Skeleton of the lower limbs comprises pelvic girdle And skeleton of free lower limbs(legs). The pelvic girdle on each side is formed by the extensive pelvic bone.
Skeleton of the lower limb belt form two pelvic bones and a sacrum with a coccyx. TO bones of the free lower limb include: femur, bones of the leg and foot. The bones of the foot are in turn divided into the bones of the tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges.
Skeleton of the lower limb, right. A - front view; B - rear view; 1 - pelvic bone (os coxae); 2 - femur (femur); 3 - patella (patella); 4 - tibia (tibia); 5 - fibula (fibula); 6 - foot bones (ossa pedis)
Hip bone(os coxae) in children consists of three bones: ilium, pubis and ischium, connected in the acetabulum area by cartilage. After 16 years, the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue and a monolithic pelvic bone is formed.
Pelvic bone, right; inside view. 1 - superior posterior iliac spine (spina iliaca posterior superior); 2 - lower posterior iliac spine (spina iliaca posterior inferior); 3 - ear-shaped surface (facies auricularis); 4 - arcuate line (linea arcuata); 5 - major sciatic notch (incisure ischiadica major); 6 - body of the ischium (corpus ossis ischii); 7 - ischial spine (spina ischiadica); 8 - minor sciatic notch (incisura ischiadica minor); 9 - obturator foramen (foramen obturatum); 10 - ischial tuberosity (tuber ischiadicum); 11 - branch of the ischium (ramus ossis ischii); 12 - lower branch of the pubic bone (ramus inferior ossis pubis); 13 - symphysial surface (facies symphysialis); 14 - upper branch of the pubic bone (ramus superior ossis pubis); 15 - pubic ridge (crista pubica); 16 - body of the pubic bone (corpus ossis pubis); 17 - body of the ilium (corpus ossis ilii); 18 - lower anterior iliac spine (spina iliaca anterior inferior); 19 - superior anterior iliac spine (spina iliaca anterior superior); 20 - iliac fossa (fossa iliaca); 21 - iliac tuberosity (tuberositas iliaca)
Pelvic bone, right; outside view. 1 - iliac crest (crista iliaca); 2 - superior anterior iliac spine (spina iliaca anterior superior); 3 - lower anterior iliac spine (spina iliaca anterior inferior); 4 - acetabulum (acetabulum); 5 - notch of the acetabulum (incisura acetabuli); 6 - pubic tubercle (tuberculum pubicum); 7 - obturator foramen (foramen obturatum); 8 - ischial tuberosity (tuber ischiadicum); 9 - minor sciatic notch (incisura ischiadica minor); 10 - ischial spine (spina ischiadica); 11 - major sciatic notch (incisura ischiadica major); 12 - lower posterior iliac spine (spina iliaca posterior inferior); 13 - lower gluteal line (linea glutea inferior); 14 - superior posterior iliac spine (spina iliaca posterior superior); 15 - anterior gluteal line (linea glutea anterior); 16 - posterior gluteal line (linea glutea posterior)
Ilium(os ilium) - the largest part of the pelvic bone, makes up its upper section. It distinguishes between a thickened part - the body and a flat section - the wing of the ilium, ending with a crest. There are two protrusions on the wing in front and behind: in front - the upper anterior and lower anterior iliac spines, and in the back - the upper posterior and lower posterior iliac spines. The superior anterior iliac spine can be easily palpated. On the inner surface of the wing there is an iliac fossa, and on the gluteal (outer) there are three rough gluteal lines - anterior, posterior and inferior. The gluteal muscles begin from these lines. The posterior part of the wing is thickened and contains an auricular (articular) surface for articulation with the sacrum.
pubic bone(os pubis) is the anterior part of the pelvic bone. It consists of a body and two branches: upper and lower. On the superior branch of the pubic bone there is the pubic tubercle and the pubic crest, which passes into the arcuate line of the ilium. At the junction of the pubic bone and the ilium there is an iliopubic eminence.
Ischium(os ischii) forms the lower part of the pelvic bone. It consists of a body and a branch. The lower part of the bone branch has a thickening - the ischial tuberosity. On the posterior edge of the body of the bone there is a protrusion - the ischial spine, separating the greater and lesser sciatic notches.
