Any event in our world does not occur by chance. It is preceded by a reason, the so-called trigger, which provoked this event. This is always clear, especially if you are used to analyzing everything, from world news to your friend’s mood swings. Many people think that they appear by themselves, but this is not true. They do not arise out of nowhere, but finding the cause of a particular habit can be very difficult. It’s even more difficult to use triggers to your advantage to, for example, replace a bad habit (smoking) with a good one (20 push-ups a day). Why is it worth paying close attention to habits? Because they are, in their essence, an active action that does not cause us inconvenience.
But how can you use triggers to your advantage? We'll tell you about this.
1. Time
Time is perhaps the most powerful way to trigger a new habit. Just remember the morning. When you wake up, you start a whole sequence of habits: showering, brushing your teeth, coffee, reading the news. Please note that you repeat many tasks day after day completely thoughtlessly, not only at the very early hours, but also throughout the day: you have a snack at the same time or, for example, light a cigarette at the same hour. Try to analyze your routine, your feelings during the day, evening and morning. Perhaps your habit is just a reaction to what you feel at a particular moment: for example, you devour buns at 14.30 not because you are hungry, but because you are bored - this is how you dilute the monotony of the day.
The point is that if you understand the reason for activating a habit at a certain time of the day, you can easily find the best time for a new, already useful action, that is, you don’t just give up bad habits (that’s much more difficult), but replace them with something... something else. For example, every weekday I write one article before 13.00. It doesn't matter how good or bad I feel about the topic, it doesn't matter how many letters there are in the text. The main thing is that I stick to this schedule all the time, and now it’s easy for me.
2. Place
Dislocation affects your habits, you can’t even argue with that. You only need to walk into the kitchen and see a plate of cookies to understand this. You didn’t feel like eating, you don’t even like cookies, but for some reason you actively chew them. I think location is a powerful habit trigger. Our behavior is in many ways just a reaction to the external environment. At Duke University (Tim Cook is one of the graduates) they came to the conclusion that repeated unconscious actions are reinforced in certain places (office, smoking room, cafe, home), and that for a new habit it is easier to find a new place than to try to consolidate it in the old one, simply put, the current positions are already taken.
If you still want to occupy the “old domains,” then you will have to fight the signals that you have already assigned to the spaces that are familiar to you. This is partly why people who start a “new life” in a new home actually change their habits and live differently. It is easier for the brain to accept all these changes. And if it’s easier for the brain, it’s easier for you too.
3. Events
We said at the beginning that many habits are just a response to what is happening in your life. For example, your phone vibrates and you pick it up to read the text of the message. A notification lights up on your tablet, and you instantly check your account so you don’t miss anything important. These are examples of habits that are triggered by a previous event.
Something like this can be used. It is enough to be able to find the “correct” antecedent events that lead to positive actions. Essentially, you yourself create the connection between the event and the habit. And it doesn’t have to be logically justified. For example, you think that if you drink a cup of coffee, your performance will increase, which means you can do all the important work tasks in the first third of the working day, and devote the rest of the time to details. We all know that coffee is not a magical substance that makes us superheroes. However, if you convince yourself of this, your performance can really increase significantly, and you will develop a definitely useful habit.
4. Emotional state
In my experience, the emotional state is the very trigger that gives rise to bad habits. You feel depressed, terrible, and subsequently smoke a pack of cigarettes or drink beer all day. There is no joy from this, but there is a lot of negativity. But nothing can be done. We are all subject to emotions, and not everyone can control them, let alone use them to create something constructive. I think the point is that if you want to create a positive habit, then you have to become aware of your emotions, explain them.
Negative energy is actually a very powerful thing - ask any abstractionist. Some people, when they are stressed, simply stop living: they lie on the couch for days, do nothing, eat ice cream, and simply exist. The other part, on the contrary, shows vigorous activity. Anger, for example, is an excellent reason to engage in physical labor. Agree, when you're angry, it's better to destroy your apartment.
