Polio (from the Greek polios - “gray”, referring to the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord; from the Greek myelos - “ spinal cord") - it's hard infection, which is caused by polio viruses types 1, 2, 3. It is characterized by damage to the nervous system (mainly the gray matter of the spinal cord), which leads to paralysis, as well as inflammatory changes in the intestinal mucosa and nasopharynx, occurring under the “mask” of an acute respiratory infection or intestinal infection.
Epidemic outbreaks are most often associated with polio virus type 1. Epidemics of polio have occurred throughout human history. In the 50s of the 20th century, two American scientists, Sabin and Salk, were the first to create vaccines against this disease. The first researcher proposed a product containing weakened live polio viruses in this capacity, the second one developed a vaccine from killed viruses of the disease. Thanks to vaccination, the dangerous disease was defeated.
However, in some regions of the world, so-called wild polio viruses still circulate in nature, and unvaccinated people can get sick. The disease is transmitted from person to person by talking, sneezing, or through contaminated objects, food, or water. The source of infection is a sick person. Due to its high contagiousness, the infection spreads quickly, but a polio outbreak is suspected when the first case of paralysis is noted. The incubation period of the disease (from the moment of infection to the appearance of the first symptoms) lasts 7-14 days (can range from 3 to 35 days). Viruses enter the body through the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx or intestines, multiply there, then penetrate the blood and reach nerve cells the brain, but most often the spinal cord, and destroy them. This determines the appearance of paralysis.
Forms of polio in children
Virus carriers
If the virus does not spread beyond the nasopharynx and intestines, then the disease does not manifest itself clinically in the infected person. However, the infected person himself is a source of infection for others.
Non-paralytic forms
This is a relatively favorable variant of the course of the disease. If the virus manages to penetrate the blood, the disease proceeds as follows: acute respiratory infections(with fever, malaise, runny nose, sore and red throat, loss of appetite) or acute intestinal infection(with frequent, loose stools). Another form is emergence serous meningitis (lesions of the membranes of the brain). Fever appears headache, vomiting, tension in the neck muscles, as a result of which it is impossible to bring the chin closer to the chest (symptoms indicating involvement of the meninges in inflammatory process), twitching and muscle pain.
Paralytic form
Exactly this severe manifestation polio. The disease in this case begins acutely, with high temperature, malaise, refusal to eat, in half of the cases symptoms of damage to the upper respiratory tract(cough, runny nose) and intestines (loose stools), and after 1-3 days symptoms of damage to the nervous system (headache, pain in the limbs, back) appear. Patients are drowsy, reluctant to change body position due to pain, and experience muscle twitching. This is the pre-paralysis period, which lasts 1-6 days. Then the temperature drops and paralysis develops. This happens very quickly, within 1-3 days or even several hours. One limb may be paralyzed, but much more often both arms and legs are immobilized. Damage to the respiratory muscles is also possible, which leads to breathing problems. In rare cases, paralysis of the facial muscles occurs. The paralytic period lasts up to 2 weeks, and then gradually begins recovery period, which lasts up to 1 year. In most cases full recovery does not occur, the limb remains shortened, atrophy (disorder of tissue nutrition) and muscle changes persist. It is worth noting that paralysis occurs in only 1% of those infected.
Diagnosis of polio in children
The diagnosis of poliomyelitis is established on the basis of characteristic external manifestations illness and epidemiological prerequisites: for example, in the presence of infected or sick people in the patient’s environment, as well as in summer time. The fact is that on hot days people (and especially children) swim a lot, and you can become infected with the virus by swallowing water from an open reservoir. In addition, data allows diagnosing polio laboratory research(for example, isolation of the virus from the nasopharyngeal mucus, feces and blood of the patient, examination cerebrospinal fluid). But these studies are expensive and are not carried out in every hospital, much less in every clinic. To carry out such analyses, a network of centers has been created laboratory diagnostics polio, where material from the patient is delivered for study.
Vaccination against polio for a child
Considering that polio is viral infection And specific therapy, affecting precisely these viruses, no, the only one effective means Prevention of disease is vaccination.
