieved both through resorptive and local action.
Penicillin preparations can be administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously and intravenously, inside cavities, into the spinal canal, by inhalation, sublingually (under the tongue), orally; locally - in the form of eye and nasal drops, rinses, rinses.
When administered intramuscularly, penicillin is quickly absorbed into the blood, but after 3-4 hours penicillin almost completely disappears from it. For therapy to be effective, 1 ml of blood must contain 0.1–0.3 units of penicillin, therefore, to maintain a therapeutic concentration of the drug in the blood, it should be administered every 3–4 hours.
The use of Penicillin for the treatment of gonorrhea, syphilis, pneumonia, and cerebrospinal meningitis is carried out according to special instructions.
Side effects
Treatment with benzylpenicillins, bicillins and other penicillin-containing drugs may be accompanied by side effects, most often of an allergic nature.
The occurrence of allergic reactions to penicillin drugs is usually associated with sensitization of the body to them as a result of previous use of these drugs, as well as as a result of prolonged exposure to them: professional sensitization of nurses and people working in the production of antibiotics.
Allergic reactions are less common upon first contact with penicillin. They occur mainly in people suffering from allergic diseases (urticaria, bronchial asthma). Allergic reactions to penicillin on the skin are expressed in erythema, limited or widespread rashes, urticaria and urticarial rashes, macular, vesicular, pustular rashes, and sometimes life-threatening exfoliative dermatitis. Numerous cases of contact dermatitis have been registered (medical personnel of medical institutions).
Contact dermatitis and reactions from the skin and mucous membranes are observed both with general exposure and with local use of Penicillin in the form of ointments, lotions, drops for the nose and eyes.
From the respiratory system, rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngopharyngitis, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchial asthma are noted.
From the gastrointestinal tract, allergic reactions are expressed in stomatitis, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
In some cases, distinguishing between toxic and allergic genesis of side effects is difficult. The allergic origin of these phenomena is indicated by their combination with skin rashes; under the influence of penicillin, the development of agranulocytosis is also possible.
If allergic reactions occur from the skin, respiratory tract, or gastrointestinal tract, treatment with penicillin should be stopped or its dose reduced, and the patient should be prescribed Pipolfen, Suprastin, calcium chloride, vitamin B1.
It should be remembered about the possibility of sensitization of the body even in the prenatal period when treating pregnant women with penicillin preparations.
Anaphylactic shock when using penicillin and its preparations
The occurrence of anaphylactic shock when using Penicillin is a very serious complication that can develop regardless of the dose and route of administration of penicillin and, in severe cases, result in death within a short time (5–30–60 minutes), therefore, before injecting penicillin and its preparations, anamnestic records should be collected data on the use of penicillin drugs in the past and reactions to it.
If anaphylactic shock occurs, you should immediately (!) administer intravenously 0.2–0.3 ml of a 0.1% solution of adrenaline (mixed with the patient’s blood). Injections are repeated until the patient recovers from a serious condition.
At the same time, 0.2–0.3 ml of a 0.1% adrenaline solution is injected into the penicillin injection site. Drip administration of norepinephrine (1 ml of 0.1% solution in 500 ml of 5% glucose solution) for 3 hours is effective.
Prednisolone - 0.02 g intramuscularly or intravenously, atropine sulfate 0.1% solution - 0.5–0.8 ml subcutaneously, lobeline hydrochloride 1% solution - 0.5–1 ml intravenously or subcutaneously.
Instead of adrenaline, you can administer 1 ml of 5% Ephedrine, as well as 5-10 ml of a 2.4% solution with 20-40 ml of a 40% glucose solution intravenously, Diphenhydramine - 5% solution intramuscularly, 1 ml (or Pipolfen), calcium chloride - 10% solution, 10 ml intravenously.
Oxygen is under pressure.
Hydrocortisone - during shock and mainly to prevent late complications in a single dose of 0.05–0.07 g.