The branches of the pubis and ischium form the obturator foramen. It is closed by a thin connective tissue obturator membrane. In its upper part there is an obturator canal, limited by the obturator groove of the pubis. The channel serves for the passage of the vessels and nerve of the same name. On the outer surface of the pelvic bone, at the junction of the bodies of the ilium, pubis and ischium, a significant depression is formed - the acetabulum.
Pelvis as a whole. The pelvis (pelvis) is formed by the pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx and their joints.
There are large and small pelvises. The boundary line dividing them runs from the promontory of the spine along the arcuate lines of the ilium, then along the upper branches of the pubic bones and the upper edge of the pubic symphysis. The large pelvis is formed by the unfolded wings of the ilium and serves as a support for the internal organs of the abdominal cavity. The small pelvis is formed by the pelvic surface of the sacrum and coccyx, the ischial and pubic bones. It distinguishes between upper and lower apertures (inlet and outlet) and a cavity. The pelvis contains the bladder, rectum and internal genital organs (uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries in women; prostate gland, seminal vesicles and vas deferens in men).
Sex differences are revealed in the structure of the pelvis: the female pelvis is wide and short, the wings of the ilium are strongly deployed. The angle between the lower branches of the pubic bones - the subpubic angle - is obtuse, the promontory almost does not protrude into the pelvic cavity, the sacrum is wide, short and flat. These features are due to the importance of the female pelvis as the birth canal. To characterize the pelvis in obstetric practice, the parameters of the large and small pelvis are used.
Female pelvis; view from above. 1 - border line (tinea terminalis); 2 - anatomical conjugate, or direct diameter (diameter recta), of the small pelvis; 3 - transverse diameter (diameter transversa) of the small pelvis; 4 - oblique diameter (diameter obliqua) of the small pelvis
Female pelvis; bottom view (obstetric position). 1 - direct size of the outlet from the pelvis; 2 - transverse size of the outlet from the pelvis
Dimensions of a woman's large pelvis. 1 - ridge distance (distantia cristarum); 2 - spinous distance (distantia spinarum); 3 - trochanteric distance (distantia trochanterica)
Women's pelvic dimensions. 1 - true, or obstetric, conjugate (conjugata vera); 2 - external conjugate (conjugata externa); 3 - diagonal conjugate (conjugata diagonalis); 4 - direct size of the outlet from the pelvis (diameter recta)
Femur(femur) is the longest bone in the human body. It distinguishes between the body, proximal and distal ends. The spherical head at the proximal end faces the medial side. Below the head is the neck; it is located at an obtuse angle to the longitudinal axis of the bone. At the junction of the neck and the body of the bone there are two protrusions: the greater trochanter and the lesser trochanter (trochanter major and trochanter minor). The greater trochanter lies outside and can be easily palpated. The intertrochanteric ridge runs between the trochanters on the posterior surface of the bone, and the intertrochanteric line runs along the anterior surface.
Femur, right. A - rear view; B - front view; B - left view; 1 - head of the femur (caput ossis femoris); 2 - neck of the femur (collum ossis femoris); 3 - greater trochanter (trochanter major); 4 - lesser trochanter (trochanter minor); 5 - trochanteric fossa (fossa trochanterica); 6 - intertrochanteric ridge (crista intertrochanterica); 7 - gluteal tuberosity (tuberositas glutea); 8 - medial lip (labium mediate) of the rough line; 9 - lateral lip (labium laterale) of the rough line; 10 - intercondylar fossa (fossa intercondylaris); 11 - medial condyle (condylus medialis); 12 - lateral condyle (condylus lateralis); 13 - medial epicondyle (epicondylus medialis); 14 - lateral epicondyle (epicondylus lateralis); 15 - body of the femur (corpus femoris); 16 - rough line (linea aspera); 17 - intertrochanteric line (linea intertrochanterica); 18 - fossa of the femoral head (fovea capitis ossis femoris)
The body of the femur is curved, the convexity facing anteriorly. The anterior surface of the body is smooth; a rough line runs along the posterior surface. The distal end of the bone is somewhat flattened from front to back and ends in the lateral and medial condyles. Above them on the sides rise the medial and lateral epicondyles, respectively. Between the latter there is the intercondylar fossa at the back, and the patellar surface at the front (for articulation with the patella). Above the intercondylar fossa there is a flat, triangular-shaped popliteal surface. The femoral condyles have articular surfaces for connection with the tibia.