Two drugs are used for vaccination against polio: oral (from Latin oris mouth, pertaining to the mouth) live polio vaccine (OPV), containing weakened modified live polio viruses, the solution of which is dripped into the mouth, and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) ), containing killed wild polio viruses, which is administered by injection. Both vaccines contain 3 types of polio virus. That is, they protect against all existing “variations” of this infection. True, IPV is not yet produced in our country. But there is a foreign vaccine IMOVAX POLIO, which can be used for grafting. In addition, IPV is part of the vaccine TETRACOK(combined vaccine for the prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio). Both of these drugs are used commercially at the request of parents. Polio vaccines can be administered simultaneously with immunoglobulin and any other vaccines except BCG.
Since January 1, 2008, the first and second vaccinations against polio are carried out with an inactivated vaccine (IPV). The third vaccination is carried out with live vaccines to prevent polio (6 months).
Polio vaccination schedule
First vaccination with inactivated polio vaccine - 3 months.
The second vaccination is carried out with an inactivated polio vaccine - 4.5 months.
The third vaccination is carried out with live vaccines to prevent polio - 6 months.
First revaccination - 18 months.
Second revaccination - 20 months.
Third revaccination - 14 years.
List of vaccines registered in the Russian Federation for the prevention of polio|
Vaccine name |
Vaccine purpose |
Type of vaccine |
Manufacturer country |
|
Oral polio vaccine types 1,2,3 |
|||
|
Imovax polio |
Vaccine to prevent polio |
Injection |
|
|
Poliorix |
Vaccine for the prevention of polio, inactivated |
Injection |
|
|
Infanrix Penta |
Vaccine for the prevention of whooping cough (acellular), diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B, polio (inactivated) |
Injection |
|
|
Infanrix Hexa |
Vaccine for the prevention of whooping cough (acellular), diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B, polio (inactivated), invasive infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (meningitis, septicemia, pneumonia, epiglotitis, etc.). |
Injection |
|
|
Tetraxim |
Vaccine for the prevention of diphtheria and tetanus, adsorbed, whooping cough (acellular), polio (inactivated) |
Injection |
|
|
Pentaxim |
Adsorbed vaccine for the prevention of diphtheria and tetanus, whooping cough (acellular), polio, invasive infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (meningitis, septicemia, pneumonia, epiglotitis, etc.). |
Injection |
Oral polio vaccine - liquid substance Pink colour, bitter-salty taste.
Method of administration: instillation into the mouth, for children - on lymphoid tissue pharynx, for older children - on the surface of the palatine tonsils, where immunity begins to form. There are no taste buds in these places, and the child will not feel the unpleasant taste of the vaccine. Otherwise there will be profuse drooling, the baby swallows the drug, it gets into the stomach with saliva and is destroyed there. The vaccine will be ineffective. OPV is instilled from a disposable plastic dropper or using a disposable syringe (without a needle). Dose depends on the concentration of the drug: 4 drops or 2 drops. If the baby burps after receiving the vaccine, the procedure is repeated. After repeated regurgitation, the vaccine is no longer administered, and the next dose is given after a month and a half. Within an hour after the administration of OPV, you should not feed or water the child.
Body reaction
After OPV administration, vaccine reactions (local or general) are usually absent. In extremely rare cases, it is possible that low-grade fever(up to 37.5 degrees C) 5-14 days after vaccination. In children early age Occasionally, an increase in stool frequency is observed, which persists for 1-2 days after vaccination and goes away without treatment. These reactions are not complications. If stool disturbances are pronounced (there is mucus, greens, blood streaks in the stool, etc.) and continue for a long time, this may be a manifestation of an intestinal infection, which coincidentally coincided with vaccination.
How does vaccination work?