Intramuscular administration of a neurolytic mixture is also used: 2 ml of a 2.5% solution, 2 ml of 2% solutions of Promedol and Diphenhydramine and a 5% solution of vitamin B1 (using an anti-shock solution and vasopressor substances).
When recovering from a state of shock, patients require hospitalization and clinical observation, as late complications are possible.
Dysbacteriosis and fungal diseases when using penicillin and its preparations
When treated with Penicillin, as with other antibiotics, the occurrence of pathological conditions may be associated with the development of dysbiosis.
The basis of dysbiosis is that penicillin, like other antibiotics, has an antimicrobial effect in the body not only on pathogenic microorganisms, but also on opportunistic and non-pathogenic microbes, as a result of which the natural antagonism of microbial associations for the body is disrupted, non-pathogenic microorganisms can acquire a pathogenic character - so-called superinfections occur.
The body is affected by microbes resistant to Penicillin (Proteus, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, penicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci).
There are complications associated with the activation and proliferation of yeast-like (especially in weakened patients) saprophytic fungi present in the microbial flora of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and genitals, trachea, and intestines.
Penicillin, by suppressing fungal antagonist bacteria, can create favorable conditions for the development of yeast-like flora. Clinically, candidiasis can occur in acute and chronic forms with pathological manifestations of the skin and mucous membranes (thrush of the mouth, genitals, etc.); from the internal organs (visceral candidiasis) in the form of damage to the lungs and upper respiratory tract; in the form of septic syndrome.
The appearance of candidiasis can be prevented by a rational choice of antibiotic, its correct dosage, regimen of use, the use of appropriate vaccines and serums, and establishing the sensitivity of the patient’s body to the antibiotic (by conducting special tests).
For the treatment of candidiasis in such cases, iodine preparations (1-3-5% solutions of potassium iodide) are prescribed in combination with intravenous administration of a 40% solution of hexamethylenetetramine, gentian violet 0.05-0.10 g 2-3 times a day, nicotinamide and others preparations of B vitamins.
For the prevention and treatment of candidiasis, special antifungal antibiotics are used, taken orally - Nystatin in tablets of 500,000 units, 6-10 tablets per day and Levorin 500,000 units 2-3 times a day in tablets or capsules, as well as ointments with nystatin sodium and levorin.
Contraindications
The use of penicillin is contraindicated in the presence of hypersensitivity to penicillin, bronchial asthma, urticaria, hay fever and other allergic diseases, or in patients with hypersensitivity to antibiotics, sulfonamides and other drugs.
Pregnancy and lactation
It is possible that the body may become sensitized to penicillin during fetal development when pregnant women are treated with penicillin antibiotics (penicillin penetrates well through the placenta to the fetus).
Interaction with alcohol
Drink alcohol while being treated with penicillin strictly contraindicated.
special instructions
Before using penicillin and its preparations, it is necessary to conduct sensitivity tests to them.
The most effective is intramuscular administration of penicillin preparations. With the intramuscular method of administration, penicillin is quickly absorbed into the blood (its maximum concentration in the blood is created after 30–60 minutes) and quickly passes into the muscles, lungs, wound exudate, and joint cavities.
The penetration of penicillin from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid is insignificant, therefore, for meningitis and encephalitis, the combined use of penicillin is recommended - intramuscular and endolumbar.
Intramuscularly administered penicillin penetrates little into the abdominal and pleural cavities, which requires direct local exposure to penicillin.
Shelf life and storage conditions
Store in a cool, dry place, protected from light.
Penicillin preparations
Has a bactericidal effect; active against gram-positive microorganisms, gram-negative cocci, spirochetes and actinomycetes. Indications for use are: pneumonia, septic endocarditis, sepsis, infections of the skin, soft tissues and mucous membranes, pleurisy, peritonitis, cystitis, septicemia and pyaemia, osteomyelitis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, gonorrhea, blenorrhea, syphilis, anthrax, actinomycosis, the drug is used in obstetric and gynecological practice, for inflammatory diseases of the ear, nose and throat.
