Painful, irritating mouth sores can appear at any time and have a variety of causes, but in most cases they form during periods of stress or illness.

Fortunately, you can get rid of stomatitis quite easily on your own using folk remedies.

However, if mouth ulcers cannot be removed at home, then it is better to seek treatment. medical care to specialists.

Causes of mouth ulcers

The most common cause of inflammation of the oral mucosa with the appearance of ulcers is stomatitis. It can be aphthous, herpetiform, fungal (candida), allergic, traumatic. The disease occurs in acute and chronic forms.

1. . This inflammatory disease oral cavity, which is characterized by the presence of painful aphthae - grayish-white ulcers with clear outlines.
2. Aphthous recurrent stomatitis. Refers to diseases chronic with periods of exacerbation. With minor trauma, small lesions appear on the mucous membrane - aphthae.
3. For herpetiform stomatitis There are many small ulcers in the mouth, reminiscent of herpes simplex. This disease usually occurs in women under 30 years of age.
4. For fungal stomatitis Mouth ulcers are covered with a white coating and are caused by a fungal infection entering the oral cavity.
5. Recurrent necrotizing peryadenitis(Setton's aphthae) is characterized by the formation of a compaction in the submucosa, then painful ulcers with raised and thickened edges form in this place, as well as the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate
6. Ulcerative stomatitis. The disease develops as a result of untreated simple, or catarrhal stomatitis.
7. Ulcerative gingivitis. The disease is characterized by the appearance of ulcerations in the area of ​​the papillae between the teeth.
8. Chemical and radiation injuries . Multiple red and painful rashes appear as a reaction to radiation therapy. Accidental or intentional entry into the oral cavity chemical substances causes a burn with ulcerative manifestations.

Traumatic ulcers are also a common cause of oral lesions. They may be a consequence of:

• injuries from rough food;
• biting cheeks, lips;
• excessive brushing of teeth;
• inaccurate dental intervention.

In a small child, ulcers on the roof of the mouth can form due to thumb sucking (so-called Bednar's aphthae). Ulcers yellowish color and are located on the mucous membrane of the palate.

View photos

[collapse]

Ulcers as a symptom of a general disease

Some serious illnesses Their arsenal of symptoms includes mouth ulcers. Among the most common ailments are:

1. Tuberculosis of the oral mucosa. The first sign is small mounds, in place of which a little later ulcers form, gradually growing. The ulcer is small, its bottom is formed by bleeding epithelial cells. The pain is acute. The patient loses weight, the tongue is coated, the work of the sweat glands increases, and the body temperature increases.
2. . This disease is characterized by round, painless, red ulcers covered with a dark gray coating.
3. Gingivostomatitis in acute necrotic form provoked viral infection. Usually the ulcers cover the cheeks, gums, soft palate, and tonsils.
4. Cancer . In such a situation, the ulcers that appear are characterized by uneven, thickened edges. They don't hurt, but they take a very long time to heal.

Treatment for mouth ulcers can be quite lengthy if you use medications thoughtlessly. Remember that any disease has its own cause, which must be established without fail.

Symptoms of aphthous stomatitis

Canker sores usually appear on moving parts of the mouth, such as the tongue or inner surface lips and cheeks, and at the base of the gums. The ulcers initially appear as small oval or round reddish swellings that usually appear within a day (see photo).

Ruptured ulcers are covered with a thin white or yellow membrane and are surrounded by a red circle around the edge. In general, the ulcers heal within two weeks without leaving scars. Fever is rare and ulcers are rarely associated with other diseases.

Usually a person develops one or more ulcers at a time.

View photos

[collapse]

Symptoms of herpetiform stomatitis

It is characterized by the appearance of multiple small ulcers. In appearance, it resembles ulcers that occur when herpes simplex. They usually appear in young women under 30 years of age.

Basically, stomatitis herpetiformis appears on the lower surface of the tongue and in the oral cavity (see photo). This form of stomatitis has a grayish base and does not have clear boundaries. The healing process ends in 7-10 days.

View photos

[collapse]

Most often, a traumatic ulcer appears due to physical impact. It usually appears due to a deliberate or accidental bite of the mucous membrane. Damage from a toothbrush is also possible.

Dental treatment can also trigger a traumatic ulcer. This is usually due to careless use of tools.

View photos

[collapse]

How to treat mouth ulcers at home

Traditional medicine has invented a huge number of recipes that allow you to treat mouth ulcers at home.

Here are some of them:

1. Make a paste from baking soda adding a small amount of water and apply to the affected area. At the same time, you can mix some baking soda in water and rinse your mouth several times a day.
2. It is recommended to rinse your mouth with a decoction of calendula flowers, horseradish juice diluted in half with water, a decoction of horse sorrel, carrot juice, and hydrogen peroxide. From the first day of illness you need to take multivitamin teas.
3. Take 1 tbsp. calendula leaves, pour 250 ml of boiling water over it, then keep the mixture on the fire for 10 minutes. The broth will need to be filtered and used as a mouth rinse.
4. For 2 cups of boiling water, 5 tablets of furatsilin, a teaspoon of soda and salt. Use for rinsing.
5. Take the juice from the inside of aloe vera leaves and apply it directly to the ulcers. Do this several times a day.
6. Lubricate the affected areas with sour cream with the addition of chopped garlic or onion, you can also use sea buckthorn oil.
7. After using the tea bag, place the wet tea bag in the refrigerator for a few minutes. After some time, take a cooled, damp tea bag and gently place it on the sores for fifteen to twenty minutes.

If all of the above home recipes do not help, you can try other methods of treating mouth ulcers:

1. Mix the contents of 2 ampoules of vitamin B12 and one ampule of dexamethasone, add 2 crushed nystatin tablets. Soak small cotton wool flagella in the medicine and apply them for 10 minutes three or four times a day.
2. Take internally antihistamines(loratadine, tavegil, suprastin) or desensitizers (fenkarol).
3. Treat ulcers with lidocaine gels.
4. Treat ulcers with dexamethasone gel.
5. Rinse your mouth with antiseptics from the pharmacy.
6. When ulcers appear on the red border of the lips, you can confidently diagnose “herpes” and use ““ ointment.

To cauterize ulcers in the mouth, you can use hydrogen peroxide, furatsilin solution or ready-made chlorhexidine purchased at the pharmacy.

Prevention

In order to prevent the treatment of ulcers on the oral mucosa from becoming a habit for you, you should follow some recommendations that will help minimize their occurrence:

• Treat your teeth in a timely manner, and choose a careful dentist.
• take vitamins and immunostimulating agents.
• Do not eat too hot food or drinks.
• avoid trauma to the oral cavity.
• Maintain good oral hygiene.
• avoid stress.

The appearance of ulcers on the oral mucosa is a common phenomenon and most have already encountered similar infections. It is a mistake to neglect the disease and wait for the ulcers to heal on their own; it is important to detect the ulcer in time and hurry with treatment, because sometimes an advanced disease can lead to tangible problems.

A palatal abscess is a formed abscess localized under the mucous membrane hard palate. In essence, this is acute purulent periostitis from the palatal surface.

This pathology is extremely rare; with the development of purulent inflammation of the periosteum, the process most often spreads to the vestibular (buccal or labial) surface.

The main cause of palate abscess is odontogenic infection. At the same time, its foci are located in the area of ​​​​the palatal roots of the upper chewing teeth - the first and second premolar and molar.

Thus, previous diseases are serous, purulent, granulomatous or granulating periodontitis.

Clinical picture

Patients complain of pulsating severe pain in the palate, as well as its swelling, which appeared a few days ago. Chewing food and touching with the tongue causes increased painful sensations, discomfort often occurs when swallowing. At the same time, pain in the causative tooth is not always observed, which is explained by the release of infection from periodontal tissues under the mucous membrane of the palate.