The oral live polio vaccine is stored in the intestines for a long time (up to 1 month) and, like all live vaccines, forms in the body of the vaccinated person an immunity almost identical to that which occurs after suffering the infection itself. In this case, antibodies (protective proteins) are synthesized in the blood and on the intestinal mucosa (so-called secretory immunity), which do not allow the “wild” virus to enter the body. In addition, specific protective cells are formed that are able to recognize polio viruses in the body and destroy them. Another property is also important: while the vaccine virus lives in the intestines, it does not allow the “wild” polio virus to enter there. Therefore, in regions where there is polio, newborn children are vaccinated with a live vaccine right in the maternity hospital to protect the baby in the first month of life from infection. This type of vaccination does not create long-term immunity, which is why it is called “zero”. And the first vaccination dose is administered to the child at 2 months and they continue to be vaccinated according to full scheme. The live polio vaccine has another unexpected property - it stimulates the synthesis of interferon (an antiviral substance) in the body. Therefore, indirectly, such a vaccination can protect against influenza and other viral respiratory infections.
Complications from live polio vaccine
The only serious, but fortunately very rare complication of OPV vaccination is vaccine-associated polio (VAP) ) . This disease can develop during the first, less often during the second, and extremely rarely during the third administration of a live vaccine, in cases where it was vaccinated to a child with congenital immunodeficiency or to an AIDS patient in the stage of immunodeficiency. Predisposes to the development of VAP and birth defects development gastrointestinal tract. In other cases, this complication does not develop. Persons who have had vaccine-associated polio should continue to be vaccinated, but only with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV).
Inactivated polio vaccine Available in liquid form, packaged in syringe doses of 0.5 ml.
Method of administration: injection. Children under 18 months. - subcutaneously into the subscapular region (possibly into the shoulder) or intramuscularly into the thigh, for older children - into the shoulder. No restrictions on eating or drinking times are required.
Body reaction
After the introduction of IPV, 5-7% of vaccinated people may have local vaccine reactions (which is not a complication of vaccination) in the form of swelling and redness not exceeding 8 cm in diameter. In 1-4% of cases, general vaccine reactions are observed in the form of a short-term low rise in temperature and restlessness of the child on the first or second day after vaccination.
How does vaccination work?
When inactivated polio vaccine is administered, the vaccinated person develops antibodies in the blood. However, they practically do not form on the intestinal mucosa. Protective cells capable of recognizing and destroying polio viruses along with the pathogen in the body are not synthesized, as is the case with OPV vaccination. This is a significant disadvantage of IPV. However, when using an inactivated vaccine, vaccine-associated poliomyelitis never occurs and it can be safely administered to children with immunodeficiency.
Complications
A side effect of IPV can, in very rare cases, be an allergic rash.
ATTENTION! Persons who have had polio must continue to be vaccinated in the future, since a second illness may be caused by a different type of virus.
Unvaccinated people, be careful!
People who have not been vaccinated against polio (regardless of age) and who also suffer from immunodeficiency can become infected by a vaccinated child and develop vaccine-associated polio (VAP). Cases have been described when vaccinated children infected parents with AIDS, in the stage of immunodeficiency, as well as relatives with primary immunodeficiency or those receiving medications that suppress the immune system (in treatment oncological diseases). To prevent similar situations It is recommended to vaccinate the child inactivated polio vaccine , and also wash your hands after washing the baby and do not kiss the vaccinated person on the lips. Vaccination against polio, like any other vaccination, if done on time and according to the rules, will help the fragile baby resist a serious and dangerous disease. This means it will make the child stronger, strengthen his body and relieve parents from many problems and trials that the family of a seriously ill child usually has to endure.
Paralysis (from the Greek paralysis to relax) is a disorder of motor functions in the form complete absence voluntary movements, due to disruption of the transmission of nerve signals to the corresponding muscles.
Immunoglobulin is a drug made from the blood of a person who has been ill or vaccinated against a particular infection and has developed antibodies- protective proteins against infectious agents.
Article “Vaccinations: on the issue of safety” (No. 4, 2004)
Keep a vaccination calendar using ours, write down the real dates of your child’s vaccinations, and receive notifications about upcoming vaccinations by email!
Poliomyelitis, or infantile spinal paralysis, is an acute infectious disease caused by an intestinal enterovirus and accompanied by damage to the gray matter of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. The main route of transmission, like everyone else intestinal infections– fecal-oral, but infection by airborne droplets is also possible.