5. Environment
But don't forget about the people. It is foolish to deny their influence. Your friends, relatives, colleagues actively participate, without even realizing it, in shaping your behavior and your habits. I once read an absurd study in a medical journal (unfortunately, I don’t remember the name). So, doctors came to the conclusion (this happened in the States) that if your friend is a famous fatty and is obese, then your risk of developing obesity increases by 57 percent, even if your friend lives hundreds of kilometers away and you communicate online .
It is logical to assume that the same is true with alcoholics, drug addicts and those who like to post photos of their feet on Instagram. In this regard, it is wise to surround yourself with people who will serve as an example for you.
CAUSALITY
The problem of P. has always been closely connected with the main question of philosophy: “the subjectivist line on the question of causality is philosophical idealism...” (Lenin V.I., Soch., vol. 14, p. 142). Therefore, P. has always been an arena of struggle between materialism and idealism. At the same time, metaphysics also sharply collides with this problem. The fundamental vice of metaphysics. approach to P. is the idea of the opposition between cause and effect as motionless and solidified, a failure to understand that “... at a certain point one pole turns into...” (Engels F., Dialectics of Nature, 1964, pp. 173– 74); misunderstanding of the relationship between strict necessity and chance.
O s n. traits of P. The essence of P. is the generation of one by another, the production of the cause of an effect, i.e. a more or less complex process of causing. In this way, P. is fundamentally different from various kinds of permanent associations of phenomena, their invariably repeating times. sequences, correct regularities, concomitances, various correlations and other forms of regular connections, ch. feature of which is one or another type of ordered correlation of one phenomenon to another. In this sense, P. is asymmetrical: it is a connection between what already exists and what is generated by it and is only becoming. The causal relationship is distinguished by its specific internal nature. activity and effectiveness. It, according to Hegel, is the way of existence of substance in action.
P. is objective. It is intrinsic to the things themselves. attitude. P. is objective precisely because it represents the way of existence of a substance in action. At the same time, it is substantial precisely because the cause is always active, taking the form of a particular object. There is a deep interdependence between the categories of P. and substance in general: substance has reality only as a cause (see Lenin V.I., Philosophical Notebooks, 1965, pp. 142–43).
P. – in general. There are no phenomena that do not have their own causes, just as there are no phenomena that do not give rise to certain consequences. Uncaused phenomena are impossible due to the fact that the world is dominated by the laws of conservation of matter and motion, which completely exclude the emergence of anything from nothing.
The connection between cause and effect, realized under given conditions, is strictly necessary: if there is a cause and the corresponding conditions are present, then the effect arises inevitably and is the same as it is generated by the given cause under the same conditions in in all other cases. An effect generated by a certain cause itself becomes the cause of another phenomenon; the latter in turn turns out to be the cause of the third phenomenon, etc. This sequence of phenomena connected to each other by a rigid internal relationship. necessity is called causation or cause-and-effect. chain. It can be more accurately called a “chain of causation,” which emphasizes not static, but dynamic. the nature of this chain: its links do not exist in a ready-made, unchanged form, they consistently appear and disappear, one generating (“causing”) the other.
Creatures A feature of P. is space. chains of causation: there are no breaks at any point in any chain of causation, i.e. There are no such phenomena which, being cause and effect, would be separated by finite spaces. interval without the existence of some other phenomena covering all points of this interval without s.-l. passes. In substantiation of this view. the decisive role was played by short-range interactions and physics. field theory. Chains of causation also have temporal continuity: when there is a causal, genetic. connection of two k.-l. phenomena located in the same region of space, but separated by a finite period of time, then between these phenomena there are many other causally related events, which are adjacent in time and in their totality form a continuous time process that connects these two events into an organically fused . Developed in modern times. In physics, the hypotheses of quantization of space and time, which introduce the idea of discrete microelements of space and time, do not essentially contradict this conclusion.