The general condition of the patient is often not disturbed. Swelling of the soft tissues of the face is usually absent. Sometimes facial asymmetry is observed if the process is localized on both the vestibular and palatal surfaces.

Often on this pathology the submandibular lymph nodes react - they are enlarged and painful on palpation.

There is swelling on the palate, the mucous membrane is painful on palpation, swollen, and hyperemic. The smoothing of the palatal folds is determined; if they spread significantly, the mucous membrane of the soft palate and the palatine arches are involved in the process.

Treatment tactics

Despite the fact that a palatal abscess often opens spontaneously within 5-7 days, immediate treatment is necessary, which consists of:

• Opening the abscess with subsequent drainage of the wound to create a good outflow of purulent discharge. The patient should rinse the wound with a solution of salt water for several days and show up to the surgeon every day for dressings, where the doctor washes the wound and changes the drainage.
• Deciding the fate of the causative tooth. If the tooth is severely damaged, there are large foci of bone tissue destruction in the area of ​​the root apexes (according to the x-ray), it must be removed. Otherwise, therapists try to save the tooth and fill the canals in them (a few days after opening the abscess).
• Drug therapy – the use of antibiotics and antihistamines is mandatory. For pain, painkillers are prescribed. The patient should rinse the wound with antiseptics or saline solution within 4-5 days.

Prevention

In order to prevent the occurrence of this pathology, it is necessary to maintain oral hygiene, visit the dentist twice a year for examinations, and promptly treat caries and its complications.

Dentistry is a branch of medicine that combines various diseases maxillofacial area, oral mucosa, teeth and neck.

Among all human ailments, the most common are dental lesions, neglect of treatment of which leads to various complications inflammatory in nature (abscess, phlegmon, osteomyelitis), threatening health, and in severe cases, human life.

With diseased teeth, even if several are missing, the act of mechanical processing of food is not perfect, which affects the condition of the stomach and intestinal tract and contributes to the occurrence of gastritis, gastric ulcers, and duodenal ulcers.

According to statistics, injuries are very high, including the face, where fractures of the facial skeleton predominate: lower and upper jaw, zygomatic bone, nose, orbit. Correctly provided first aid - its methods are outlined in this chapter - will ease the fate of the victim and improve the prognosis of treatment.

The occurrence of tumor processes in the maxillofacial area is a common occurrence. Knowledge of their signs will allow you to contact specialists even in the early period of tumor development and ensure a more favorable outcome.

Dentistry also affects very common, alarming phenomena for humans such as toothache, bad smell from the mouth, bleeding from the gums and after tooth extraction - everything that disrupts the usual feeling of health and beauty of the face.

Limited accumulation of pus in tissues that occurs during inflammation. In the maxillofacial area, as a rule, it is a consequence of complicated dental disease. It can also be caused by a boil, sore throat, damage to the skin or mucous membrane of the oral cavity, introduction of bacteria into the tissue by a syringe during anesthesia, etc. An abscess can also form as a result of infection through the blood or lymph flow during common infectious diseases (influenza, etc.).

Symptoms and course. Usually the abscess is preceded by toothache, characteristic of periodontitis (see). It appears in the area of ​​a certain tooth, biting on which causes increased pain. Soon a swelling of the soft tissues and a thickening appear, painful when touched. If an abscess develops under the oral mucosa, bulging and redness are visible upon examination. When the abscess is located closer to the skin (face and submandibular region), the picture is similar.

Progression purulent process accompanied by a deterioration in general condition, increased body temperature, disturbances in appetite and sleep. To remove the source of infection from a diseased tooth, and most importantly to prevent its spread to the surrounding tissue and area, it is necessary to promptly open the abscess by a doctor. Otherwise, the possibility of limited inflammation developing into diffuse inflammation with its transition to phlegmon cannot be ruled out.

The development of an abscess can lead to pus leaking out or into the oral cavity. The discharge of pus relieves acute symptoms, pain subsides or disappears, normal contours of the face or oral mucosa are restored, and general well-being is stabilized. This outcome should not be reassuring, since the process continues, but in a chronic stage. In the future, it can worsen, and this is pus from the fistulous tract with bad breath, sensitization of the body with toxic decay products.

Treatment. The rapidity of development of the process gives reason to strongly recommend not to delay contacting the dentist. Before this, as relief measures, you can use painkillers, warm mouth rinse, and a thermal bandage.

Taking antibiotics and other strong drugs without prescription is not recommended.

Below are the features of process recognition depending on the place of its occurrence and the most common localizations.

It is characterized by the appearance of redness in the sublingual area, and soon a thickening, which is very painful when irritated during conversation and eating. The tongue becomes less mobile and is raised upward. Gradually, the swelling of the floor of the mouth increases, and the general condition worsens.

An independent breakthrough of pus into the oral cavity is possible, and although the acute phenomena then subside, at this moment the spread of pus into the peripharyngeal region and neck is extremely dangerous. Therefore, waiting for spontaneous opening is unacceptable. Seeing a doctor is mandatory.

It usually occurs as a complication of periodontitis of the teeth of the upper jaw. More often the cause is the second incisor, canine or second premolar. The disease begins with pain in the hard palate and redness of the mucous membrane. When it bulges, the pain becomes most intense.

Eating becomes difficult.

Spontaneous opening of the abscess is possible, after which relief occurs. However, to prevent the possible spread of the abscess to a large area of ​​the hard palate and the development of osteomyelitis of the palatine plate of the bone, opening the abscess in a clinic is indicated.

Before contacting a doctor, you can use painkillers and warm rinses.

Depending on the depth of development of the process, swelling and redness will be more pronounced on either side skin cheeks, or oral mucosa. The pain is mild, but intensifies when opening the mouth. The general condition is moderately impaired. The spread of the abscess to neighboring parts of the face is dangerous.

It begins with the appearance of pain in the thickness of the tongue, which quickly increases.

The tongue increases in volume, seems to be raised, and is not very mobile. The act of chewing and swallowing becomes sharply difficult, breathing is often impaired, in rare cases to an extreme degree, when a feeling of suffocation occurs.

Urgent hospitalization is indicated to take emergency measures.

Inflammation of the jaw socket as a result of infection after traumatic tooth extraction. In this case, damage to the socket itself and crushing of the surrounding gums are often observed. It may also develop as a consequence of a disorder postoperative regimen, when a blood clot is washed out of the hole by actively rinsing the mouth, microbes penetrate into it, causing inflammation. Food getting into the socket and lack of oral hygiene also contribute to the occurrence of alveolitis.

Symptoms and course. The disease often begins 2-3 days after surgery with the appearance of severe pain in the socket area extracted tooth, increase in body temperature to 37.5-38.5°C. Gradually the pain intensifies, spreading to neighboring parts of the head.

A bad odor appears from the mouth. In the submandibular areas, the lymph nodes enlarge and become painful. The duration of the disease is up to two weeks.

Treatment. At home, before consulting a doctor, which is necessary when the symptoms described above appear, frequent rinsing of the mouth with a warm solution (3%) of hydrogen peroxide, baking soda (1/2 teaspoon per glass of water), and painkillers is recommended.

Alveolitis can be complicated by osteomyelitis of the socket, which lengthens the time of illness and rehabilitation of the patient.

Causes of dislocation lower jaw can be varied: a blow, a strong opening of the mouth during yawning, screaming, vomiting, when a tooth is removed, when biting off a large and hard piece of food, etc. It occurs more often in women due to the smaller depth of the articular fossa and the severity of the bone tubercle, as a result of which it is easier shifts articular head lower jaw. If this is an anterior displacement, then they speak of an anterior dislocation; if it is backward, then a posterior dislocation; there are bilateral ones, which are common. Diagnose habitual dislocation when it is repeated repeatedly.