It is often asymptomatic and is especially active in the autumn-summer months, although cases of infection are recorded throughout the year. Specific antiviral treatment There is no cure for polio; the only way to prevent this terrible disease is vaccination.
The polio virus is found throughout to the globe, and does not have specific habitats. Before the start of active vaccination of the population, the incidence was epidemic in nature. Although the course of non-paralytic forms of poliomyelitis mainly has favorable prognosis In more severe paralytic forms, defects of varying severity often remain until the end of life. The virus first multiplies in pharyngeal tonsils and in the intestines infected person, and then penetrates the blood and nerve cells, destroys and kills them.
The death of 25-30% or more of the nerve cells of the spinal cord leads to the development of paresis varying degrees heaviness, complete paralysis, atrophy of the limbs.
In the middle of the last century, two American scientists independently created the first vaccines against polio. The first vaccine contained live attenuated viruses and was intended for oral administration, the second contained completely killed viruses and was administered by injection intramuscularly or subcutaneously. It is these two types of vaccines that are widely used today to prevent polio. Vaccines build immunity to the disease, block infection by wild strains of the virus, their transmission from person to person, and protect both individuals and the entire population as a whole (this mechanism is called “herd immunity”).
OPV and IPV
OPV is an oral (“live”) vaccine against polio, which is instilled into the mouth using a special mini-dropper or syringe without a needle, more precisely, on the root of the tongue for infants or on the surface of the tonsils of older children, where the formation of immunity begins. If the child burps or spits, the administration of the drug is repeated, but only once; in case of repeated regurgitation, vaccination will be delayed for 1.5 months to avoid an overdose. Single dose – 2 to 4 drops of vaccine. Within an hour after the child’s vaccine is administered, for obvious reasons You can’t give water or food.
The principle of action of OPV is similar to all other live vaccines. When instilled, the virus from the vaccine enters the intestines, where immunity is formed at approximately the same level as it would be after, only without the disease itself. Antibodies are synthesized on the intestinal mucosa that actively displace wild polioviruses entering from the outside, preventing them from multiplying and penetrating deeper body. During polio outbreaks, which occur from time to time even in developed, prosperous countries, OPV is instilled into newborn babies directly in maternity hospitals.
IPV is an inactivated (“killed”) vaccine against polio, contains killed pathogen viruses, is administered by injection into the thigh or shoulder and causes the production of antibodies in the blood of the vaccinated person. On the intestinal mucosa, unlike OPV, antibodies and protective cells against the virus are not formed, which until recently was considered a significant disadvantage of inactivated vaccines. Recent studies in which IPV and OPV vaccine recipients were then given live vaccines that mimic wild virus infection and then assessed for the amount of virus excreted in their stool have shown that this is not entirely true. The virus entered the recipients' intestines with approximately the same frequency in both cases.
The choice to vaccinate with OPV makes practical sense only when faced with a wild virus, which is now relatively rare.
Immunization schedule
According to the vaccine approved in our country, the first three vaccinations are carried out with IPV, the subsequent ones with OPV. This vaccination regimen is considered optimal for developing stable immunity. In addition to vaccination and revaccination of children, repeated vaccinations against polio are also given to the adult population in case of travel to areas dangerous for polio or epidemic indications at your place of residence.
Currently, the following mixed vaccination schedule is used in Russia:
- 6 months – OPV (third vaccination, last);
- 18 months – OPV (first revaccination);
- 20 months - OPV (second revaccination);
- 14 years old - OPV (third revaccination, last).
Only IPV is possible, in this case the same intervals are observed as with a mixed regimen, with the only difference being that IPV does not require revaccination at 20 months, but does require it at the age of 6 years (5 years after the last vaccination according to the main regimen) . This graph can be visually represented as follows:
- 3 months – IPV (first vaccination);
- 4.5 months – IPV (second vaccination);
- 6 months – IPV (third vaccination);
- 18 months – IPV (first revaccination);
- 6 years – IPV (second revaccination).
