Hepatitis B and three stages of its vaccination, vaccination per month. Are vaccinations required for newborns?

Calendar mandatory vaccinations by month for newborns.

Today, already on the first day after the birth of a child, parents are offered to vaccinate their baby against hepatitis. And this is just the beginning. During the first year of life, the newborn will undergo a similar procedure more than once, because there are many diseases that are dangerous to the health and life of the baby. But is it necessary to vaccinate children, or can we do without them? As a rule, pediatricians cannot give a definite answer, although they are 90 percent sure of the benefits of vaccination. As for parents, they often have many questions regarding preventive vaccinations: will they harm you, what complications may there be, is it possible to refuse vaccinations, etc. Today, vaccination is not mandatory, and therefore, if parents are sure that vaccination is dangerous for their baby, they may well refuse it by signing the appropriate document. However, in this case, all responsibility for the child’s health falls on the shoulders of the parents. For those who have decided to vaccinate their babies, it will be useful to know which vaccinations are given to newborns by month.

Why is vaccination necessary?

When considering the vaccination calendar, parents are often frightened by their frequency and quantity. However, thanks timely vaccination it is possible to prevent the development of dangerous infectious diseases, to which young children are especially vulnerable. Thus, according to WHO, every year, thanks to vaccination, the lives of about 3 million children around the world can be saved. Vaccination is a proven and relatively safe way carry out mass prevention of infectious diseases dangerous to humans.

The essence of vaccination is the introduction into the baby's body of a vaccine, which consists of weakened or killed strains of microbes, purified protein or synthetic drug. After the introduction of vaccinations, as a response, the child’s body begins to produce antibodies that “remember” the pathogen, which subsequently protects the body from it.

Vaccination schedule for newborns

Vaccinations should be done correctly according to the schedule approved by WHO. The table shows the list of vaccinations offered to children up to one year old. This scheme can be adjusted by a pediatrician if there are good reasons for this (for example, illness, allergic reaction, lack of a vaccine, etc.).

		Graft	Possible reaction	Possible complications	Contraindications to vaccination
Newborn baby – first 12 hours	Euvax V, Engerix V	Against viral hepatitis B (first vaccination)	Local reaction in the form of compaction at the injection site, redness, appearance discomfort. Fever, malaise and weakness, tearfulness due to headache, possible diarrhea and increased sweating.	Rash, urticaria, exacerbation of allergic reaction, erythema nodosum, anaphylactic shock.	Allergic reaction to yeast-containing products, diathesis, meningitis, infectious diseases in acute phase, autoimmune diseases.
Newborn baby – 3-7 days	BCG, BCG-M	Tuberculosis vaccine	Increased body temperature in the first days after vaccination; after 1.5-2 months, a thickening, the appearance of an abscess or a red bubble covered with a crust, a dark blue or brown spot may be observed at the injection site.	Cold abscesses, infiltrates, extensive ulcer at the injection site, lymphadenitis, formation of a keloid scar, BCG infection, post-vaccination syndrome (manifested by skin rashes), tuberculous osteitis.	Low weight of the newborn (up to 2.5 kg), child born HIV-infected woman, presence of intrauterine infection of the baby, moderate and severe form hemolytic disease, birth injuries in which the infant’s brain was damaged, widespread pustular lesions of the baby’s skin, the presence of relatives with tuberculosis in the baby, genetic diseases if complications after BCG have been established in close relatives of the baby.
	Hiberix, DPT, Combitech, ActHib, Engerix V, Pentaxim, Euvax V, Regivak, Infanrix	Hepatitis B - 2nd vaccination. Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio B, Haemophilus influenzae type B - primary vaccination	Increased body temperature, loss of appetite, the appearance of a lump at the site of vaccine administration, redness and swelling of this area, its soreness, weakness, drowsiness, irritability, slight vomiting.	Induration and swelling at the site of vaccine administration with a diameter of more than 8 cm, convulsions, allergic reaction (swelling, rash, loss of consciousness), fever above 39 0 C	Complications and negative reactions to previous vaccinations, diseases in acute form, immunodeficiency, allergy to the components that make up the vaccine, seizures, stressful situations and problems nervous system.
4.5 months	Hiberix, DTP, AktHib, Pentaxim, Infanrix	Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type B - 2nd vaccination	Similar to the reaction during the 1st vaccination	Similar to complications with the 1st vaccination	Similar to contraindications for the 1st vaccination
6 months	Hiberix, DTP, AktHib	Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, viral hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type B - 3rd vaccination	Similar to the reaction during the 1st and 2nd vaccinations	Similar to complications with the 1st and 2nd vaccinations	Similar to contraindications for the 1st and 2nd vaccinations
12 months	MMR, Priorix, Ervevax	Measles, rubella, mumps	Runny nose and headache, general weakness, sleep disturbance, poor appetite, sore throat, redness of the tonsils, rash on the body, fever.	Severe toxic reaction with an increase in temperature over 38.5 0 C, convulsions and post-vaccination encephalitis, Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock	Allergy to egg white and aminoglycosides, oncology, AIDS, exacerbation chronic diseases, administration of blood components or immunoglobulin, complication of acute respiratory viral infection.