Symptoms and course. When the lower jaw is dislocated, the picture is quite typical. The victim complains of pain, inability to close his mouth and eat, and speech is difficult. Any attempt to close the mouth is unsuccessful and is accompanied by increased pain. Therefore, if your jaw is dislocated, you should not try to straighten it yourself; this will only exhaust the person.

Treatment. Required urgent Care a doctor who, using anesthesia, will apply knowledge of certain techniques. You should not refrain from taking timely measures, since it will be much more difficult to straighten the jaws in the future.

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus, resulting from the formation of communication between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity after the removal of molars or premolars of the upper jaw. Similar messages arise when in some people the roots of these teeth penetrate into the maxillary sinus and are separated from it only by the mucous membrane or a thin bone plate. In this case, even with a very careful operation, the integrity of both the bone plate and the mucous membrane separating the maxillary sinus from the apex of the tooth root is compromised. Through this anastomosis that occurs after tooth extraction, bacteria penetrate from the oral cavity, causing inflammation of the sinus.

Attempts by dentists to suture the gum mucosa immediately after the formation of an anastomosis to close the communication do not always end well. More often the fistulous tract remains.

Its signs are very clear. When liquid food is taken, some of it enters the nasal cavity. If you exhale air through the nose, after closing the nostrils with your fingers, the air will exit into the oral cavity through the fistula opening. In addition, a clear or cloudy liquid is sometimes released from the fistula into the oral cavity - a product of inflammation of the maxillary sinus.

Treatment is only surgical in a hospital setting.

A type of stomatitis when the mucous membrane covering the alveolar process of the jaw is affected. Besides common reasons, causing disease shells of a different localization (see Stomatitis), the most common - dirty contents of the oral cavity, the presence of dental plaque (see Tartar).

Symptoms During the examination, redness and swelling of the gums are noticeable; slight bleeding is possible when eating and brushing teeth. If oral hygiene is not observed, the gums become covered with plaque, ulcers, areas of tissue necrosis, and bad breath occur. The disease can spread to other parts of the oral mucosa.

Treatment: systematic dental care, rinsing, removing tartar, treatment of periodontitis, gentle diet.

It occurs primarily due to unsystematic oral hygiene. Particles of food remaining after ingestion in the interdental spaces, as well as in carious teeth, deflated epithelium of the mucous membrane are exposed to bacteria that are abundant in the oral cavity. The breakdown of food proteins and epithelium occurs and their subsequent decay, which causes the appearance of odor. In addition, it can be caused by an inflammatory process in the tissues surrounding the tooth (see Periodontitis), damage to the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, tongue (see Gingivitis, Stomatitis), and also, in rare cases, stomach disease (gastritis).

Prevention and removal of odor mainly comes down to regular oral care. It is necessary to brush your teeth in the morning and evening: the movement of the toothbrush should be both horizontal and vertical to thoroughly remove food debris from the interdental spaces. This can be helped by using toothpicks and rinsing your mouth with water after eating. It is effective to use solutions of scented substances: mint, special deodorants.

For diseases of the oral mucosa, tissues around the tooth, and stomach, special treatment is indicated.

Unpleasant and often unbearable sensations caused by irritation of sensory nerves. The role of irritants can be a blow, burn, injection, inflammation, injury, etc. It is usually a manifestation of dental disease.

If the integrity of the hard tissues of the tooth (enamel, dentin) is damaged, pain occurs only when taking cold or hot water, sour or sweet foods. With the removal of these irritants (rinsing the mouth with warm water), the pain stops.

In cases where it occurs independently, often intensifies at night and spreads to the areas surrounding the tooth, acquiring a diffuse character, it should be assumed that we are talking about the occurrence of acute inflammation of the dental pulp - the dental pulp. In this case, the pain is long-lasting and often excruciating. Count on stopping it by taking painkillers - analgin, etc. - even in large doses , not necessary. Recommendations for inserting into the cavity of a diseased tooth are also erroneous. various means

(alcohol, analgin, aspirin, etc.). The most that can be achieved is to slightly reduce its intensity. It is possible that the pain itself will decrease or stop when destructive phenomena destroy the bridge between the carious cavity and the pulp chamber of the tooth. Wherein acute period

inflammation of the pulp enters the chronic stage, which is accompanied by subsidence or disappearance of pain. However, the pathogenic lesion continues, spreading to the entire dental pulp, including the pulp in the root canals of the tooth, and then to the surrounding tissue. The transition of purulent inflammation beyond the tooth is called acute periodontitis. In this case, the painful sensation is characterized by independent occurrence, precise localization in the area of ​​the tooth; touching it, especially tapping, causes a sharp increase in pain. Painkillers can reduce it and even remove it. But you cannot count on a cure without the participation of a dentist; it is necessary, and in the coming days, to prevent possible serious complications - abscess, phlegmon, osteomyelitis.

It should be borne in mind that a jaw tumor, inflammation of the maxillary sinus, nerves, or disease of the central nervous system can create the impression of toothache. Therefore, pain in the dentofacial area should be assessed by a doctor to identify its cause and not be considered only as dental pain.

More than 80% of people have dental deposits called “tartar.” It consists of food debris, epithelium (deflated), bacteria, phosphorus salts, calcium, etc. Its formation begins with accumulation on the rough surface of the tooth neck soft coating, on which lime salts are deposited. As this formation thickens, it covers the gingival part of the tooth with a “muff”. Most often, stone occurs on teeth that are less involved in the act of chewing, which is why they natural cleansing finds it difficult.

The causes of tartar are poor oral hygiene, the habit of taking only soft food, chew on one side. Metabolic disorders, primarily salt metabolism, can become a common cause of dental plaque.

With a disease of the periodontal tissues (periodontitis), stone forms under the gum: between the root of the tooth and the wall of the alveolus, which contributes to a more aggressive development of periodontitis (previously this disease was called alveolar pyorrhea).

If you have tartar, you should contact your dentist to have it removed. Otherwise, various complications are possible - the occurrence of a lesion chronic inflammation gums, bad breath, intoxication of the body.

Prevention comes down to hygienic measures, eating solid foods (apples, carrots, cabbage, etc.) along with soft ones.

A common disease that affects 95% of people. It is based on the destruction of hard tooth tissues: enamel and the underlying dentin. The reason has not been fully clarified. However, irregular dental care is a predisposing factor.

Symptoms and course. Caries occurs gradually: a pigment spot appears on the surface of the enamel of a tooth (first white and then yellow). Soon it turns brown. Subsequently, the enamel is destroyed, and then the dentin. The process usually proceeds slowly, in more rare cases - quickly. The resulting cavity, first in the enamel and then in the dentin, progresses in depth and width. Remains of food in it serve as a breeding ground for bacteria that are abundant in the oral cavity. The rotting they cause aggravates its unhygienic condition. An unpleasant odor occurs.

Tooth caries is accompanied by characteristic pain. Quite acute pain occurs when eating cold, hot, sour, or sweet foods. It quickly disappears after eliminating these factors (rinsing the mouth with warm water). A person, unfortunately, adapts to the “conditions” of food, excluding temperature and chemical stimuli. He develops an erroneous belief about complete well-being and considers going to the doctor unnecessary. At the same time, the destructive process continues, which leads to significant destruction of the tooth crown and the spread of the process to the dental pulp - the pulp. This, in turn, complicates tooth treatment and reduces the possibility of saving it.

And this is extremely important. Teeth that are destroyed or removed not only distort the act of chewing, speech phonetics, and appearance, but also have a detrimental effect on the condition of the stomach. Poorly chewed food can cause gastritis, stomach ulcers, etc.

Treatment. A timely visit to the dentist is absolutely necessary when signs of dental caries appear. Its functional effectiveness will be restored: the destroyed enamel and dentin tissue will be economically removed and the integrity of the crown will be restored using filling material. In certain regions of the globe, where drinking water contains less fluoride salts than normal, particularly active damage to teeth by caries is observed in the entire population. In such cases, measures are recommended aimed at artificially introducing fluoride salts into the human body by including them in table salt or centralized fluoridation of drinking water.