The first schedule assumes that the child receives 5 doses of the vaccine up to 2 years of age, the second - 4. If a vaccination regimen of only IPV is chosen, it is recommended to rely primarily on the instructions for any inactivated polio vaccine. The IPV-exclusive vaccination regimen is used in many countries around the world, for example, in the USA.
If the vaccination schedule is disrupted or shifted for some reason, you should not panic, or even refuse vaccination altogether. A pediatrician or a specialized immunoprophylaxis specialist - an immunologist-vaccinologist - will help you create an individual vaccination schedule; the effect of vaccination will be exactly the same. The recommended interval between vaccinations of 45 days is minimal, but the formation of immunity does not stop with increasing interval, i.e. if the second or subsequent vaccination is missed, vaccination is not started from the beginning, but continues further according to the scheme.
Both vaccines, live and inactivated, are interchangeable, and even more so, vaccines of the same type from different manufacturers are interchangeable.
Contraindications, side effects, VAPP
Although vaccination against polio is considered perhaps the most serious link in the overall vaccination schedule, modern vaccines are usually well tolerated and have minimal side effects. In most cases, the vaccine manifests itself as swelling, redness, hardness at the injection site, weakness, moodiness, slight increase body temperature. In young children, bowel disorders are observed. All these post-vaccination manifestations are absolutely normal, do not require treatment and disappear without a trace in a couple of days.
The only serious thing, fortunately, is enough rare complication vaccination - VAPP (vaccine-associated paralytic polio). The risk of developing VAPP is highest after the first vaccination, and very rarely during the second vaccination. VAPP proceeds similarly to real polio, with paresis and paralysis of the limbs. This complication can occur in children with weakened immune systems or in a state of immunodeficiency (for example, HIV-infected, cancer patients) who have serious developmental defects and serious illnesses internal organs, especially the intestines. In all these groups of people, only IPV should be used, the principle of which excludes VAPP.
For an unvaccinated child, there is a possibility of getting the virus in kindergarten from children vaccinated with OPV through contact through a shared toilet, toys, etc.
When carrying out collective revaccination against polio with live vaccines, unvaccinated children are quarantined for a period of 2 weeks to a month precisely in order to prevent the risk of VAPP. The literature also describes cases of infection of pregnant women or unvaccinated infants from an older child in the family who received OPV. In such cases, it is recommended either to also use IPV, or to observe hygiene especially carefully - do not let children use a shared potty, wash their hands.
People who are allergic to some of the antibiotics it contains cannot be vaccinated with IPV. Both types of vaccines are contraindicated for further use in people who have had neurological disorders(encephalopathy, seizures) or generalized allergic reaction(anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema) after the first injection.
It is no secret that mass vaccination at the state level has become the subject of heated debate in our time. Both sides present compelling and well-reasoned pros and cons of vaccinations. No experts can make a choice for the baby’s worried parents, but it is logical to assume that serious infections should not be fought against. complete refusal from vaccination, but by searching for a high-quality vaccine, for example, a polyvalent one. In this way, the child can not be burdened with unnecessary injections, and vaccination against polio can be combined with vaccination against other pathogens.
The polio vaccine is a reliable way to prevent severe neurological infection. – a viral infection that leads to the development of paralysis, which causes disability for life. There are no drugs that effectively treat the polio virus. Therefore, the risk of disease can only be reduced through vaccination.
The polio vaccine has been used around the world since 1955, which has allowed many countries to get rid of this disease completely. The virus is no longer circulating in the Americas and Western Pacific regions. Today, only some countries in Asia and Africa remain a source of infection (especially India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Afghanistan).
Polio vaccination schedule
Every country on Earth has its own polio vaccination schedule. This is due varying degrees risk of encountering the virus, starting from birth. In countries where cases of polio are still regularly reported, the vaccine is given on the first day of life.
In Russia, the vaccine administration schedule is as follows: at 3, 4.5 and 6 months (these three injections are called vaccination), then at 1.5 years, 20 months and 14 years (these three injections are called revaccination). This regimen is used when administering an oral vaccine or when using oral and inactivated vaccines in combination.