Patella(patella), or patella, is the largest sesamoid bone; it is enclosed in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle and is involved in the formation of the knee joint. It distinguishes between an expanded upper part - the base and a narrowed, downward-facing part - the apex.
Shin bones: tibial, located medially, and fibular, occupies a lateral position.
Shin bones, right. A - front view; B - rear view; B - right view; I - tibia (tibia); 1 - upper articular surface (fades articularis superior); 2 - medial condyle (condylus medialis); 3 - lateral condyle (condylus lateralis); 4 - body of the tibia (corpus tibiae); 5 - tuberosity of the tibia (tuberositas tibiae); 6 - medial edge (margo medialis); 7 - front edge (margo anterior); 8 - interosseous edge (margo interosseus); 9 - medial ankle (malleolus medialis); 10 - lower articular surface (facies articularis inferior). II - fibula (fibula): 11 - body of the fibula (corpus fibulae); 12 - head of the fibula (caput fibulae); 13 - front edge (margo anterior); 14 - lateral malleolus (malleolus lateralis); 15 - intercondylar eminence (eminentia intercondylaris); 16 - line of the soleus muscle (linea m. solei)
Tibia(tibia) consists of a body and two ends. The proximal end is much thicker, there are two condyles on it: medial and lateral, articulating with the condyles of the femur. Between the condyles is the intercondylar eminence. On the outer side of the lateral condyle there is a small fibular articular surface (for connection with the head of the fibula).
The body of the tibia is triangular in shape. The anterior edge of the bone protrudes sharply; at the top it becomes a tuberosity. At the lower end of the bone on the medial side there is a downward process - the medial malleolus. Below at the distal end of the bone there is an articular surface for combination with the talus, on the lateral side there is a fibular notch (for connection with the fibula).
Fibula(fibula) - relatively thin, located outward from the tibia. The upper end of the fibula is thickened and called the head. The head has an apex facing outwards and backwards. The head of the fibula articulates with the tibia. The body of the bone has a triangular shape. The lower end of the bone is thickened, called the lateral malleolus and is adjacent to the talus on the outside. The edges of the leg bones facing each other are called interosseous; The interosseous membrane (membrane) of the lower leg is attached to them.
Foot bones divided into tarsal bones, metatarsal bones and phalanges (fingers).
Bones of the foot, right; back surface. 1 - talus (talus); 2 - block of the talus (trochlea tali); 3 - head of the talus (caput tali); 4 - calcaneus (calcaneus); 5 - tubercle of the calcaneus (tuber calcanei); 6 - scaphoid bone (os naviculare); 7 - sphenoid bones (ossa cuneiformia); 8 - cuboid bone (os cuboideum); 9 - metatarsus; 10 - toe bones (ossa digitorum pedis)
Tarsal bones belong to short spongy bones. There are seven of them: talus, calcaneal, cuboid, navicular and three wedge-shaped. The talus has a body and a head. There is a block on the upper surface of her body; together with the bones of the lower leg it forms the ankle joint. Below the talus lies the calcaneus, the largest of the tarsal bones. On this bone there is a well-defined thickening - the tubercle of the calcaneus, a process called the support of the talus, the talus and cuboid articular surfaces serve for connection with the corresponding bones).
In front of the calcaneus is the cuboid bone, and in front of the head of the talus lies the scaphoid bone. The three wedge-shaped bones - medial, intermediate and lateral - are located distal to the scaphoid.
Metatarsals five in number are located anterior to the cuboid and sphenoid bones. Each metatarsal bone consists of a base, body and head. Their bases articulate with the tarsal bones, and their heads articulate with the proximal phalanges of the fingers.
The toes, like the fingers, have three phalanx, except for the first finger, which has two phalanges.