If the child is sick, the pediatrician can defer vaccinations for a month, sometimes it takes a little longer. It is also possible to do several vaccinations on one day, otherwise there should be a gap of 1 month between vaccinations. A child who is absolutely healthy should also be vaccinated. More detailed information Your local pediatrician will tell you how to properly vaccinate children under one year of age.

The body of a newly born baby is still very weak and does not work as efficiently as that of an adult. This also applies to immune system child. Therefore, any infection can be dangerous for a newborn, even one that does not cause any harm to an adult.

Of course, the antibodies contained in the baby provide some protection. breast milk. But they are powerless against most pathogens. Therefore, in order to protect the baby’s body in the first months of life from the most terrible infections, he needs to get vaccinated. The elements of viruses and bacteria or their toxins contained in the vaccine will allow the immune system to recognize the danger in advance and prepare to meet it. Of course, vaccination does not provide a complete guarantee that the child will not get sick. However, even if this happens, in most cases the vaccination can help the body successfully cope with the infection.

In Russia, there is a system of vaccinations for children, which explains what vaccinations children under one year old need to receive. It is regulated by law and is called the vaccination calendar. Each vaccine is given in certain time. Vaccinations are not mandatory, however, if parents want to refuse them, they must notify doctors in writing.

Typically, vaccinations given healthy child, are safe. However, there are a number of contraindications in which vaccinations may not be carried out or may be delayed. This may be a tendency to allergic reactions, acute respiratory diseases, prematurity, blood transfusion, immunodeficiency and some others.

The very first vaccinations can be carried out already on the first day of life. In addition, for effective protection For some diseases, vaccinations may be given more than once.

What diseases are children under one year old vaccinated against?

Russia has approved a list of diseases for which vaccinations must be mandatory done to all children under one year old. These diseases include:

• Hepatitis B
• Rubella
• Diphtheria
• Whooping cough
• Polio
• Tuberculosis
• Mumps
• Tetanus
• Haemophilus influenzae infection

In addition, at the request of the parents, it is possible to vaccinate the baby against influenza and encephalitis (during epidemics), hepatitis A and chickenpox.

Hepatitis B

Acute viral disease, affecting the liver. It is dangerous, first of all, due to its complications, such as cirrhosis. The hepatitis vaccine is usually given on the first day of life. The vaccine preparation consists of proteins from the hepatitis B virus. In the first year of life, three to four procedures are performed that protect the body until the age of eight.

There are two categories of children - those who are at risk and everyone else. Typically, children undergo three procedures. The risk group includes children whose mothers have hepatitis or are virus carriers. They have an accelerated schedule compared to regular children and an additional fourth procedure has been added.