Sequential row
The expression "sequence" refers to two or more conditions recorded on successive lines of Part I of the certificate, each condition being considered a probable cause of the other condition listed one line above.
Example 1: I a) Bleeding from esophageal varices
b) Portal hypertension
c) Cirrhosis of the liver
d) Hepatitis B
If more than one cause of death is listed on one line of the certificate, several logical sequences of events can be recorded.
Example 2: I a) Coma
b) Myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular disorder
c) Atherosclerosis Hypertension
The logical sequence is as follows:
Atherosclerosis (leading to) myocardial infarction (leading to) coma
Atherosclerosis (leading to) cerebrovascular disorder (leading to) coma
Hypertension (leading to) myocardial infarction (leading to) coma
Hypertension (leading to) cerebrovascular accident (leading to) coma
General Principle
The General Principle states that where more than one condition is listed on the certificate, the original antecedent cause is the condition that is recorded alone on the bottom completed line of Part I only if it could have given rise to all the conditions recorded. in the certificate above.
Example 3: I a) Liver failure
b) Blockage of the bile duct
c) Cancer of the head of the pancreas
Select cancer of the head of the pancreas (C25.0).
Selection rules
Rule 1. If the General Principle does not apply and a sequence of events is recorded ending in the condition first stated on the certificate, select the original cause of that sequence. If there is more than one sequential series ending with the condition mentioned in the certificate, the initial cause of the first of the sequential series mentioned is selected first.
Example 4: I a) Bronchopneumonia
b) Cerebral infarction and hypertension with predominant damage to the heart. Choose cerebral infarction (I63.9). In this case, there are two consecutive series of events that led to the occurrence of the condition indicated first in the certificate: bronchopneumonia due to cerebral infarction and bronchopneumonia due to
hypertension with predominant damage to the heart. The original cause of the sequence mentioned first is selected.
Rule 2. If a successive series of events is not recorded ending in the condition first mentioned on the certificate, select that first mentioned condition.
Example 5: I a) Fibrocystic pancreatic disease b) Bronchitis and bronchiectasis Select fibrocystic pancreatic disease (E84.9). In this case, there is no sequential series of states.
Rule 3: If a condition selected under the General Principle or Rules 1 or 2 is clearly a direct consequence of another condition specified in Part I or II of the certificate, that primary condition is selected.
(Additional material within)
When faced with any unfamiliar phenomenon or event, we usually think: why does it exist, why did it arise or happen? By thinking about these questions, we look for the cause of a phenomenon or event. And this is no coincidence. Experience shows that there are no uncaused events, that they are always the consequences of certain causes. Establishing the cause of a phenomenon or event is the most important moment in its knowledge. Science begins where the cause-and-effect relationship is revealed.
What is cause and effect? What is the connection between them?
Causality, or causality, - a form of connection between phenomena or events in which one phenomenon or event determines or causes another. A phenomenon or event that causes some other phenomenon or event is called cause. The cause determines the occurrence of the second phenomenon, a change in its state or its disappearance. The result of the cause (second phenomenon) is called consequence.
The cause-and-effect relationship is characterized by a number of significant features. First of all, the causal dependence of phenomena is universal character. There is not a single phenomenon, not a single event that does not have its natural causes. It can be said that Causality is a universal law of the objective world that knows no exceptions.
However, in addition to causality in the reality around us, there are other forms of connection between phenomena and events. Many of them are closely related to causal dependence, but are not reducible to it. The most important forms of connections are reflected by such correlative categories of dialectics, as individual and general, necessity and chance, form and content, possibility and reality and others, which will be discussed further. Causality is only a link in the endless chain of universal interaction of phenomena.
Causality objective, i.e. it is inherent in the phenomena of the material world and does not depend on the consciousness of people. Thus, environmental changes are the cause of evolutionary changes in organisms, and this connection exists in nature itself and does not depend on any consciousness. Defending the position of dialectical materialism on the issue of causality from the attacks of idealists, V.I. Lenin wrote that causal dependence is contained in the things themselves, and is not introduced into them from the outside.