It usually occurs as a complication of dental disease, which results in the development of a chronic inflammatory process at the apex of the tooth root with the formation of a cyst. In more rare cases, it arises from the follicle shell surrounding the crown of the tooth, when the process of its eruption is disrupted. Therefore, such a cyst is called follicular.

In contrast, root disease is much more common, since dental disease many times exceeds the number of cases of difficult eruption. A root cyst develops against the background of chronic inflammation (see Periodontitis) and grows slowly but steadily. Increasing in volume, it constantly puts pressure on the surrounding bone tissue, which is forced to “retreat”, making room for a growing cyst.

Little or no manifestation of the cyst is visible only when a protrusion of the jaw appears with thinning of its outer dense bone plates, which is noticed by the patient himself or those around him. Often, when X-raying the jaws for one reason or another, a cyst is discovered as an accidental finding.

Its growth sometimes causes such significant destruction of the jaw bone that it leads to spontaneous fracture. In addition, penetration of pyogenic microbes into the cyst cavity can cause a severe inflammatory process involving bone marrow jaw and the development of osteomyelitis. It is possible that a root cyst, as a long-term process, can degenerate into a cancerous tumor.

Treatment for cysts is surgical. For small sizes, it is permissible to perform the operation on an outpatient basis. Recommendation: periodic monitoring (once a year) of the dentofacial system using radiography.

Typically, surgery is performed when therapeutic measures did not give the desired results, and saving the tooth can cause an acute purulent inflammatory process. Teeth that are subject to removal are decayed, incorrectly erupted, highly mobile, etc. During the operation, damage occurs - rupture of blood vessels, which causes moderate bleeding from the socket of the extracted tooth and usually stops after applying a gauze ball after 10-15 minutes.

However, in some cases, bleeding can be significant, occurring immediately after surgery or some time later, as a result of difficult removal, rough intervention, or dilation of small injured vessels, which sometimes happens after the use of adrenaline for pain relief. It can also be caused by a blood clotting disorder. If bleeding occurs immediately after tooth extraction, the doctor will find a way to stop it. It is more difficult when it occurs after a certain time, i.e. outside the clinic. The cause of such bleeding can be a variety of circumstances: violation of the regime (rinsing the mouth, eating hot food), increased blood pressure, disintegration of a blood clot.

First aid. You must try to stop the bleeding yourself. To do this, it is better to make a small tampon from gauze, place it on the socket of the extracted tooth and bite down, closing your teeth. The tampon should rise above the hole: the higher the tampon, the more pressure on blood vessels when teeth are closed. In a position with clenched jaws, you need to lie down or sit down, relax and calm down. If after 15-20 minutes the bleeding still continues, threatening a large loss of blood, you need to consult a doctor, and at night - to a surgical duty hospital where there is no dental hospital. An increase in blood pressure, the disintegration of a blood clot in the eye as a cause of bleeding will require not only local, but also common methods treatment.

The result of a disease of the mucous membrane of the gums and can be a consequence of not only local and general illness of the body.

Bleeding usually occurs when brushing your teeth. Sometimes eating food can cause blood to appear in the mouth. It flows from the edge of the gum when its mucous membrane is inflamed (see Gingivitis). Particular attention is required in cases where oral care is sufficient, but vascular changes in the gums persist or reappear, and bleeding continues. The reason for this may be various general diseases: blood, endocrine, acute respiratory infections, influenza, vitamin deficiency, etc. Swelling and an increase in the volume of the interdental papillae of the gums often accompany pregnancy.

In cases where the disease worsens, bleeding occurs even with minor trauma, or even without it, on its own. Treatment and medical supervision are necessary. At home, you should maintain oral hygiene.

Diseases of non-carious origin can be the result of either a malformation of the tooth or damage to it after eruption. Disturbances in the development of teeth manifest themselves in the form of different types of changes in the enamel: normal color, underdevelopment, lack of it or, conversely, an excessive amount in the form of enamel drops. Manifestations can be on most teeth or on individual ones. Anomalies in the shape of teeth are often observed.

It happens that they appear on the enamel dark spots or strokes, more often on the incisors, less often on other teeth. Sometimes defects occur in the form of enamel erosion. The reason is an excess of fluoride salts in drinking water. Hence the name of the disease - fluorosis (in Latin fluorine-fluorum). Revealed already in childhood on permanent teeth. Pigmented spots and stripes (stripes) create significant cosmetic inconvenience. And in cases of erosion, conditions arise for the destruction of the tooth enamel. The disease is often endemic, i.e. affects the population of a certain region, where one liter of water contains more than 1-1.5 mg of fluoride salts.

Centralized technologies have been developed to reduce their levels in drinking water. Existing changes in tooth enamel can be treated cosmetically by a dentist.

With a wide variety of tumor processes affecting the maxillofacial area, it is advisable to distinguish two groups: benign and malignant. This division is arbitrary, given the frequent degeneration when a “good” tumor, under the influence of characteristics characteristic of its location, acquires the qualities of “evil” growth. Therefore, every neoplasm that appears on the face, neck, or in the oral cavity should be the reason for mandatory consultation with a dentist and oncologist.

Benign processes can be localized on the skin of the face, on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, lips, in the thickness of soft tissues and jaws. When located superficially, they are easily identified. The interstitial position creates an area of ​​bulging and asymmetry. Among the benign ones, the most common are papilloma, fibroma, atheroma, cyst, supragingival. A tumor in the oral cavity is subject to constant trauma from a food bolus when chewing, teeth, or talking. Its systematic irritation can stimulate its degeneration into a malignant one. In itself, the formation protruding into the oral cavity creates inconvenience of both a functional and cosmetic nature, but does not cause any disturbance in well-being. In rare cases, an increase in its size can injure some nerve branch with moderate pain. Tumors located deep within the jaw bones can thin them, deform them, and sometimes cause a jaw fracture.

Malignant neoplasms of the maxillofacial region account for about 20% of the total number of cancers and sarcomas affecting humans. 90% of skin cancers occur on the face. To date, there is no clear causal understanding. However, it is quite obvious that whole line factors, acting on tissues, induce their cells to malignant growth. These include the habit of excessively hot or cold food, spicy or rough, smoking - active or passive (inhalation of tobacco smoke), prolonged mechanical irritation of the oral mucosa, tongue with the sharp edge of a decayed tooth or poorly fitting denture, exposure to acid or alkali at work , chewing tobacco, etc. In some cases - long-term chronic inflammation (periodontitis, sinusitis, cyst), genetic prerequisites. Most common location malignant neoplasm is the lip, mucous membrane of the oral cavity, tongue.

Lip cancer. Typically located on lower lip, more often in men. The predecessor is often a fissure that does not heal for a long time, which later takes on the appearance of an ulcer that bleeds easily. At the same time, an infiltrate occurs, which tends to spread, causing the lip to increase in size. Her mobility is limited. The tumor metastasizes to the lower jaw bone over time. Its cells are transported by lymph to the mental and submandibular lymph nodes. They enlarge and become inactive. Progression of the process leads to the emergence of new malignant foci in the lymph nodes various departments the patient's body.

Early recognition and treatment lead to the most favorable results.

At the first sign (a non-healing lip crack or a tumor formation in its thickness), it is necessary to immediately contact a dental surgeon or oncologist.

Cancer of the oral mucosa.

The tumor can develop on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, alveolar process, soft and hard palate. The first sign is often the appearance of epithelial growth on the mucous membrane in the form of a brush or wart; sometimes redness in a certain place, where erosion then occurs - a defect in the mucous membrane, and then an ulcer. When palpating the area around it, tissue compaction is determined. Relatively early cells cancerous tumor spread through nearby lymph nodes into surrounding tissues, including the tissue of the upper or lower jaw.

