According to this information, it becomes clear that leukocyte infiltration of the cervix is a condition that develops in the presence of inflammatory process in tissues. It is most common in cervicitis and vaginitis.
The diagnosis of leukocyte infiltration is made by women who have taken a smear at a gynecological examination. The resulting material is sent to a laboratory for examination under a microscope. A smear is obtained using a Volkmann spoon, after inserting a gynecological speculum into the vagina.
Where do they get the material for research? The doctor takes tissue from those places where he sees pathological changes. The resulting material is applied to a glass slide and dried, only then the smear is checked in the laboratory.
Preparation
Only holding comprehensive survey will allow you to detect the cause of leukocyte infiltration and cure the ongoing changes in the cervix. An increased number of leukocytes is treated with antiseptic and antibiotic drugs, as well as lacto- and bifidobacteria.
Treatment of leukocyte infiltration also depends on the cause itself. Having got rid of the disease, the level of leukocytes in the epithelium of the cervix will be restored. News sexual life in this condition, it is possible if additional tests did not reveal a specific infection.
A gynecologist, during a visual-manual examination of each woman, takes material for the number of leukocytes in the cervical canal. In this case, the patient may not have complaints at all regarding the condition of the genital organs. A smear on the flora also reflects the amount of useful and pathogenic microorganisms, which allows you to create a holistic picture of the state of the urogenital tract. Deviations from established norm by the number of cells require a qualified therapeutic approach, agreed with the attending physician.
Gynecological smear
First of all, attention is paid to the number of leukocytes in a gynecological smear. These white blood cells carry out antibacterial and antiviral protection. They also fight with any antigenic structures that cause the inflammatory process.
Leukocytes in large numbers migrate to the microbial focus and concentrate around it. They tend to grow in size and break down over time. These processes are responsible for the signs local inflammation:
- Swelling of the affected area.
- Hyperemic reaction, localized rash.
- In the pathological focus, the temperature increases.
On examination, the gynecologist discovers hyperemic and pasty mucosa of the external genital organs. Women may complain of itching and burning in areas of inflammation.
Each representative of the fair sex should be seen by a gynecologist at least once every six months, if she does not have obstetric and gynecological pathology. When infected with a bacterial or viral infection it is advisable to identify the microbe and receive etiotropic treatment from a doctor. A smear is also taken during routine examinations of pregnant women, during preconception preparation, in postpartum period. Courses of antibiotics a wide range can change the microflora of the genital organs, which is also detected when taking a smear.
Preparation and essence of the procedure
In order for the results of the analysis to be as reliable as possible, a woman must prepare for the study. She should refrain from sexual intercourse the day before the visit to the gynecologist, do not use vaginal suppositories and tablets, do not douche. Immediately before taking it, it is recommended not to urinate for 2-3 hours and wash the genitals with a weak soapy water.
The smear reflects the composition of the microflora of three anatomical regions: the vagina, cervix, urethra. For fence biological material only sterile instruments are used:
- bacteriological loop;
- gauze swab;
- putty knife.
Scrapings are placed on the slides, which are dried, stained and examined under a microscope.
The number of leukocytes is determined primarily by a simple counting method. Normally, their content should be small, directly in the cervical canal from 0 to 30. During pregnancy, the physiological norm for the number of leukocytes is a number from 15 to 30.
Etiology of leukocytosis
Elevated white blood cells can be found in the cervical canal due to malfunctions of the reproductive sphere and failure of any other organ female body. High level White blood cells are most often found in:
- active inflammation cervical canal- cervicitis. The process may be limited to this area, or it may be widespread. So, the internal genital organs in the complex can be inflamed: tubes and ovaries, uterine mucosa, vagina.
- Somewhat similar to inflammation clinical picture can be seen by a physician tumor process urinary tract and genital organs. Leukocyte infiltration this is often the case, as these cells tend to neutralize agents with an abnormal antigenic structure. In addition, the destruction of healthy tissues by a tumor also gives inflammatory symptoms, which form the causes of an increase in leukocytes in the cervical canal.