The skeleton of the foot has features determined by its role as part of the supporting apparatus in an upright position of the body. The longitudinal axis of the foot is almost at right angles to the axis of the lower leg and thigh. In this case, the bones of the foot do not lie in the same plane, but form transverse and longitudinal arches, concave to the sole, and convex to the rear of the foot. Thanks to this, the foot is supported only by the tubercle of the heel bone and the heads of the metatarsal bones. The outer edge of the foot is lower, it almost touches the surface of the support and is called the supporting arch. The inner edge of the foot is raised - this is a spring arch. This structure of the foot ensures that it performs supporting and spring functions, which is associated with the vertical position of the human body and upright posture.
In the area of the tarsus, tarsus, are represented by the following bones: talus, calcaneus, navicular, three wedge-shaped bones: medial, intermediate and lateral, and cuboid. The metatarsus, metatarsus, includes 5 metatarsal bones. Phalanxes...... Atlas of Human Anatomy
foot bones- (ossa pedis) a complex of bones that makes up the supporting apparatus of the foot; there are three sections: the tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges (bones that make up the fingers) ...
Bones of the foot (ossa pedis)- Plantar side (bottom view). A tarsal bones, B metatarsal bones, C toe bones (phalanx). phalanges; sesamoid bones; metatarsal bones; tuberosity of the first metatarsal bone; lateral sphenoid bone; intermediate sphenoid bone; ... ... Atlas of Human Anatomy
Bones of the foot (ossa pcdis)- Connection of the upper limbs The radius and ulna are different: at the proximal end there is a trochlear sign, which passes into 2 processes: the ulna and the coronoid. At the lower end there is the head of the articular circumference and the medial... Atlas of Human Anatomy
osteochondropathy of the navicular bone of the foot- (osteochondropathia ossis scaphoidei pedis) see Köhler disease I... Large medical dictionary
Tarsal bones- (ossa tarsi) Tarsal bones (ossa tarsi) Foot bones (ossa pcdis). View from above. 1 distal (nail… Atlas of Human Anatomy
Metatarsus bones- (ossa metatarsi) Bones of the foot (ossa pcdis). View from above. 1 distal (nail) phalanges; 2 proximal phalanges; 3 middle phalanges; 4 metatarsals; 5 tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone; 6 cuboid bone; 7 talus; 8 lateral malleolus... Atlas of Human Anatomy
Bones of the lower limb - … Atlas of Human Anatomy
Torso bones - … Atlas of Human Anatomy
toe bones- (ossa digitorum pedis) short tubular bones that form the base of the toes. Each finger consists of three phalanges: proximal, middle and distal. The proximal and middle phalanges have a base with an articular surface, a body and a head... Glossary of terms and concepts on human anatomy
tarsal bones- (ossa tarsi) component of the supporting apparatus of the foot includes seven separate bones, located in two groups: proximal, which includes the talus and calcaneus (see) and distal, formed by the navicular bone, located ... ... Glossary of terms and concepts on human anatomy
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In the area of the tarsus, tarsus, are represented by the following bones: talus, calcaneus, navicular, three wedge-shaped bones: medial, intermediate and lateral, and cuboid. The metatarsus, metatarsus, includes 5 metatarsal bones. The phalanges, phalanges, of the toes are called the same as the phalanges of the fingers.
Tarsal bones, ossa tarsi, are located in two rows: the proximal one includes the talus and calcaneus, the distal one includes the scaphoid, cuboid and three sphenoid bones. The tarsal bones articulate with the tibia bones; the distal row of tarsal bones articulates with the metatarsal bones.
Talus, talus, is the only bone of the foot that articulates with the bones of the lower leg. Its posterior section is the body of the talus, corpus tali. Anteriorly, the body passes into a narrowed section of the bone - the neck of the talus, collum tali; the latter connects the body with the forward-directed head of the talus, caput tali. The talus bone is covered from above and on the sides in the form of a fork by the bones of the lower leg. The ankle joint, articulatio talocruralis, is formed between the bones of the tibia and the talus. Accordingly, the articular surfaces are: the upper surface of the talus, facies superior ossis tali, having the shape of a block - the block of the talus, trochlea tali, and the lateral, lateral and medial, ankle surfaces, facies malleolaris lateralis et facies malleolaris medialis. The upper surface of the block is convex in the sagittal direction and concave in the transverse direction.