Tuberculosis

Heavy chronic illness, which primarily affects the lungs and causes complications in bone tissue and brain. The vaccination preparation contains weakened bovine tuberculosis bacteria that do not cause disease in humans. In the first year of life, a single vaccination is given, which provides immunity until the age of seven. Premature or low birth weight babies are vaccinated with a special pediatric version of the drug that contains fewer bacteria. If the immunity turns out to be too weak (as determined using the Mantoux test), then after a year a re-vaccination is carried out.

Whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus

These diseases are dangerous due to the toxins produced by pathogenic microorganisms. The mortality rate among newborns from these diseases is extremely high. Designed against these diseases complex drug(DTP), containing diphtheria and tetanus toxins in low concentrations and inactivated. These components allow the body to develop immunity to diseases. The first vaccination procedure against these diseases is carried out at the very beginning of the fourth month of life, and the last one at the age of six months. A total of three procedures should be done in the first year of life.

Haemophilus influenzae infection

An acute disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae. It affects the central nervous system, respiratory organs and can lead to the appearance of foci of pus. The preparation for vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection contains dead microorganisms, not causing diseases. During the first year, three vaccinations against Haemophilus influenzae are given.

Polio

Heavy infection, affecting the central nervous system, endocrine system, Gastrointestinal tract. The disease is characterized by high mortality. One of the complications of polio is paralysis. There are two versions of the polio vaccine. One of them contains live but weakened polio viruses, and the other (inactivated) contains only viral proteins. The first two vaccinations are carried out with an inactivated drug, and then live oral polio vaccine is used. During the first year, three polio vaccination procedures are carried out, which build immunity until the age of ten.

Measles, rubella, mumps

They occur in children in a severe form and are dangerous due to their complications. The vaccine preparation contains weakened pathogen viruses. It is impossible to get infected from them, but their introduction causes a full-fledged response immune reaction body. The drug is administered once at the age of one year. The effect lasts up to five years.

What may be contraindications for vaccinations?

Factors that may cause cancellation or postponement of vaccination are divided into absolute and relative. Factors in which vaccination is dangerous to life and health are considered absolute. These include:

• Heavy allergic reactions on the drug - swelling and redness larger than 8 cm in the injection area, fever up to 40 ºС, anaphylactic shock, convulsions.
• Immunodeficiency. In this case, it is possible to replace drugs with live pathogens with inactivated drugs. However, it should be remembered that the effectiveness of the latter may be lower.

Relative factors include those in which vaccination may be unsafe or ineffective:

• ARVI. It is recommended to postpone the vaccination until recovery.
• Heart disease, kidney disease, diabetes. Vaccination can be carried out only after permission from a specialist.
• Prematurity. Typically, vaccination can be done after the child reaches a normal weight.

It should be kept in mind that reactions such as slight redness, pain and swelling at the injection sites, fever, are normal and disappear a few days after the procedure. Also, after vaccinations against measles and rubella, mild symptoms Characteristics of these diseases are rash, runny nose and cough.

At what time should vaccination be carried out?

Since there are quite a few vaccinations, and all of them must be carried out at a certain time, it is difficult for parents to remember when, what procedure and for what disease they need to carry out. The table below contains a list of vaccinations and their timing. The serial number of the vaccination is marked in Roman numerals. With this information, parents will be able to find out which vaccinations are given to a child at 4 months, which ones at 6 months, and whether vaccinations are needed at 8 months.

Which drugs should you choose?

In a clinic or maternity hospital, vaccination of children is carried out free of charge. In this case, as a rule, standard standards certified for this purpose are used. domestic medicines. However, if parents want to use imported analogue, better quality or combination drug, then they can offer it instead of the standard one. Below is a list of drugs used in vaccinations.