Leukoplakia deserves special attention - a lesion of the mucous membrane that can suddenly disappear and then reappear in the form of a whitish spot located on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, often along the closure of the molars. Leukoplakia is an area of ​​keratinization and desquamation of the epithelium of the mucous membrane and occurs due to constant irritation: when closing teeth, injury from a prosthesis, smoking. Experience shows that the removal of these factors leads to the disappearance of the disease, and their resumption leads to its relapse. This is especially clear in smoking people, when giving up a bad habit almost always saves them from leukoplakia, and returning to tobacco leads to its recurrence.

Leukoplakia is a benign disease, but for unknown reasons, due to the action of an irritation factor (tobacco, trauma), it degenerates into a malignant process with all the severe consequences that follow.

Tongue cancer. Most often occurs on the lateral surfaces and on the tailbone. That is, in those areas that are most actively exposed to mechanical irritation by teeth, especially by the sharp edges of destroyed ones or those that stand separately from the stump of the arch. protruding towards the tongue.

The first manifestation tumor process is the proliferation of the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the tongue. Doctors often consider this as a papilloma - a benign tumor. However, continued traumatization of the formation during conversation and eating accelerates its ulceration. The tumor spreads to the floor of the mouth and jaw. The presence of abundant microflora causes inflammatory phenomena, aggravating the severity of the process, sometimes obscuring the true diagnosis of the disease. Self-medication is unacceptable. An urgent visit to a specialist is necessary: ​​a dental surgeon, oncologist.

The second most common disease of the dental system after caries. After 30 years it suffers most of population. This inflammatory process is localized in the tissues surrounding the root of the tooth: the ligamentous apparatus with which it is held in the jaw socket, the alveolus and gums. The main signs are inflammation of part of the gum near the root of the tooth, suppuration from the alveolus, the formation of a pathological pocket between the alveolus and the root of the tooth, and its looseness. The cause of the disease has not been fully elucidated. Among the proposed theories, some authors point to a general nature (vascular sclerosis, disease nervous system, endocrine, etc.), others - on local factors(tartar, microorganisms, poor oral care, etc.).

Symptoms and course. The first signs of periodontitis appear against the background of apparent well-being in the form of itching, burning, and numbness in the gum area. Then swelling and redness are observed, it seems to creep onto the crown of the tooth and acquires a bluish color, and a bad breath appears. In the developing stage of periodontitis, the gums, on the contrary, “slide” towards the root, and when pressure is applied, pus is released from under it

The chronic disease is usually localized along a number of teeth, most often the frontal ones. The outcome is an increase in their mobility due to the destruction of the ligamentous apparatus and prolapse.

Treatment. There is no radical solution. Even surgery does not guarantee success. Therefore, prevention of the disease itself and measures that slow down the course of the process are very important. It is necessary to maintain oral hygiene and visit the dentist at least twice a year to remove tartar and sanitation. If a disease occurs, strictly follow the doctor’s recommendations. A careless attitude towards oneself threatens quick loss many teeth.

In addition, the existence of purulent foci around the roots of teeth, sometimes many and for a long time, the penetration of decay products (proteins) that are foreign to it into the body contributes to the development of an allergic condition and negatively affects the function of a number of organs and systems. Therefore, in terms of preventing common diseases, it is important to maintain the state of the dental-jaw system in a healthy state.

Inflammation of the parotid salivary gland. Unlike epidemic (“mumps”), it develops, as a rule, on one side. Usually associated with the penetration of bacteria from the oral cavity into the salivary gland. Most often it is caused by a decrease in salivation when a salivary stone or foreign body enters the excretory duct of the gland, as well as the spread of the inflammatory process from the tissues surrounding the gland. Stagnation of saliva in the gland and its further infection can occur after major operations, with influenza, measles, typhus, dysentery, etc. However, even with apparent general health, dirty contents of the oral cavity can be a sufficient reason for the development of the inflammatory process.

Symptoms and course. The disease begins with the appearance of swelling and pain in the area of ​​the parotid salivary gland, dry mouth, general malaise, and increased body temperature. Pain intensifies when eating.

Treatment. Considering the possibility severe course mumps and the occurrence of complications, you need to call a doctor. Before his arrival, it is recommended to frequently warmly rinse the mouth with a solution of baking soda (1/2 teaspoon per glass of water), consume salivogenic foods (lemon, cranberry) and a warm compress (camphor oil, petroleum jelly). In some cases, hospitalization is indicated.

Among injuries to the bones of the facial skeleton, jaw fractures are of greatest importance. Of these, the predominant number falls on fractures of the lower jaw (70% of all fractures of the facial bones).

Fractures of the upper jaw. When the upper jaw is fractured, its fragments are displaced downward, disrupting the usual relationship of the teeth of the upper and lower jaw and somewhat lengthening the face. As a result, the victim cannot close his mouth, and the pain that occurs during the fracture intensifies with any attempt. Rupture of the gums by fragments is accompanied by moderate bleeding.

Symptoms and course. A fracture usually occurs with a strong enough impact. Loss of consciousness indicates a concussion, and caused by trauma sharp pain may cause the development of shock. The most serious combined injury occurs with a fracture of the base of the skull.

First aid. Aimed at creating rest conditions for the injured bone. For this purpose, the lower jaw is brought as close as possible to the upper jaw and they are fixed in this position with a bandage, scarf, or belt through the cranial vault. You can use a ruler, knife, plywood, which are applied transversely to the teeth of the upper jaw and also fixed with any available material. Considering the possibility of complications (bleeding, difficulty breathing, loss of consciousness, etc.), transporting the victim to the hospital should be urgent, preferably in a supine position.

Fracture of the lower jaw. In case of trauma to the lower jaw, double and triple fractures are more often observed, which is explained by the shape of its bone (horseshoe type). Concussion is a common complicating factor.

Symptoms and course. A fracture of the lower jaw is characterized by pain, which sharply intensifies when trying to move it. Mouth half open. The correct relationship between the teeth of the upper and lower jaws is disrupted. Soon soft tissue swelling occurs. When touched, there is sharp pain in the area of ​​the fracture. The saliva is often tinged with blood.

Due to the fact that a number of muscles that carry out its movement are attached to the lower jaw bone, their reflex contraction causes displacement of jaw fragments, which increases pain, bleeding, and discomfort.

In case of severe injuries it is possible profuse bleeding, development of difficulty breathing, shock.

First aid. Try to stop or reduce bleeding using available means (tampon, pressing the bleeding area), try to eliminate the cause of difficulty breathing (put the patient face down, move the tongue anteriorly), in case of shock - artificial respiration. An ambulance must be called immediately.

In practice, there are cases of fracture of the lower jaw without such severe consequences. Then the main task in providing assistance is to create relative rest for the damaged organ. To do this, the lower jaw is, if possible, carefully “brought” to the upper jaw and fixed in this position with a bandage (gauze, bandage, belt, scarf, etc.) through the cranial vault. Given the possibility of a concussion, it is advisable to transport to the hospital in a supine position.

Patients with fractures of the lower jaw are absolutely advised to see a doctor, since self-medication usually causes complications that lead to the destruction of the jaw bone itself.

Disease of the tissues surrounding the tooth root. As a rule, it is preceded by pulpitis (see) with its inherent pain. Refusal to treat it predetermines the penetration of bacteria through the root canal of the tooth beyond its limits, causing acute inflammation under new conditions, called acute periodontitis.