- Deviations from the norm of leukocytes directly in the cervical canal are also found in conditions such as intestinal or vaginal dysbacteriosis. An increased number of white blood cells forms an infiltrate that suppresses the action of opportunistic pathogens.
- Latent sexual infections, as well as venereal diseases With severe symptoms directly mediates an increase in leukocytes in the cervix.
Various modifications of microorganisms currently make their detection a complex and time-consuming process. A smear from the cervix or other anatomical region is not always indicative. Elevated leukocytes are found in women outside the bacterial flora, which requires more precise methods microbial recognition. In such cases, an improved polymerase chain reaction comes to the rescue, complex mechanism which allows you to detect most pathogenic bacteria in smears, causing inflammation cervix. These include mycoplasmas, gonococci, treponemas, Trichomonas, amoeba, herpes virus, cytomegalovirus and many other microorganisms.
Less common causes
Leukocytes in the cervical canal differ from normal value and for some other less common causes. So, the dysbacteriosis of the genital organs, described above, may be the result of general somatic and autoimmune pathologies:
- Leukocyte infiltration of the cervical canal or cervicitis occurs with hormonal disruptions in girls during puberty, as well as with the extinction of reproductive reproduction or menopause. Endocrine imbalance also mediates pregnancy, as well as its spontaneous or violent termination. Increased or reduced production of hormones by some organs becomes an impetus for an increase in leukocytes in the cervical canal against the background of activation of the opportunistic microflora of the endocervix.
- Elevated white blood cells are found in women in a cervical smear after a sharp drop general immunity. The reason for this may be hypothermia, taking broad-spectrum antibiotics.
- Impact chronic stress causes significant damage to women's health. It can also be reflected by leukocyte infiltration of the endocervix, a general imbalance vaginal microflora. Overwork and heavy physical labor can also be accompanied by this symptom.
- Increased leukocytes in smears from the cervix can be after intense sexual intercourse. Rigid copulation causes microtrauma and cracks to the vagina, to which white blood cells quickly respond.
- If a woman often changes sexual partners, then this can also affect the cellular composition in the cervical canal. A large number of leukocytes levels permanent shift bacterial flora.
- Leukocyte infiltration in the endocervix may be side effect chemotherapy or radiation treatment.
- Excessive enthusiasm for the rules of hygiene, as well as their complete absence, harms the microflora of the genital organs. The use of douches changes the cellular composition internal environment sometimes not in better side, causes inflammation and migration of leukocytes. Neglect of elementary hygiene procedures causes the reproduction of opportunistic microorganisms, which white blood cells also seek to neutralize.
- Some barrier means concentrations cause leukocytosis in the cervix. Various spermicides in pharmacological forms candles or ointments violate the existing balance of the sexual environment. Inflammation and leukocytosis in the genital organs occur and how allergic reactions for male sperm.
- Anatomical structure genital organs can be changed by congenital deformities, during pathological childbirth, surgical interventions. This leads to shifts in the cellular environment in the cervical canal and related areas where leukocytes tend to rise.
- Also lead to cellular-bacterial imbalance of the genital organs foreign bodies. The norm of leukocytes in the cervical canal is never observed in women using hygienic tampons.
- Temperature drops, prolonged hypothermia or overheating of the female body harm the cellular composition of the endocervix. The imbalance also causes tight underwear, shorts made of synthetic fabric and thongs.
Conclusion
Physiological norm a slight increase in leukocytes is considered if a woman had 24 hours before the examination intimate relationship. Setting the uterine spiral contributes to a longer leukocytosis in the cervical canal, lasting up to 10 days.
Thus, high rate white blood cells can be associated with quite a few causes, exogenous and endogenous factors. If the etiology of leukocytosis cannot be established, it is necessary to examine the woman more carefully, collect a more detailed history and clarify the presence of concomitant pathology. In treatment increased amount white blood cells, it is important to remember that leukocyte infiltration is defensive reaction, which should not be completely suppressed.