On the question of the universality and objectivity of causal connections between the main philosophical directions - materialism and idealism - there has long been a sharp struggle. Materialists stand on the point of view determinism- the doctrine according to which causality is universal and objective.
A doctrine that denies the objective nature of the causal relationship and its universality is called indeterminism, and its supporters are indeterminists. Some of them deny causality altogether, believing that it is just a habitual, repeating sequence of sensations. Others believe that causality is simply present to the human mind, given to him before any experience, that is, a priori, and he, as it were, imposes causality on events, orders them with its help. In other words, in understanding causality, indeterminists take the position subjective idealism.
They claim that the data of modern science indicate the absence of causality in the microcosm, in mental processes, in social life. For example, “physical” idealists try to draw their arguments in favor of denying causality from the field of microworld physics. They proceed from the fact that in the world of macrobodies, where the laws of classical mechanics apply, we can simultaneously and accurately determine the coordinates of a body and its speed. The cause here is understood as a force applied externally to a certain body, and the effect is a change in the position of this body in space or its speed. This form of causality, which consists in the purely external influence of bodies on each other, is mechanical.
In microprocesses, it is impossible to simultaneously and with unlimited accuracy determine the coordinates and momentum of a microparticle. Consequently, indeterminists conclude, not a single microparticle obeys the law of causality. In their opinion, it freely chooses the path of its movement, and this supposedly indicates that there is no causality in the microcosm.
In fact, the conclusion from the fact that in the microworld it is impossible to simultaneously determine the coordinates and momentum of a particle should be completely different, namely: there is no mechanical form causal connection - there are other types of this connection. Dialectical materialism proceeds precisely from the diversity of types of causal connection. He does not reduce it to any one type, but believes that in different areas of reality it manifests itself in different ways.
Objective idealists, as a rule, are not supporters of indeterminism and “recognize” causality. But for them, the reasons are ideal, supernatural and go back to the absolute idea, spirit, God, etc., which contradicts science and opens the way to priesthood and mysticism. Thus, modern Catholic philosophers - neo-Thomists - directly assert that the final cause of all things is God.
The most important feature of a causal relationship is its necessary character. This means that certain cause in the presence of appropriate conditions necessarily, inevitably causes a certain consequence. Thus, heating a metal necessarily causes it to expand, but it cannot transform it, say, into chlorine. A grain of wheat thrown into the soil, given the right conditions, will grow into an ear of wheat, but it would be in vain to expect that it would grow into a date palm.
It does not follow from what has been said, however, that all phenomena, having their own causes, are necessary. The connection between cause and effect is necessary, but the cause itself in relation to any process can be random, and then the effect of this cause will also be random. If, for example, pathogenic bacteria enter the human body, then in the presence of certain conditions (weakened state of the body, etc.) he will definitely fall ill. But bacteria enter the body not necessarily, but accidentally. This means that the disease is random.
The above examples show that a certain cause causes a certain effect only if the appropriate conditions are present. The cause is what causes the event conditions- these are phenomena that are necessary for the onset of an investigation, contribute to its onset, but cannot themselves cause an investigation. For example, in order for a match to light up, a number of conditions are necessary: it must be dry and at the same time not too fragile, there must be enough oxygen in the environment, etc.
An equally important feature of the cause-and-effect relationship is its strict sequence in time: cause precedes investigation. An effect cannot occur before the cause or simultaneously with it. It always comes a little later. However, precedence in time is, although necessary, but not a sufficient condition for a given phenomenon to be considered a cause. Not everything that happened before a phenomenon serves as its cause. “After this” does not always mean “therefore” or “because of this.” Summer always follows spring, autumn follows summer, etc., but spring is not the cause of summer, and summer is not the cause of autumn. The change of seasons is caused by the movement of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt of the Earth's axis to the plane of its orbit.