Symptoms and course. A characteristic feature is the appearance of independent pain, weak at first, then intensifying, acquiring a pulsating character. Its difference from pain with pulpitis is that it is strictly localized and becomes sharp with mechanical stress on the diseased tooth, especially in the form of tapping. The closing of teeth is so painful that many people refuse to eat even liquid food. A moderate increase in body temperature is possible (up to 37.5°C). With these symptoms, the need for help from a dentist in the very near future is extremely great. Using home remedies, including pain relievers, warm rinses and bandages, may provide only occasional relief. Delaying the time to contact a specialist is fraught with serious complications due to the development of a purulent process, first limited and then widespread (see Abscess, Cellulitis, Osteomyelitis, chapter Dentistry and chapter Surgical diseases).

The resolution of this turbulent acute process perhaps with milder consequences. When a path is found for pus to exit from the source of inflammation into the oral cavity (through the molten mucous membrane covering the alveolar process) or through the skin to the outside with the formation of a fistulous tract, acute periodontitis passes into the chronic stage. In this case, the threat of dangerous complications is reduced, but does not disappear altogether.

Treatment. It is entirely possible to avoid the formation of a fistula tract. In an outpatient clinic, an outflow of pus is artificially created from the source of inflammation through the tooth canal and the pulp chamber, previously freed from rotting particles of decay of the pulp tissue. Then they are disinfected, followed by filling the channel and chamber filling material. When the root canals are narrow, the diseased tooth is forced to be removed.

Chronic periodontitis. The presence of affected teeth in a person’s oral cavity, which, in his opinion, “don’t hurt” because there is no pain, is actually associated with unpredictable complications that arise not acutely, but gradually. This problem worries not only dentists, but also general doctors. The point is that when chronic periodontitis a lesion remains at the apex of the tooth root low-grade inflammation- a kind of incubator for various bacteria. There are almost no barriers to their life and reproduction, or they are insignificant. At the same time, the waste products of bacteria produced by them harmful substances(toxins), as well as tissue cell breakdown products, are protein in nature alien to humans. Constantly, sometimes over many years, penetrating into the body of the “host”, foreign proteins sensitize (poison) it and distort natural reactions.

If we consider that there can be several teeth with periodontitis (which is often the case), it is not difficult to imagine the massiveness of protein aggression. It has been established that as a result of such sensitization, severe general organ diseases can occur: the heart, kidneys, joints, eyes, etc. In addition, the perverted reactivity of the body aggravates and aggravates the course of existing diseases. In this regard, chronic foci of inflammation in the periodontal tissues, despite their almost asymptomatic, are subject to mandatory elimination to improve the health of the body.

A plastic, hardening material that fills a defect or cavity formed in a tooth in order to restore the anatomical and functional integrity of the tooth.

Fillings can be cement, metal, plastic, etc. The choice is made depending on the indications. Thus, cement or plastic are used to fill front teeth, since this material is more similar to the color of tooth enamel.

Metal ones are more resistant to mechanical factors when chewing food, but are not cosmetically suitable for front teeth (by color). A very strong and durable amalgam filling, unfortunately, stains the entire tooth a dark color. Composite fillings are the most promising at present.

This process is physiological and serves as an indirect indicator of the correct or impaired development of the child. As a physiological act, teething is not a painful phenomenon and cannot cause any diseases. It is in direct connection with the general health of the child - timely growth of teeth in a certain sequence indicates normal development his body. A delay in timing may be a consequence of rickets, an infectious disease, prolonged disruption of intestinal function and changes in metabolism. Earlier teething - endocrine disorders. A discrepancy in the time of the beginning of the eruption of the central incisors by 1-2 months from the conditional period cannot be considered as the effect of any pathology.

The newborn does not have a single tooth, although in rare cases their intrauterine development is observed. In the period between 6 and 8 months of life, the central incisors of the lower jaw, and then the upper, begin to appear in the child. By 8-12 months - lateral incisors, first on the lower, then on the upper jaws. By 12-16 months, the first molars erupt, by 16-20 months - the canines, and by 20-30 months - the second molars, which complete the formation of the primary bite.

The eruption of baby teeth often affects the child’s well-being. In weakened children, this physiological process is accompanied by general malaise, bad sleep, restless behavior, crying, capriciousness. Sometimes the temperature rises to 37.5°C, the nature of bowel movements changes, short-term rashes on the body and redness of the facial skin are possible. The child's weight gain is temporarily suspended and immune defense is reduced. To establish the true cause of the malaise, a consultation with a pediatrician is necessary.

At the 7th year of life, the replacement of baby teeth with permanent ones occurs, the time of eruption of which, as a rule, coincides with the resorption of the roots of baby teeth and their loss. In contrast, the formation of a permanent bite begins with the appearance of the first molars of the lower jaw and normally ends by the age of 15-18 years. The central incisors (8-9 years), first premolars (9-10 years), canines (10-11 years), second premolars (11-12 years), second molars (12-13 years) sequentially erupt. The third molars of the lower jaw, or “wisdom” teeth as they are sometimes called, grow later, often after the age of 20-25 (see separately for complications associated with their difficult eruption).

A correctly and timely formed bite plays a big role in the normal development of the child’s body. Violation of the timing of teething (early or late), the order, as well as the absence of one or another tooth require the attention of a pediatrician and dentist, since they are evidence of pathology not only of a local, but often of a general nature (the result of diseases suffered by the mother during pregnancy, or any anomalies in the child’s health).

By various reasons a number of deviations can occur in the structure of teeth, their location and development: the absence of a rudiment of one or another tooth, incorrect position of the tooth axis (horizontal or oblique), which is why it erupts outside the arch of the dentition or remains in the thickness of the jaw bone. In addition, incorrect formation of the tooth itself - size, shape, position, color, lack of enamel coating, etc. Such changes should be analyzed by a specialist.

Disruption of normal eruption is most often observed with the eighth teeth of the lower jaw - the “wisdom” teeth. As a rule, it occurs due to a lack of space in the lower jaw, since all the others have already appeared before the “wisdom” tooth, without “leaving” enough space for it. A delay in eruption creates conditions for the development of an inflammatory process that develops from a local focus into a diffuse one, fraught with serious consequences. The disease is associated with constant trauma to the edge of the gum above the cusps of the wisdom tooth, where an ulcer forms, which, with an abundance of bacteria in the oral cavity, causes inflammation. The process spreads quite quickly to the surrounding soft fabrics, including the masticatory muscles involved in the movement of the lower jaw. Due to pain, the patient is unable to open his mouth even half a centimeter.

Symptoms and course. The disease is usually accompanied by general malaise, loss of appetite, decreased sleep, and an increase in body temperature, sometimes to high levels (38°C and above). Since it is necessary to prevent the possibility of the process spreading to the surrounding bone tissue and fiber with the development of acute inflammation of the bone marrow (osteomyelitis) or soft tissues (phlegmon), it is very important, without relying on home remedies, to consult a dentist.

Before medical care In order to alleviate the condition, it is permissible to take painkillers such as analgin (0.5 g) and rinse the mouth with a warm solution of boric acid (half a teaspoon per glass of water) or potassium permanganate (pink color).

Acute inflammation dental pulp (pulp) due to the penetration of bacteria from the carious cavity of the tooth into it. As a result of the inflammatory process nerve endings, of which there are many in the pulp, are injured by its increased volume and waste products of bacteria (toxins), which causes acute pain. As the process spreads to the entire pulp tissue and the appearance of pus, the pain becomes pulsating, especially (which is typical for acute pulpitis) intensifying at night with irradiation to various parts of the maxillofacial area.

Treatment. Fighting pain with home remedies is not very effective (see Toothache). Self-healing is impossible. The ongoing destructive process, destroying the bridge between the pulp chamber and the bottom of the carious cavity, creates conditions for free communication between them and thereby for the unhindered outflow of pus from the pulp into the carious cavity, and then into the oral cavity. With the weakening of intrapulpal pressure on the nerve endings, the pain subsides, giving rise to a misconception about the end of the disease. And frivolous inattention to the fate of the tooth is a common cause of the emergence, as a complication of pulpitis, of a new disease - acute periodontitis. Therefore, an unconditional visit to the dentist, even if the pain disappears, will prevent the possibility of its development and increase the chances of saving the tooth.