Disease	A drug	Method of administration
Hepatitis B	Combiotech, Regevak, Engerix (Belgium)	Into the thigh muscle or subcutaneously
Tuberculosis	BCG	Intradermal to the shoulder area
Whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus	DTP, Infanrix (Belgium), Pentaxim (France)	Into the thigh muscle
Haemophilus influenzae infection	Act-HIB (France), Hiberix (UK), Pentaxim (France)	Act-HIB is injected subcutaneously into the thigh area, Hiberix, Pentaxim - intramuscularly into the thigh area
Polio	OPV, Pentaxim (France), Imovax (France)	OPV is taken orally, Pentaxim, Imovax are administered intramuscularly
Measles, rubella, mumps	Priorix, MMR (USA)	To the shoulder area

DTP is a complex drug domestic production, which is effective against three infections at once - whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria. It has an imported analogue - Infanrix. It is worth noting the drug Pentaxim. This is a complex drug that can replace DPT, vaccination against hemophilus influenzae and polio. Therefore, its use can reduce the number of procedures performed.

However, it must be remembered that an expensive drug is not always more effective. Each drug has its own advantages and disadvantages, and you should consult your pediatrician before using them.

Vaccination of children in Russia is carried out according to a certain schedule, which is called the vaccination calendar. Our national vaccination calendar is one of the most comprehensive in the world. It is approved at the legislative level and is used throughout the country. In addition to routine vaccinations, there are vaccinations for epidemic indications, which are installed in some regions when there is a threat of an epidemic.

Despite the thoroughness of the vaccination calendar, vaccinations are not mandatory. Parents may well refuse to vaccinate their child by providing a written refusal. Read more about the vaccination schedule, vaccines and vaccination rules, as well as about refusing it.

What laws govern childhood vaccinations?

There are several laws behind the development of the vaccination schedule and vaccination of children:

1. Federal Law “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases”.
2. “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on protecting the health of citizens.”
3. Law of the Russian Federation “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population.”

These documents describe the entire vaccination procedure, including a list of recommended vaccinations and possible complications after them. So, vaccination of children under one year of age involves vaccinations against the following diseases:

• Viral hepatitis;
• Tuberculosis;
• Whooping cough;
• Diphtheria;
• Tetanus;
• Haemophilus influenzae infection;
• Polio;
• Measles;
• Rubella;
• Mumps.

In the event of an epidemic of other diseases, vaccinations may be given unscheduled. The situation regarding infection outbreaks is constantly monitored and regions falling into the “risk zone” are under the control of the Ministry of Health.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations for children under one year of age

Every year the vaccination calendar changes slightly, and some additions are made to it. They mainly concern the procedure for vaccination, and the vaccination schedule remains the same:

Age	Name of vaccination	Vaccine	Notes
1 day(newborn)	— First vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech	It is especially necessary for newborns whose mothers are carriers of the virus or have acute or chronic hepatitis.
3-7 days(newborn)	— Vaccination against tuberculosis	BCG-M	Not to be confused with the Mantoux reaction. Mantoux is not a vaccination, but a test for the presence of immunity; it is carried out after a year. If there is no immunity, the BCG vaccination is repeated.
Baby at 1 month	— Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech
Baby at 2 months		Engerix V, Combiotech	It is given only to children at risk.
Baby at 3 months	— First vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus	DTP, Infanrix, Pentaxim	Each vaccination has its own vaccine, but all 3 vaccinations can be given in “one shot” if you use the combined Pentaxim vaccine.
	— First vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae	Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	— First polio vaccine	OPV, IPV, Pentaxim
Baby at 4.5 months	— Second vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus	DTP, Infanrix, Pentaxim
	— Second vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae	Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	— Second polio vaccine	OPV, IPV, Pentaxim
Baby at 6 months	— Third vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus	DPT, Infanrix, Pentaxim, Bubo-Kok	Vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus can be given in “one shot” with a vaccine against hepatitis, if you use the combined Bubo-Kok vaccine.
	— Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae	Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	— Third polio vaccine	OPV, IPV, Pentaxim
	— Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech, Bubo-Kok
Baby at 12 months	— Vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps	MMR II, Priorix
	— Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech	Only for children at risk.

The next vaccinations await the baby at 1.5 years and at 1 year and 8 months. - This is a revaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus, as well as against polio.