The lateral and medial ankle surfaces are flat. The lateral malleolar surface extends to the upper surface of the lateral process of the talus, processus lateralis tali. The posterior surface of the body of the talus is crossed from top to bottom by the groove of the tendon of the long flexor of the big toe, sulcus tendinis m. flexoris hallucis longi. The groove divides the posterior edge of the bone into two tubercles: the larger medial tubercle, tuberculum mediale, and the smaller lateral tubercle, tuberculum laterale. Both tubercles, separated by a groove, form the posterior process of the talus, processus posterior tali. Lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus
sometimes, in the case of independent ossification, it represents a separate triangular bone, os trigonum.
On the lower surface of the body in the posterolateral region there is a concave posterior calcaneal articular surface, facies articularis calcanea posterior. The anteromedial sections of this surface are limited by the groove of the talus, sulcus tali, which runs from back to front and laterally. Anterior and outward from this groove is the middle calcaneal articular surface, facies articularis calcanea media. Anterior to it lies the anterior calcaneal articular surface, facies articularis calcanea anterior.
Through the articular surfaces, the lower part of the talus articulates with the calcaneus. On the anterior part of the head of the talus there is a spherical scaphoid articular surface, facies articularis navicularis, through which it articulates with the scaphoid bone.
Calcaneus, calcaneus, is located inferiorly and posteriorly to the talus. Its posteroinferior section is formed by a well-defined tubercle of the calcaneus, tuber calcanei. The lower parts of the tubercle from the lateral and medial sides pass into the lateral process of the tubercle of the calcaneus, processus lateralis tuberis calcanei, and into the medial process of the tubercle of the calcaneus, processus medialis tuberis calcanei. On the lower surface of the tubercle there is a calcaneal tubercle, tuberculum calcanei, located at the anterior end of the line of attachment of the long plantar ligament, lig. plantare longum.
On the anterior surface of the calcaneus there is a saddle-shaped cuboid articular surface, facies articularis cuboidea, for articulation with the cuboid bone.
In the anterior section of the medial surface of the calcaneus there is a short and thick process - the support of the talus, sustentaculum tali. Along the lower surface of this process runs a groove for the tendon of the long flexor of the big toe, sulcus tendinis m. flexoris hallucis longi.
On the lateral surface of the calcaneus, in the anterior section, there is a small fibular block, trochlea fibularis, behind which there is a groove of the tendon of the long peroneal muscle, sulcus tendinis m. peronei (fibularis) longi.
On the upper surface of the bone, in the middle section, there is an extensive posterior talar articular surface, facies articularis talaris posterior. Anterior to it lies the groove of the calcaneus, sulcus calcanei, running from back to front and laterally. Anterior to the groove, along the medial edge of the bone, two articular surfaces stand out: the middle talar articular surface, facies articularis talaris media, and in front of it is the anterior talar articular surface, facies articularis talaris anterior, corresponding to the surfaces of the same name on the talus. When the talus is placed on the calcaneus, the anterior sections of the grooves of the talus and the grooves of the calcaneus form a depression - the sinus of the tarsus, sinus tarsi, which can be felt as a small depression.
Scaphoid, os naviculare, flattened in front and behind, lies in the area of the inner edge of the foot. On the posterior surface of the bone there is a concave articular surface, through which it articulates with the articular surface of the head of the talus. The upper surface of the bone is convex. The anterior surface of the bone bears an articular surface for articulation with the three sphenoid bones. The boundaries that define the places of articulation of the scaphoid with each sphenoid bone are small ridges.
On the lateral surface of the bone there is a small articular surface - the place of articulation with the cuboid bone. The inferior surface of the scaphoid is concave. In its medial section there is the tuberosity of the scaphoid bone, tuberositas ossis navicularis.
Sphenoid bones, ossa cuneiformia, three in number, are located in front of the scaphoid bone. There are medial, intermediate and lateral sphenoid bones. The intermediate sphenoid bone is shorter than the others, so the anterior, distal, surfaces of these bones are not at the same level. They have articular surfaces for articulation with the corresponding metatarsal bones,
The base of the wedge (the wider part of the bone) faces downwards at the medial sphenoid bone, and upwards at the intermediate and lateral sphenoid bones.