Treatment of pulpitis consists of removing the painfully altered pulp, disinfecting the pulp chamber, as well as mechanical and medicinal treatment of the carious cavity, tooth root canals and filling them with filling material.

A tooth treated for pulpitis in a timely and correct manner can serve its purpose for many years.

The name of the condition when a person feels unwell for a long period of time, fatigue, increased sweating, decreased appetite, sleep disturbance. In addition, pain in the heart area, rapid pulse, increased nervousness, headache, etc. may occur. Due to the mild manifestations of the disease, patients get used to this condition and find ways and means to adapt to it (painkillers, tonics, etc.), calming yourself down and considering this state to be normal.

However, as indicated in the “Periodontitis” section, these manifestations are associated with the presence of a chronic inflammatory process at the apex of the roots of sometimes many teeth. The waste products of bacteria, tissue decay and toxins, penetrating into the body, poison and change its sensitivity and reactivity to many factors (infection, cold, injury, overwork, etc.).

The condition that occurs as a result of a focus of allergy nesting in the body (autoallergy) proceeds extremely slowly. However, against its background, it creates the possibility of developing such serious diseases as: inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (endocarditis), its muscles (myocarditis), kidneys, eyes, blood vessels, etc. It should be assumed that autosensitization and allergization can aggravate or contribute to the occurrence of many diseases.

The cause-and-effect relationships are very complex, a qualified doctor can navigate them; you should not rely on self-medication, since the consequences can be the most unexpected and complicate the provision of medical care.

The name combines diseases of the oral mucosa of various origins and manifestations. The reason that caused it may be local or general. Local is associated with the participation of a direct factor - trauma, chemical, thermal, radiation exposure, and as a result of which redness, erosion, and ulcers occur on the mucous membrane.

Treatment. It comes down to eliminating the cause and rinsing the mouth with an antiseptic solution. Recovery usually occurs within 7 days. However, individual forms tend to repeat themselves after a certain period of time, for example, appearing in the spring and winter periods of the year. Others develop when taking certain foods (oranges, strawberries, etc.) or medications (sulfonamides, antibiotics, etc.). WITH special attention should be treated with dentures, the sharp edges of the teeth, which, creating conditions for constant long-term irritation, can thereby cause a tumor process of the mucous membrane.

Most common reasons stomatitis are common diseases. Among them: infectious (measles, scarlet fever, chicken pox, tuberculosis, syphilis, etc.), allergies, intoxication, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, endocrine, blood, etc. Often their first signs appear on the oral mucosa. Therefore, if an area of ​​redness, erosion, ulcer, or crack appears on it, consultation with both a therapist and a dentist is necessary. Relying on self-medication is more than frivolous.

How hygiene measures indicated: brushing teeth, rinsing with solutions of boric acid, potassium permanganate, furatsilin, hydrogen peroxide. Taking any medications orally without a doctor's prescription is prohibited. Food should be liquid and not irritating.

Establishing a connection between stomatitis and general illness will allow his treatment to begin. At the same time, against the background of improving general well-being, normalization of the condition of the oral mucosa is inevitable. Control dates restoration of its integrity range from 10 to 20-25 days. The lack of a tendency toward healing gives cause for concern and obligatory detailed examination in order to exclude the oncological nature of the formation.

It can develop as a result of a number of local and general diseases. Local causes include: surgical and chronic disease, in which there is a decrease in saliva production, blockage of the gland duct by a salivary stone or compression by a tumor.

Common causes are: diseases - Mikulicz, Sjögren, radiation, acute infectious diseases, diabetes, conditions after surgery on the abdominal organs, collagenosis, vitamin deficiencies A, B, E, increased function of the thyroid gland, menopause, etc. In old age, the possibility of dryness. increases in the oral cavity. Insufficient hydration of the oral cavity and tongue with saliva causes difficulty in eating and speaking. The mucous membrane is increasingly injured, cracks, erosions, and inflammation occur. With a lack of saliva, dental plaque increases and the growth of microflora in the mouth is activated. Self-cleaning of her cavity during eating is seriously impaired due to illness, especially when eating hard and spicy foods.

Various anomalies of nasal breathing also aggravate the phenomenon of “dryness” due to increased evaporation of liquid when breathing through the mouth.

Treatment comes down to eliminating the cause of dry mouth, or at least mitigating its effects. At home, they use products that protect the mouth and tongue from irritation. For this purpose, the mucous membrane is treated with peach, sunflower oil. Good result gives a mixture of borax and glycerin (10% solution). The prescription of other medications should be carried out by a doctor in conjunction with other types of treatment.

Appearance constant feeling Dry mouth is a symptom of a number of diseases, which requires mandatory consultation with a specialist.

What is an oral abscess

Oral abscess is an acute inflammatory disease of the oral cavity, which is characterized by focal accumulation of pus in the tissues. With an abscess of the oral cavity, limited compaction and swelling of the mucous membrane is observed, painful to the touch, which is accompanied by a deterioration in general well-being and an increase in body temperature. An oral abscess is diagnosed by a dentist during an examination based on an assessment of the condition of the tissues. Treatment of an oral abscess includes surgery - opening the abscess, as well as anti-inflammatory drug therapy.

An oral abscess is a local purulent inflammation of the tissues of the gums, tongue, palate or cheek. This disease is one of the most common problems in surgical dentistry and manifests itself regardless of the age and gender of the patient. Most often, an oral abscess occurs as a result of complicated dental pathology, but its development is also possible due to a violation of the integrity of the mucous membrane or with general infectious diseases. In the absence of timely and correct therapy, an oral abscess can develop into chronic form, and also call severe complications, such as cellulitis and sepsis. Therefore, self-medication for oral abscess is strictly prohibited. To prevent consequences, it is necessary to immediately consult a specialist at the first symptoms of the disease.

Causes (etiology) of oral abscess

Most often, an oral abscess occurs as a complication of dental pathologies, for example, periodontitis or advanced periodontal disease. These diseases are characterized by the destruction of periodontal joints and the formation of so-called periodontal pockets, in which intensive reproduction occurs pathogenic microorganisms causing an inflammatory process.

An oral abscess can form as a result of infection in the wound when the integrity of the mucous membrane is violated, for example, with a syringe needle during anesthesia or in the case of mechanical injury. The cause that provokes the development of pathology can be boils in the facial area, streptococcal and staphylococcal sore throats. It has been noticed that oral abscesses often occur against the background of influenza or other common infectious diseases that weaken the immune system.

In most cases, an oral abscess is caused by an infection involving more than 3-5 microorganisms. The most common etiological agents are staphylococci, streptococci and gram-negative anaerobic flora (Eikenella corrodens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Enterobacteriaceae spp., etc.).

Classification of oral abscesses

Depending on the location, there are several types of oral abscesses:

A gum abscess appears near a specific tooth. This is the most common type of abscess. With absence proper treatment can develop into diffuse inflammation or into a chronic form, which is characterized by periodic exacerbations, leakage of pus from the resulting fistula, foul odor from the mouth and intoxication of the body.

An abscess in the floor of the mouth is located under the tongue and causes severe pain during talking and eating. If spontaneous opening occurs, the leakage of pus can cause secondary foci of inflammation in the pharynx and neck.

Palate abscess most often occurs due to periodontitis of the teeth of the upper jaw. It threatens the spread of infection to adjacent tissues of the palate and peritonsillar region, as well as the development of osteomyelitis of the palatine plate.

An abscess of the cheek, depending on the depth of the lesion, can be localized both internally - on the side of the mucous membrane, and on the outer surface of the cheek. An abscess in this location is extremely dangerous due to possible spread to nearby facial tissues.