About vaccines

Before one year of age, a child will have to receive 14 vaccinations (taking into account the fact that some vaccinations are given in several stages), and mothers will have to learn the many names of vaccines and decide which vaccine to give their child. Let's try to figure out what vaccines are.

1. Hepatitis vaccine. In its composition - individual proteins hepatitis B virus. There is no genetic material of the virus. In response to the introduction of a vaccine, immunity is formed; it is impossible to get sick in this way.
2. Vaccine against tuberculosis. Contains weakened bovine tuberculosis bacteria. In humans, they do not cause disease, but lead to the formation of stable immunity. To develop lasting immunity you need to: tuberculosis bacillus was in the body constantly.
3. Vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. The most serious thing about these diseases is the poisoning of the body with toxins. The vaccine contains toxins, but in a very weakened form. They do not cause disease, but the body develops immunity.
4. Polio vaccine. There are two types: live and inactivated. Live vaccine- This is the polio virus itself in a very weakened form. This vaccine comes in drop form and may cause light form polio in a child. An inactivated vaccine contains only the protein shells of viruses. It is administered subcutaneously and cannot cause disease, but its effect is lower. Since the polio vaccine is given in 2 stages, sometimes the inactivated vaccine, and the second vaccination is done live.
5. Vaccine against measles, rubella and mumps. Contains weakened viruses that cause these diseases. The vaccine is safe, that is, it is impossible to get sick from it, and immunity is developed.

How to vaccinate correctly - what mothers need to know

Parents are most frightened by the possible consequences of vaccinations, among which there are very serious complications:

• Anaphylactic shock;
• Severe allergic reactions (Quincke's edema, Steven-Johnson syndrome);
• Poliomyelitis (after polio vaccination);
• Encephalitis, meningitis, neuritis and other central nervous system lesions;
• Generalized infection, osteitis, osteomyelitis after BCG vaccinations;
• Chronic arthritis after rubella vaccine.

The likelihood of such complications, of course, frightens young parents. To reduce the risk of complications, vaccination must be carried out in compliance with all rules.

Basic Rules

1. The vaccination schedule is the recommended vaccination schedule for your baby. It can be changed if there are reasons to delay or even cancel vaccination. The reason for temporary medical withdrawal may be:

• Malaise, cold, fever;
• Exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• Recent blood transfusion;
• Prematurity.

In each case, the duration of medical withdrawal is determined individually, usually a period from a week to 1 month. Indications for complete cancellation of vaccination are:

• Allergic reaction to a previous vaccination;
• Congenital or acquired immunodeficiency.

2. Vaccination can be given only after a thorough examination by a doctor. The doctor’s task is not only to thoroughly examine the child, measure the temperature and ask the mother about the characteristics of the baby’s body. Another important point is informing the mother about the vaccination itself. The doctor must tell you what vaccine will be given, how it works, what vaccine will be administered, and what complications are possible after vaccination. Good to know! — .

3. The mother can choose which vaccine to give her child. At the clinic, all vaccinations are given free of charge, but if parents do not want to receive the vaccine purchased at the clinic, they can buy their own. Usually they do this if they want to supply a higher quality imported vaccine or get a comprehensive vaccination.

Note to moms!

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4. The vaccine can only be stored and transported in the cold, at a temperature of 2-8C. This rule applies, first of all, to the situation when the mother buys the vaccine herself, since in the pharmacy and clinic all storage and transportation rules are observed unconditionally. When purchasing a vaccine at a pharmacy, you need to buy a cold pack (“snowball”) for it and be sure to take a receipt. This may be needed at your pediatrician's office to confirm that the vaccine is fresh and has been stored correctly.

5. The vaccination itself is given to the child by a nurse in the treatment room. She enters all the information about the vaccination (date, name of the vaccine) into the card. After vaccination, the parents’ task is to monitor the baby’s condition and take action if the vaccination produces a reaction. The most common occurrence- temperature increase. How to control your reaction child's body and what to do if the temperature rises - read here (link).