If used as a vaccine only inactivated vaccine, then the schedule is as follows: 3, 4.5 and 6 months (vaccination), then at 1.5 years and after 5 years (re-vaccination).
If for some reason the vaccine administration schedule is disrupted (for example, due to a child’s illness), then the timing of vaccine administration is slightly shifted. The child receives the necessary dose upon recovery and then as planned according to the calendar.
Types of vaccines
There are two types of vaccines: live oral Sebin vaccine (OPV) and Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Both contain all three naturally occurring types of poliovirus (1, 2, 3). OPV is produced in Russia, IPV is produced in other countries, but is approved for use in the Russian Federation (Imovax-polio). In addition, IPV is part of the Tetracok combination vaccine registered in Russia (simultaneous prevention of diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio).
Live oral polio vaccine
It was created by Dr. Sebin in 1955. It contains a significantly weakened but live polio virus. It is a red liquid with a bitter aftertaste. It is administered by instilling 2 (4) drops through the mouth (depending on the concentration of the drug) through a special dropper pipette: in children under one year of age - try to get to the root of the tongue (less risk of regurgitation, since the root of the tongue does not contain taste endings), in older children age - on the palatine tonsil. If the child nevertheless burps, then it is necessary to re-drop the same dose. You can neither eat nor drink for an hour after instillation. The vaccine strain of the virus, entering the lymphoid tissue (in the area of the root of the tongue and tonsil) and then into the intestines, begins to multiply there. The immune system in response, it synthesizes antibodies, which form the body’s defenses. Immunity is developing similar to that, which is formed during the disease with “real” polio. When the body encounters a real polio virus, the existing antibodies are activated, and the disease does not develop (and if it does develop, then in mild form, without paralysis).
In addition, children vaccinated with OPV release the vaccine strain of the virus into environment(when sneezing, coughing, with feces) for almost two months. The weakened virus spreads among other children, as if additionally “vaccinating” them. The circulation of such a strain of the virus displaces the wild one (original from nature). It is thanks to this property of the live vaccine that it was possible to eradicate the virus on several continents.
Is it dangerous live vaccine against polio for unvaccinated children? Why is the administration of kindergartens trying to separate vaccinated children from unvaccinated ones, and why can children vaccinated with a live vaccine calmly attend preschool institutions and play in common sandboxes? There are many legends and rumors, superstitions and assumptions about the OPV (live strain) vaccination. There's really no danger this vaccination has no idea, and only a severely weakened child can become infected with the virus.
Characteristics of the disease
Poliomyelitis - acute infectious viral disease with serious consequences such as paralysis. The virus is transmitted through dirty hands or when communicating with an infected person. The virus is found on household items, which makes it especially dangerous. You can get polio through contact with contaminated objects or contact with a carrier of the poliovirus. The virus is resistant to aggression external environment and can remain active for up to four months.
You can get infected at any age, but children up to age are more likely to get the disease. school age. Poliovirus enters oral cavity and multiplies in the mucous membrane. It then penetrates the intestines and then penetrates the spinal cord. A complication after the disease can be paralysis, in some cases the virus is fatal.
To protect humanity from deadly dangerous virus, two vaccines were created - with live and inactivated (killed) bacteria. Thanks to routine immunization of the population, it was possible to eliminate foci of mass infection of people. The danger lies in the impossibility of setting correct diagnosis in the initial stage of the disease: polio resembles a common cold! Symptoms of the disease are:
- headache and muscle pain;
- cough and runny nose;
- hyperthermia;
- gastrointestinal disorder.
Diagnosis is possible only after the virus has penetrated the spinal cord, when paresis and paralysis occur. Stationary way and traditional therapy polio has no cure. Therefore, vaccination is the only way to avoid the disease and complications. Currently, a live vaccine (OPV) is used in the form of drops in the mouth.
Immunization is carried out in conjunction with DTP vaccination. After instillation of the vaccine, you should not drink or eat food for at least an hour. If the baby regurgitates the vaccine, he is re-administered the required dose. Revaccination is carried out at 1.5 years and 14 years. After this, the body is considered protected for 15 years.