A tongue abscess is characterized by swelling of the tongue, difficulty eating, speaking, and even breathing. This type of abscess is the most dangerous; when the first symptoms develop, urgent hospitalization is necessary.

Symptoms ( clinical picture) oral abscess

Usually the abscess is preceded by toothache, characteristic of periodontitis. It appears in the area of ​​a certain tooth, biting on which causes increased pain. Soon a swelling of the soft tissues and a thickening appear, painful when touched.

If an abscess develops under the oral mucosa, bulging and redness are visible upon examination. When the abscess is located closer to the skin (face and submandibular region), the picture is similar. The progression of the purulent process is accompanied by a deterioration in the general condition, an increase in body temperature, disturbances in appetite and sleep. To remove the source of infection from a diseased tooth, and most importantly to prevent its spread to the surrounding tissue and area, it is necessary to promptly open the abscess by a doctor. Otherwise, the possibility of limited inflammation developing into diffuse inflammation with its transition to phlegmon cannot be ruled out.

The development of an abscess can lead to pus leaking out or into the oral cavity. The discharge of pus relieves acute symptoms, pain subsides or disappears, normal contours of the face or oral mucosa are restored, and general well-being is stabilized. This outcome should not be reassuring, since the process continues, but in a chronic stage. In the future, it can worsen, and this is pus from the fistulous tract with bad breath, sensitization of the body with toxic decay products.

Diagnosis and treatment of oral abscess

An oral abscess is diagnosed by a specialist based on a visual assessment of the condition of the mucous membrane during a dental examination. It is completely unacceptable to wait for the spontaneous opening of an oral abscess or to independently use antibacterial agents. To relieve symptoms before contacting a doctor, you can use painkillers and rinse your mouth with warm antiseptic solutions.

Oral abscess is treated exclusively by surgical intervention. In order to eliminate the source of infection and prevent the spread of the inflammatory process, the dental surgeon opens the abscess, drains and antiseptic treatment cavities. Sutures are usually not required after this operation, since the size of the incision is small. After removal of the pus, as a rule, the patient feels better, the pain subsides, the swelling subsides, and the normal contours of the face are restored, but if the oral abscess has developed significantly, the final recovery may be somewhat delayed.

In the postoperative period, antibiotics are prescribed, antihistamines, immunostimulants and vitamin-mineral complexes. In some cases, physiotherapeutic procedures, such as fluctuarization or UHF therapy, are used for a speedy cure. It is also recommended to avoid solid foods and eat a nutritious diet after surgery.

Prognosis and prevention of oral abscess

In general, the success of treatment of oral abscesses depends on the timeliness of contacting a doctor and the general condition of the patient’s body.

It is very important to start treatment as early as possible - in this case the prognosis is usually favorable. If surgery carried out on time and there are no complications, the oral abscess is completely cured within 1–2 weeks.

To prevent oral abscess, it is necessary to follow the rules of hygiene, avoid injuries to the mucous membrane, and, in the presence of periodontal diseases, promptly treat them.

Which doctors should you contact if you have an oral abscess?

• Facial surgeon

An abscess in the mouth is dangerous and painful. It is a serious inflammation, an accumulation of pus. With an abscess, the mucous membrane swells noticeably and is painful to touch. The abscess is difficult to miss, and the patient suddenly becomes very ill. The dentist diagnoses an abscess after conducting an examination and assessing the condition of the tissues. It is very important to provide timely assistance to the patient, otherwise everything may end badly. Most often, the dentist decides to open the abscess and perform drug therapy. What caused the infection? How dangerous is she? What can it lead to?

Causes

An abscess in the mouth is purulent inflammatory process, affecting the tongue, gums, cheeks, and palate. The disease is quite common in surgery and can develop at any age.

Often an abscess is a complication after treatment of teeth or jaw, during which the mucous membrane was damaged. Sometimes an abscess accompanies an infectious disease. It is important to treat it in a timely manner, otherwise it will become chronic and lead to serious complications– sepsis and phlegmon.

Purulent inflammation can be caused running form periodontal disease, periodontitis. When it occurs, the dentogingival joints are destroyed, periodontal pockets begin to form, and in them it actively multiplies pathogenic microflora leading to inflammation.

Sometimes an oral abscess is a consequence of an infection introduced into the wound, a violation of the integrity of the mucous membrane. For example, an infection can be introduced by a syringe during anesthesia. In addition, boils on the face, staphylococcal and streptococcal tonsillitis lead to pathology. In some cases, an oral abscess is a concern when a person has the flu or has a weakened immune system.

Types of abscesses

Dentists classify abscesses depending on where they are located.

Gum abscess

A common form of the disease, which manifests itself in the form of periodic exacerbations. It is characterized by an unpleasant odor from the mouth and severe intoxication of the body.

Abscess under the tongue

Inflammation leads to unbearable pain when a person eats or talks. If the abscess spontaneously opens, pus begins to flow into the neck and throat.

Abscess of the palate

The problem appears due to periodontitis, which affects upper teeth jaws. If the infection begins to affect the peritonsillar area, it will end in osteomyelitis.

Cheek abscess

The infection can affect the inside of the cheek and even extend slightly to the outside of the cheek. This is very dangerous look inflammation! Untimely assistance results in the spread of infection to nearby facial tissues.

Tongue abscess

When the disease occurs, the tongue becomes very swollen, making it very difficult for a person to speak, breathe, or eat. A tongue abscess can cause a person to suffocate and die, so urgent hospitalization is necessary.

Symptoms

The abscess forms quite quickly, which is why it appears unbearable pain, which spreads to the teeth and increases during meals. As a rule, the infected area swells and hardens. Externally, education looks like Walnut. An abscess on the tongue develops quickly and significantly enlarges the organ. In this case, the patient stops eating and lies down constantly.

During the examination, the doctor notices redness and significant inflammation of the mucous membrane. In this case, the patient’s condition sharply worsens: body temperature rises, sleep and appetite are disturbed.

As the disease progresses, the abscess may break out. After the pus is released, the patient feels much better - the pain becomes less, there is no swelling, and body temperature is restored.

Attention! An abscess is dangerous because it can become chronic, and then it will periodically bother you.

How to avoid complications? Do not hesitate, consult a doctor, he will prescribe the necessary treatment.

Diagnostic methods and therapy

After the doctor examines the patient, he draws conclusions and decides on the course of therapy. Under no circumstances should you try to open a mouth abscess yourself or prescribe antibiotics. To alleviate symptoms, it is recommended to use painkillers and rinse the mouth with antiseptics as often as possible.

An abscess can only be cured through surgery. It prevents further infection. During surgery, the doctor opens the abscess, drains it and treats it with antiseptics. After the operation, as a rule, no stitches are applied because the size of the incision is not considered large. After the pus is removed, the patient feels better for a while and the pain goes away. When the abscess affects a significant part of the oral cavity, treatment is delayed.

After the operation you will need to take:

• Immunostimulants.


• Antihistamines.


• Antibiotics.


• Vitamin and mineral complexes.

Additionally, physiotherapeutic procedures, fluctuarization, and UHF therapy are prescribed. After surgery, you should not use it for a long time solid food, eat well.

Prognosis and prevention

How much will it be effective treatment, depends on when the help was provided, as well as the general well-being of the patient. It is important to begin all treatment procedures in a timely manner.

Please note that in order not to have to treat the disease, follow the basic rules of hygiene, chew food carefully to avoid injury to the membrane. Also, do not forget to wash vegetables and fruits before consuming. It is important to promptly treat stomatitis and herpes, which leads to the formation of wounds in the oral cavity.

Always remember that an abscess will not go away on its own; it can lead to serious consequences. You can’t sit at home with a fever and an abscess; go to the dentist and start treatment. Be careful and careful about your health!