Important:

How to refuse vaccination

Vaccinations are not mandatory, so if parents are against vaccinations for fear of complications, they can write a written refusal. An application can be written by one of the parents addressed to the head physician of the children's clinic (or maternity hospital, if the refusal to vaccinate occurs there). There is no clear form for the statement, but here is a good example of what it should be:

Statement:

I, (full name), living at the address: (...) declare that I refuse all preventive vaccinations (including vaccinations against hepatitis B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, hemophilus influenzae, measles, mumps, rubella) and anti-tuberculosis care for my child (full name) until he reaches 15 years of age.

This refusal is a deliberate decision, and is fully consistent with the norms of current legislation, including:

1) art. 32 (on consent to medical intervention) and Art. 33 (on the right to refuse medical intervention) “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens” dated July 22, 1993 No. 5487-1;

2) art. 5 (on the right to refuse vaccination) and Art. 11 (on vaccination with the consent of the parents of minors) federal law RF “On immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases” dated September 17, 1998 No. 157-FZ;

3) Art. 7, part 3 (on providing anti-tuberculosis care to minors only with the consent of their legal representatives) of the federal law “On preventing the spread of tuberculosis in Russian Federation" dated June 18, 2001 No. 77-FZ.

I ask you to provide registration medical documentation for my child unconditionally, without requirements for vaccination. In form 063, please note that there are no vaccinations based on Art. 5 and 11 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases”.

If you refuse, a copy of this application and my complaint will be sent to the relevant authorities and organizations to take measures to suppress your illegal actions.

________________(date) ________________ (signature)

Refusal of vaccinations should be a truly thoughtful decision, made not only on the basis of horror stories from the Internet, but also on the basis of consultation with a specialist whom you personally trust.

We also read: and a useful article about Note to moms!

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We are already 10 months old, and we have just completed all the vaccinations that should have been done at 6. This delay is due, first of all, to the lack of vaccines in our children's clinic and maternity hospital, the unbearable heat and teething. What vaccinations are given to infants, what should be done before and after vaccination, when vaccination cannot be done - I will try to answer all these questions, and also share the experience and recommendations received in due time from doctors.

To vaccinate or not to vaccinate?

After spending deep research work regarding the vaccination issue, my husband and I decided for ourselves: get vaccinated! In any case, you sleep more peacefully, knowing that your child is protected from the most dangerous “childhood” diseases.

What vaccinations?

Each country has its own vaccination calendar, which indicates the type of vaccination and the recommended age for vaccination. Here is the vaccination calendar for Ukraine.

All vaccinations can be done at the children's clinic at your place of residence absolutely free of charge. Before vaccination, you must undergo an examination by your local pediatrician, who, if the child’s condition is satisfactory, issues a referral for vaccination, and you write your consent. Also, the clinic now treats the situation absolutely normally if parents decide not to vaccinate. All that will be required of them is to write a refusal.

About vaccinations

The very first vaccinations against viral hepatitis B And tuberculosis , which, in accordance with the vaccination calendar, should be given in the maternity hospital on the 1st and 3-7th days of a healthy newborn’s life, we were not given. There were no vaccines. At least five of my friends were not there when they gave birth. Either it was such an unlucky year, or there really is a vaccine shortage - it’s hard to say, but in any case, the situation is deplorable material support Our health care system is a source of sympathy and sadness. So, dear mothers, future and present, be prepared for the fact that, unfortunately, there may not be vaccines.

When we came to our children’s clinic for the first time on “baby” day, we asked how we could get the vaccinations that we weren’t given at the maternity hospital. Regarding vaccination against hepatitis B, we were assured that there was no point in vaccinating such small children, and we were vaccinated for the first time at the age of 3 months, the second at 4 months, and the third at 6 months. Regarding BCG, there was no vaccine in the clinic, so I had to get vaccinated in a private clinic.