How is immunization carried out?
Many mothers worry that the vaccine may trigger polio instead of developing an immune response. However possible complications after vaccination are less dangerous than complications after polio.
The first OPV vaccination is given to a child after six months, since earlier administration of a live culture can cause a serious complication. The vaccine is dripped either onto the baby’s tongue or onto the tonsils.
A contraindication to vaccination is severely weakened immunity. And a person with a weakened state can become infected from a child vaccinated with a live vaccine. immune protection. Immunodeficiency poses a serious risk to an unvaccinated child.
Why is a live culture dripped if it poses a risk of a dangerous disease? Because the OPV vaccine gives more reliable protection from the virus than an inactivated (killed culture). However, for children with weak immune defenses, a live culture cannot be administered, so they are vaccinated with an inactivated strain of bacteria.
Important! A child vaccinated with a live vaccine is a carrier of the virus for 60 days.
Side effects and complications
Side effects from polio vaccination are similar to the usual complications after all vaccinations. These include:
- headache;
- nausea;
- hyperthermia;
- bowel disorder.
However, these symptoms do not pose a threat to health. The danger lies in illness after immunization with a live culture. Therefore, it is strictly prohibited to vaccinate a child who is known to have a weakened immune system or who is recovering from a cold.
What is dangerous complication after vaccination? This is vaccine-associated polio, which can occur within a month after immunization - on any day starting from the fourth. Symptoms of this disease are expressed in:
- temperature increase;
- changes in coordination of movements - limbs do not obey;
- loss of sensation in the limbs;
- change in gait.
If a child complains of pain, has a limp or drags a leg, this is considered an acceptable reaction to the vaccine. This condition will correct itself in a few days; the child does not need to be treated. Shown antihistamines(as recommended by the pediatrician) when allergic symptoms or antipyretics for hyperthermia.
IN severe case paralysis may develop. If this pathology persists for more than two months, a diagnosis of vaccine-associated polio can be made. However pathological changes are not found in the body in all children, but in those who are weakened or suffering neurological disorders. There is a certain risk of disease in children with intestinal dysbiosis, since disruption of the microflora contributes to the activity of the virus in a favorable environment.
Important! Before vaccination, the baby should be checked by a neurologist and dysbacteriosis treated.
Is vaccination dangerous?
Can an unvaccinated baby get sick after contact with a carrier of the virus (vaccinated child)? In children's preschool institutions There is a practice of separating vaccinated children from unvaccinated ones. However, vaccinated children go to nursery/kindergarten without any hindrance. Disunion concerns only uninhabited children. Why is this happening?
Why are carriers of the active virus allowed to visit a nursery/kindergarten and communicate with unvaccinated children? Because a healthy baby cannot become infected with the virus; only children with severe immunodeficiency will suffer. But there are very few of them: practically, there are no such children. If carriers of the virus posed a threat to the surrounding children, they would not be allowed into public children's institutions for 60 days. Therefore, parents should not worry about their unvaccinated children: there is no danger.
What happens during contact with a carrier of the virus? An unvaccinated baby receives a certain portion of the vaccine strain, resulting in passive immunization. For a baby to get sick, certain conditions are necessary:
- severe immunodeficiency;
- prolonged contact with a carrier of the virus;
- The route of transmission is certainly oral-fecal.
Even under these circumstances, the disease will not be pathogenic in nature, and the baby will not receive paralysis. The maximum that can happen is the symptoms of a cold, which will end quickly. Another problem after contact with a carrier of the virus can be intestinal upset. However, intestinal disorders occur in young children even without vaccine strains.
Bottom line
We have found that there is no danger from a carrier of a live vaccine. An unvaccinated baby will simply receive a small passive immunization from this virus. Even if the baby has a weakened immune system, he will not receive paralysis after infection. What can a child expect in this situation? Symptoms common cold which is easy to treat. In other cases, infection is expressed in general malaise and stool disorder. Severe consequences can only occur in a child with a severely weakened immune defense and neurological problems.
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