The posterior surfaces of the sphenoid bones have articular platforms for articulation with the scaphoid bone.
The medial sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme mediale, on its concave lateral side bears two articular surfaces for articulation with the intermediate sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme intermedium, and with the II metatarsal bone.
The intermediate sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme intermedium, has articular platforms: on the medial surface - for articulation with the medial sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme mediale, on the lateral side - for articulation with the lateral sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme laterale.
The lateral cuneiforme bone, os cuneiforme laterale, also has two articular surfaces: on the medial side for articulation with the intermediate sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme intermedium, and the base of the second metatarsal bone, os metatarsale II, and on the lateral side with the cuboid bone, os cuboideum.
Cuboid, os cuboideum, is located outward from the lateral sphenoid bone, in front of the calcaneus and behind the base of the IV and V metatarsals.
The upper surface of the bone is rough, on the medial there are articular platforms for articulation with the lateral sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme laterale, and the scaphoid bone, os naviculare. On the lateral edge of the bone there is a tuberosity of the cuboid bone directed downwards, tuberositas ossis cuboidei. Anterior to it begins the groove of the tendon of the long peroneal muscle, sulcus tendinis m. peronei longi, which passes to the lower surface of the bone and crosses it obliquely behind and outside, anteriorly and inwardly, according to the course of the tendon of the muscle of the same name.
The posterior surface of the bone has a saddle-shaped articular surface for
Articulations with the same articular surface of the calcaneus. The protrusion of the inferomedial portion of the cuboid bone, bordering the edge of this articular surface, is called the calcaneal process, processus calcaneus. It provides support to the anterior end of the heel bone.
The anterior surface of the cuboid bone has an articular surface divided by a scallop for articulation with the IV and V metatarsals, os metatarsale IV et os metatarsale V.
Metatarsals
The metatarsal bones, ossa metatarsalia, are represented by five (I-V) thin long bones located in front of the tarsus. In each metatarsal bone there is a body, corpus, and two epiphysis: proximal - base, basis, and distal - head, caput.
The bones are counted from the medial edge of the foot (from the big toe to the little toe). Of the 5 metatarsal bones, bone I is shorter but thicker than the others, bone II is the longest. The bodies of the metatarsal bones are triangular. The upper, dorsal surface of the body is somewhat convex, the other two are the lower (plantar) surfaces, converging at the bottom, forming a pointed ridge.
The bases of the metatarsal bones represent their most massive part. They have the shape of a wedge, which, with its widened part, is directed upward at the I-IV metatarsal bones, and towards the medial side at the V metatarsal bone. The lateral surfaces of the bases have articular platforms through which adjacent metatarsal bones articulate with each other.
On the posterior surfaces of the bases there are articular surfaces for articulation with the tarsal bones. On the lower surface of the base of the first metatarsal bone there is a tuberosity of the first metatarsal bone, tuberositas ossis metatarsalis primi. U
The fifth metatarsal bone also has a tuberosity in the lateral part of the base
V metatarsal bone, tuberositas ossis metatarsalis quinti, which can be easily palpated. The anterior ends, or heads, of the metatarsal bones are compressed laterally. The peripheral section of the heads has spherical articular surfaces that articulate with the phalanges of the fingers. On the lower surface of the head of the first metatarsal bone, on the sides, there are two small smooth areas to which the sesamoid bones, ossa sesamoidea, of the big toe are adjacent. The head of the first metatarsal bone can be easily palpated.
In addition to the indicated sesamoid bones in the area of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the thumb, there is one sesamoid bone in the interphalangeal joint of the same finger, as well as unstable sesamoid bones in the thickness of the tendon of the long peroneal muscle, in the area of the plantar surface of the cuboid bone.
Between the metatarsal bones there are 4 interosseous spaces, spatia interossea metatarsi, which are filled with interosseous muscles.
Bones of the foot. Tarsal bones (ossa tarsi). Talus
The talus bone consists of a head, neck and body. The head has an articular scaphoid surface (fades articularis navicularis) for articulation with the scaphoid bone. The upper surface of the body is represented by a block (trochlea) for articulation with the bones of the lower leg. On both sides of the block there are articular platforms - places of articulation with the medial and lateral ankles (fades articulares medialis et lateralis). On the lower surface of the body there is a deep groove (sulcus tali); in front and behind it there are articular platforms for articulation with the calcaneus (fades articulares calcaneae anterior, media et posterior) (Fig. 97).