DPT — adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine. Together with DPT, all other vaccinations are often given: from Haemophilus influenzae infection, viral hepatitis B and polio , in our case this was the case. If BCG is done in the arm, then DTP and the complex are done in the leg. May develop at the injection site local reaction in the form of redness and swelling, we even had a bruise twice. Pain and mild fever are also common. The interval between vaccine administration is one month, so it is convenient to go for a monthly check-up with a pediatrician and immediately take a referral for vaccination.

Polio. There are two types of vaccines: inactivated polio vaccine(IPV) and oral live attenuated polio vaccine (OPV). The first two times vaccination passes IPV vaccine, and the last third time - OPV. A big discovery for me personally was that a child vaccinated with OPV secretes environment Vaccine-derived poliovirus can cause VAP in people who come into contact with a vaccinated child. This information forced me to quickly get the last vaccination for my child, before he began to actively communicate on playgrounds.

When vaccination should not be done:

Whether or not a vaccination can be done is determined only by the doctor immediately during the examination before the proposed vaccination. I can describe an approximate list of contraindications so that you can decide whether it is worth getting vaccinated at all. For example, we didn’t know about getting a vaccination when the teeth are cutting too much; we didn’t take the baby’s temperature in the morning, but went to the “baby” clinic. We stood in line for almost 2 hours to find out that it was in vain, since no one would vaccinate a child with a temperature of 37.0. So, you can’t vaccinate:

• In all cases when The child’s immune system is already busy with other things (fighting infection, for example). Therefore, vaccination should not be carried out when the child has a high body temperature and is unwell;
• When teeth are being cut (often this process is also accompanied elevated temperature body and decreased immunity);
• Less than three days after introducing a new food product (in order to distinguish the reaction to New Product from a reaction to a vaccine);
• Severe reaction or complications from a previous dose of the relevant vaccine ;
• Other times when mom feels like on that particular day It's better not to vaccinate . For example, something is bothering the baby, he didn’t sleep well, he lost his appetite, or the heat is unbearable.

How to prepare your child for vaccination

In most cases, there is no need to prepare the child in any special way for vaccination. The child must be healthy, and the mother must be sure that everything is normal. We were recommended:

• Do not feed your child an hour before vaccination;
• Dress according to the weather to avoid overheating and not vaccinate a sweaty baby;

What to take with you to the clinic

Unfortunately, when we were getting vaccinated, there was always something missing: either an adhesive plaster, or cotton wool, or the vaccine itself. Therefore, taught by bitter experience, we went with a full set:

• cotton wool;
• Adhesive bandage;
• A favorite toy (even vaccinations are better tolerated with a friend, and when you’re sitting in line to see a doctor, you also need something to entertain yourself with);
• A bottle of water or tea;

After each vaccination, the doctor discusses everything with you necessary actions. For vaccinations of infants up to one year old, our main recommendations were:

• Do not bathe for a day or two;
• Viburkol suppositories during the day, Paracetamol at night;
• Gel "Traumeel" at the injection site;
• Give the child plenty to drink;

Thus, in order to be fully vaccinated, a child under one year old needs a total of 7 injections and one drop of vaccine under the tongue. I can’t say that my child was very happy with the vaccinations, we screamed loudly and cried too, but, fortunately, there were no strong reactions. The only drugs used were paracetamol, traumeel and viburkol.

That’s basically all I remembered about vaccinations. If you have any questions, ask, I will be happy to answer!

Easy vaccinations for you and good health You and the baby!

With love,
Marina Kruchinskaya

You are looking forward to the birth of your baby.

And every now and then you are attacked from all sides with questions: when is the due date, who will be, where will you give birth, and what will you call it, and will you vaccinate your child after birth?

If many questions from this list can be answered unambiguously, then last question shrouded in many doubts. It confuses many expectant mothers, because even among pediatricians there is disagreement about whether a child needs vaccinations in the first months of life.

To decide whether or not to vaccinate a child, of course, you need to understand the situation and try to find answers to the most important questions about vaccination. What vaccinations will a child receive in 2019, what are these vaccinations for, are they dangerous for the baby’s health, how to properly prepare for vaccination? Let's try to find answers to all these questions together.