When science was not yet sufficiently developed, and scientific knowledge was not the property of a large number of people, people often did not distinguish causality from temporal sequence. This was one of the sources of various superstitions and prejudices, the remnants of which in one form or another have survived to this day. (To this day, many believers are trying to prove the existence of God by violating the cause-and-effect relationship - they pass off the events and phenomena observed in the world around us as a consequence of the activity of an imaginary being - God, who, in their opinion, is the cause of everything.)
Only human practice serves as a decisive criterion for the correct knowledge of cause-and-effect relationships, including a criterion for distinguishing a causal relationship from a simple sequence in time. Knowledge of causal relationships, in turn, is of great importance for human practice, for scientific foresight, influencing the processes of reality and changing them in the direction necessary for him. (This is why believers are always powerless in practice - no matter how much they cry to God, what they want never happens.)
When considering a causal relationship, it is necessary to take into account that the cause is not always something external in relation to the phenomenon on which it affects. The reasons can be both external and internal. The internal reasons for the change of a given thing are rooted in the nature of this thing itself, representing the interaction of some of its aspects. Internal reasons play a more important role than external ones. Thus, the internal cause of any social revolution is the contradiction between the productive forces and the production relations of a given method of production in a given country, and not the influence of any external forces.
But even in the case when the cause is external, the effect is not simply introduced or created by this cause, but is the result of the interaction of the cause and the phenomenon on which it affects. This is why the same cause can cause different effects. So, under the influence of sunlight, ice melts, a plant absorbs carbon dioxide and grows, a person tans, and complex physiological processes occur in his body. But it happens that different causes cause the same effect. Thus, a low yield of grain crops may be a consequence of either drought, or violation of agrotechnical measures, or improper crop rotation, or the use of bad seeds, etc.
Thus, the cause of the phenomenon is the interaction of either different objects, or sides of one object, or both, i.e., a combination of internal and external factors. “.. Interaction,” wrote F. Engels, “is the true causa finalis of things.”
One of the characteristic features of a cause-and-effect relationship is that the connection between cause and effect does not cease even after the cause has caused the action. This connection persists and develops, which is manifested in the following.
Firstly, the effect, while remaining secondary and dependent on the cause, can reversely influence the cause. Thus, new social ideas and theories are ultimately the result of changes in the economic conditions of society. However, once these ideas and theories arise, they have a strong influence on all aspects of social life, including the economy.
Secondly, cause and effect can change places, and these changes manifest themselves in two ways. They may consist in the fact that the effect becomes the cause, the cause - the effect. For example, if a change in quality is a consequence of quantitative changes, then the new quality is the cause of a new quantity.
An expression of the fact that cause and effect can change places is also that an event that is here or now an effect can be a cause in another connection or at another time. After all, not a single phenomenon is located in any one cause-and-effect relationship, but is included in a whole network of such connections, and therefore, at its different nodes, a phenomenon can act either as a cause or as a consequence. Thus, rain or snow, being a consequence of certain meteorological conditions, may themselves, for example, be the cause of a high harvest, and the harvest may be the reason for strengthening the economy of an agricultural enterprise, etc.
Causal connections are very diverse in nature, forms and meaning. They can differ significantly from each other, since they act in different areas of reality and appear in different forms related to the specifics of these areas. We have already seen, for example, that in the microworld causality does not exist in the same form as in the macroworld. Different forms of motion of matter also correspond to different types of causal connections. It is precisely because of this that, with the help of causal relationships operating in inanimate nature or in the organic world, it is impossible to explain the qualitative feature of the social form of the movement of matter. Social life is based on the production of material goods and the resulting relationships between people. Therefore, much more complex forms of causality are at work here.
There are many reasons behind all phenomena, and especially complex ones. But not all of them have the same meaning. There are main, determining reasons, and non-basic reasons, general and immediate reasons. Among all the reasons, it is very important to find main, decisive. It should be borne in mind that the main ones are, as a rule, internal reasons.