It is used for the same indications as benzylpenicillan sodium salt; it is prescribed mainly intramuscularly, subcutaneously, and also topically (aerosols, eye drops and ointments). Benzylpenicillin potassium salt is not administered endolumbarally or intravenously.
It is used for the same indications as benzylpenicillan sodium salt. The drug is slowly absorbed and, when administered intramuscularly, has a prolonged effect.
It is phenoxymethylpenicillic acid, which has an antimicrobial effect. A special feature of the drug is its resistance to slightly acidic environments; it is not destroyed in the stomach, dissolves in the alkaline environment of the intestines, is quickly absorbed and creates a high and long-lasting concentration of penicillin in the blood.
Used as a preventive and therapeutic agent for diseases caused by microbes sensitive to Penicillin. The drug is used for the prevention of infectious complications after surgery, the treatment of lobar and focal pneumonia, burns, mastitis, pustular skin diseases, deep staphyloderma, scarlet fever, the prevention and treatment of rheumatism, streptococcal diseases, for the prevention and treatment of syphilis.
Provides rapid creation of high concentrations and long-term residence of penicillin in the blood. It is administered for the same indications as benzylpenicillin. It is also used for the treatment of syphilis according to special instructions. It is administered intramuscularly only.
Its antimicrobial effect is similar to benzylpenicillin. Does not have cumulative properties. Low toxic. In the first hours after administration, a high concentration of the drug is created in the blood, which remains in the body for a long time.
Active against the same groups of microorganisms as Tetracycline and. It is more active than the latter against sensitive pyogenic cocci. It has no effect on penicillin-forming staphylococci, as it is destroyed by penicillinase.
The spectrum of antibacterial action is similar to benzylpenicillin. Eficillin is characterized by selective accumulation in the lung tissue and a longer retention in it, which determines the use of Eficillin mainly for inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system caused by penicillin-sensitive pneumococci and streptococci (pneumonia, acute and chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, lung abscesses, pleurisy). It is also used for the prevention of postoperative pneumonia.
Acts similar to benzylpenicillin. It is not inactivated by penicillinase produced by staphylococci, therefore the drug is effective against staphylococcal infections caused by penicillin-resistant forms of staphylococci.
Oxacillin sodium salt- semi-synthetic penicillin, resistant to slightly acidic environments and the action of penicillinase, therefore can be taken orally. Oxacillin is effective against strains of microorganisms resistant to penicillin. It is used for infections caused by penicillin-resistant forms of staphylococci, namely: pneumonia, osteomyelitis, urinary tract infections, boils, carbuncles, abscesses, bacteremia, septicemia.
Amoxicillin- a semi-synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic, used for infections of the skin and soft tissues, respiratory and urinary tracts, peritonitis, endometritis and other diseases caused by penicillin-sensitive microorganisms.
Ampicillin sodium salt- semisynthetic penicillin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. The drug is quickly absorbed into the blood and penetrates into the tissues and fluids of the body.
Ampicillin trihydrate- an antibiotic that is highly effective against urinary tract infections, as it is excreted in the urine unchanged and in high concentrations.
Carbenicillin- antibiotic, semi-synthetic penicillin, has a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action.
Carbenicillin disodium salt- an antibiotic from the penicillin group, used for diseases caused by gram-negative microorganisms, septicemia, endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, wound infections, infected burns, peritonitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, purulent otitis media.
Carfecillin- an antibacterial drug, active against most gram-negative and gram-positive, as well as all types of indole-positive and indole-negative microorganisms.
Properties
Penicillin(Penicillinum) is an antimicrobial drug whose chemical structure is based on a dipeptide formed from dimethylcysteine and acetylserine.
The mechanism of action of penicillin is associated with the suppression of amino acid and vitamin metabolism of microorganisms and disruption of the development of their cell wall.
Penicillin is excreted by the kidneys (about 50%); its significant concentrations are created in the urine, exceeding the concentrations in the blood by 5–10 times. Some penicillin is also excreted in the bile.