Vaccination calendar for the first three months of life

In the first three months of life, your child, according to the approved Ministry of Health of Ukraine, should receive the following vaccinations:

• BCG (tuberculosis vaccination);
• hepatitis B vaccination;
• DTP (vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus);
• from polio;
• from hemophilus influenzae infection.

Now let's take a closer look at each vaccination separately.

BCG (tuberculosis vaccination)

The BCG vaccination is usually given on the 3-7th day of the child’s life in the maternity hospital, the injection is given in left shoulder at the border of its upper and middle thirds.

BCG is short for “bacillus Calmette-Gerren” - bacillus Calmette-Gerren (BCG), after the name of the scientists who received this vaccine.

Why is BCG vaccination necessary?

What is the BCG vaccine?

BCG vaccine - these are weakened pathogenic bacteria, which cannot cause tuberculosis, but enable the body to form immunity against this disease. In all countries of the world, I use the same vaccine for BCG vaccination. different manufacturers. In addition to the traditional BCG vaccine, there is also BCG-M vaccine . It contains two times less microbial bodies than a regular vaccine. This vaccine is given to weak and low birth weight children.

What might be the reaction to the BCG vaccine?

Some time after BCG injections the skin at the injection site may turn red. It is also possible for an abscess or swelling to form at the vaccination site. Some children may have inflammation at the injection site, itching, and a fever several hours after vaccination. All these reactions to the BCG vaccination are considered normal and indicate that the vaccine is working.

Complications after vaccination

Complications after BCG vaccination are considered to be such conditions of the body in which the child’s health is disordered and immediate treatment is required. . It is important to note that this vaccine is very rare. Children with congenital immune problems (for example, children born to mothers with HIV) most often experience complications after BCG.

Among the most frequent complications after BCG there are:

• inflammation of the lymph nodes;
• extensive suppuration;
• keloid scars
• Osteitis - bone tuberculosis;
• generalized BCG infection is the most severe complication, it is a consequence of congenital disorders in the immune system of a vaccinated child, this infection leads to damage various organs and body systems.

How many times do you get the BCG vaccine?

If, after the first vaccination, the child has a scar on his arm, if in the future he develops positive reaction Mantoux, this suggests that the BCG vaccine worked. In this situation, repeated vaccination at the age of 7 years is not required. If the body does not respond to the vaccination: there is no trace of the injection, the Mantoux reaction is negative, then the issue of re-vaccination at the age of 7 years is considered.

The vaccination calendar indicates two BCG vaccinations: in the first days of life and at 7 years of age.

Hepatitis B

In all developed countries Around the world, newborns are vaccinated against hepatitis B in the first days of life.

Viral hepatitis B - This infectious disease liver disease caused by the virus, it is characterized by severe liver damage. The disease has various shapes: acute hepatitis with jaundice, asymptomatic virus carriage, acute liver failure, liver cirrhosis, cancer. Hepatitis B infection occurs through blood

In the world, 5-10% of the population are carriers of hepatitis B, 2 billion people suffer from one form or another of hepatitis B.

What are the benefits of vaccination against hepatitis B?

Newborns have a very high risk, about 95%, become chronic carriers of hepatitis B, which is why vaccination against hepatitis is provided in the first months of life.

DPT

DTP vaccination helps build immunity against such dangerous diseases like whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus.

Whooping cough - This is an acute infectious disease caused by whooping cough. It is transmitted by airborne droplets, manifested by attacks of severe spasmodic cough. Whooping cough usually occurs in children under 10 years of age.

Diphtheria - is an acute infectious disease that causes diphtheria bacillus, it is transmitted by airborne droplets. Diphtheria is characterized by inflammation of the mucous membranes, usually the upper respiratory tract, as well as general intoxication of the body.

Tetanus - This acute illness infectious origin with the contact mechanism of transmission of the pathogen, it is manifested by damage to the nervous system, tension in the skeletal muscles and severe convulsions.