The mixture of main and non-main, main and non-main is characteristic of eclecticism. Its representatives do not highlight the main connections and reasons; for them “everything is equally important.” The development of society, for example, depends on many reasons - on population density and growth, natural conditions, the production of material goods, on existing ideas, theories, etc. In bourgeois sociology, eclectic "factor theory", according to which all these reasons are equally important. Therefore, it is not able to scientifically solve the problems of social life. Marxist sociology, among all these reasons, finds and highlights the determining, main force of social development - the production of material goods. The role and significance of all other factors in the life of society depend on this reason.
The dialectical-materialist doctrine of causality has great ideological and scientific-atheistic significance and is opposed teleology- idealistic and religious doctrine of purpose. Teleology claims that everything in the world is purposeful because it was intended so by its “creator.” According to the witty remark of F. Engels, according to teleology, cats were created in order to devour mice, mice - to be devoured by cats, and all of nature - to prove the wisdom of the creator.
To support their views, theologians refer, in particular, to living nature, where we are actually faced with the amazing correspondence of organisms and the conditions of their existence, with the perfection of the structure of animals and plants. But, as scientific biology in the person of Darwin and his followers showed, this relative perfection of organisms is not due to the wisdom of the “creator”, but arose in the course of long evolution as a result of the interaction of organisms with the environment, natural selection and other biological laws.
In nature, everything happens according to natural, objective laws, in particular, due to the causal dependence of phenomena. Goals appear only where rational beings - people - act, i.e. in the process of social development. But although people set certain goals for themselves, this does not negate the objective, causal and natural nature of the development of social life.
When preparing this article, I used the “Initial Course in Philosophy (for students of schools of the foundations of Marxism-Leninism)”, M., ed. "Thought", 1966
The ultimate reason. – Ed.
K. Marxy and F. Engels. Soch., vol. 20, p. 546.
See K. Marx and F. Engels. Soch., vol. 20, p. 350
All phenomena are interconnected. Some of them cause, determine others.
A cause is something that necessarily gives rise to an effect and precedes it in time.
One of the principles of dialectical materialism is principle of universal causation: everything has a cause.
Due to the existence of matter in time, we can say that everything that exists at a given moment in time is full reason everything that exists in the next moment. We today are the reason for us tomorrow.
Over time, the cause turns into an effect. The reason then disappears.
With this approach, too many phenomena are subject to consideration. Therefore, the cognitive consciousness has the task of identifying those phenomena that influence most strongly, which are required to generate a consequence.
A specific cause is a phenomenon preceding an effect, the presence or absence of which determines whether the effect will or will not be generated.
A condition is a phenomenon that precedes the consequence; its presence or absence does not affect the generation of the consequence, but only determines some of its features.
The division of causes into specific causes and conditions is relative. Such a division can be made by alternately examining the depth of influence of each cause, while keeping the others unchanged.
What is a condition in one setting may become a specific cause in another.
Most often, specific reasons are called reasons, and from the remaining ones, the most important ones are identified and classified as conditions. Minor reasons are not considered at all.
Currently a very common foreign concept factor.
A factor is something that influences something else.
The concept of factor is used without clarifying whether the phenomenon under consideration is a specific cause or just a condition of another.
The relationship between cause and effect is a cause-and-effect relationship.
Cause and effect is a law that transforms a cause into an effect.
The law of cause and effect is an internal, essential, stable relationship between cause and effect.
Is there a cause-and-effect relationship in nature itself?
Answer. The identification of cause and effect and the establishment of a connection between them is carried out in the cognitive consciousness.
This can be said about nature itself.
Nature is such that when any part of it is reflected in the cognizing consciousness, in this consciousness it becomes possible
1) identification of phenomena that replace each other in time,
2) establishing the presence of repeatability of replacing one phenomenon with another, regardless of the presence or absence of other phenomena, i.e. establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.
The first approach we considered is also unambiguously fair, according to which everything that precedes in nature in time is the complete cause of the subsequent, which is a consequence.