Calcaneus
The calcaneus on the upper surface contains three platforms (fades articulares talares anterior, media et posterior) for connection with the talus. The last two are separated by a groove (sulcus calcaneus). Together, when the groove of the calcaneus combines with the groove of the talus, the sinus tarsi (sinus tarsi) is formed, where there is an interosseous ligament. At the back, the bone passes into the calcaneal tuber (tuber calcanei), and in the anterior part of the bone there is a saddle-shaped articular surface (fades articularis cuboidea) for connection with the cuboid bone. On the medial side of the bone there is a protrusion - the support of the talus (sustentaculum tali) (Fig. 98).
Scaphoid
The navicular bone (os naviculare) is located in the area of the inner edge of the foot, has a concave articular surface for the head of the talus and a convex one for connection with the sphenoid bones. On its lower surface there is a pronounced tuberosity (tuberositas ossis navicularis)
Sphenoid bones
Three wedge-shaped bones (ossa cuneiformia) are arranged in a row, starting from the medial edge of the foot: os cuneiforme mediale, intermedium et laterale (Fig. 99).
Cuboid
The cuboid bone (os cuboideum) is located on the lateral edge of the foot. On its lower surface there is a tuberosity (tuberositas ossis cuboidei) and a notch (sulcus tendineus musculi peronei longi) from the pressure of the peroneus longus tendon (Fig. 99).
Metatarsus
The metatarsus consists of five metatarsal bones (ossa metatarsalia I-V). Its parts are distinguished: base (basis), body (corpus) and at the distal end the head. In the area of the base and head there are articular platforms. On the lower surface of the base of the first metatarsal bone and on the lateral surface of the base of the fifth bone there are tuberosities (tuberositas ossis matatarsalis I et V) (Fig. 99).
One sesamoid bone is adjacent to the lower lateral and medial surfaces of the heads of the first and fifth metatarsal bones.
Toe bones
The toes (digitorum pedis) consist of three phalanges (phalanges proximalis, media et distalis), which are much shorter than the phalanges of the fingers. The big toe has two phalanges (phalanges proximalis et distalis), the rest have three. Each phalanx has a body and two ends: proximal - the base and distal - the head. At the distal end of the distal phalanx there is a tubercle (tuberositas phalangis distalis).
Ossification. All bones of the foot go through webbed, cartilaginous and bony stages of development. Ossification nuclei appear in the calcaneus at the 6th month, in the talus at the 6th-7th month, and in the cuboid at the 9th month. intrauterine development, in the medial sphenoid - in the 2nd year of life, in the sphenoid - in the 3rd year, in the sphenoid (lateral) - in the 1st year, in the scaphoid - in the 4th year. At the 3-7th year of life, 1-2 independent ossification nuclei appear in the calcaneal tubercle, which in girls merge with the body of the calcaneus by 11-12 years, in boys - by 15 years.
In the phalanges of the toes, bone points are formed in the diaphysis of the phalanges at the 10-13th week of intrauterine development, in the proximal epiphysis - at the 1-3rd year, and in the head of the metatarsal bones - at the 1st year.
Sesamoid bones
Sesamoid bones include those bones that are located in muscle tendons. The largest is the patella.
Sesamoid bones in the area of location of the 1st and 5th metatarsophalangeal joints occur in girls between 8-12 years, in boys - at 11-13 years. Similar bones also appear on the hand, most often in the first carpometacarpal joint.
Anomalies. Anomalies of the bones of the lower extremity include accessory, unstable bones of the foot. As a rule, there are about nine such bones: 1) bones between the medial and intermediate sphenoid bones; 2, 3) bones between the I and II metatarsal bones; 4) the bone located above the scaphoid; 5) the bone lying above the talus; 6) bone at the site where the tibialis tendon bends through the cuboid bone; 7) bone representing the unconnected point of the tubercle of the scaphoid; 8) an independent bony point of the posterior process of the talus; 9) an independent bony point of the medial malleolus.