Cytology smear: what shows, decoding, norm and pathology
The content of the article:A cytology smear or Pap test in women has a large diagnostic value, because it makes it possible to identify the malignant process in the initial stage and prescribe therapy in a timely manner.
Cytological examination in gynecology
Cytological analysis in gynecology is understood as a microscopic examination for typicality cellular composition samples taken from the vagina and cervical canal. Such diagnostics gives physicians the opportunity to draw conclusions about the presence of inflammatory processes, cancer or cancer in reproductive organs female patients.
Unlike histological examination, the cytological method is non-invasive. That is, when taking biological material, there is no need to perform a biopsy or puncture, and the integrity of the tissue is absolutely not violated. The analysis is subjected to samples taken using a print or smear. To obtain accurate results, you must carefully follow the rules for preparing for the examination. It is also very important that the analysis be deciphered by the woman's attending physician, who will take into account her complaints and data from other diagnostic methods.
It usually takes no more than a day to perform a cytological analysis. If at the same time a precancerous condition or an oncological process was detected, invasive procedures are used to clarify the diagnosis. diagnostic methods- biopsies.
Cytology is especially important when biopsy is contraindicated and when examining a large number of patients (when it is necessary to identify women who are at risk for the development of malignant pathology).
A cytology smear (PAP test, Papanicolaou analysis) is a study under a microscope of a smear from the cervix in order to early detection cancerous diseases. Also, this analysis is also called a histological smear or a smear for oncocytology. Such an examination is easily tolerated by patients, since it is completely painless and does not take much time.
A cytological smear not only makes it possible to timely diagnose cellular abnormalities, but also helps to identify the presence of unwanted microflora in the vaginal environment. At the same time, the test does not provide accurate data on the identified pathologies, and in case of an unfavorable result, the patient is sent for an additional examination (a smear for the flora in women) and for analysis for STDs.
Using the cytological method, which is successfully used in gynecological practice for decades, it is possible to identify 5 types of changes in the cells of patients. At the same time, the study is very simple and affordable. Doctors advise all women to go through it age category 18 to 65 years of age at least once a year. Based on the results of the analysis, it is possible to reliably establish the presence or absence of any pathology.
Indications for a cytology smear
It is desirable to take a smear for cytology for all women. At the age of 40, it is enough to undergo such a diagnosis once a year. Senior representatives age groups should be checked every 6 months. Some cases are mandatory indications to the test. These include:
Inflammation in the cervical canal, cervix, especially if they are chronic.
Menstrual disorders.
reproductive problems.
Preparing for surgical interventions and other medical procedures.
Planning for pregnancy.
Preparing to install the coil.
Taking hormonal drugs.
Diabetes.
2nd and 3rd degree of obesity.
The presence in the body of certain viruses (human papillomavirus, genital herpes).
Frequent change of sexual partners.
Contraindications for cytological examination
A smear for cytology is not taken during menstruation. If you need to assess the presence of atypical cells, you should not analyze during inflammation of the vagina and cervix. The fact is that big number leukocytes will simply “close” the pathological cells, and it will be impossible to detect them by the cytological method.
Preparing for a smear for cervical cytology
To get the most accurate result, you must follow a few simple rules:
Do not douche.
Do not use medicines local action(candles, ointments, etc.).
Wait until the end of the month.
Do not urinate three hours before taking a smear.
Refrain from sexual intercourse for two days before the study.
If there is an inflammatory process in which a lot of secretion is released, the disease must be treated and a control smear taken to confirm recovery. And only after that it makes sense to perform a cytological analysis.
Taking an oncological smear is performed by a gynecologist when examining a patient. First, using mirrors, the doctor examines the condition of the vagina, examines the entrance to the cervical canal and the mucous membrane of the cervix. Then, material is taken from three areas (vagina, cervical canal, cervical inlet) using a special brush for analysis. The procedure takes very little time and does not cause any pain to the patients.
The collected material is placed on a glass slide, evenly distributed and, after drying, transferred to a medical laboratory. There, the smear is stained with special substances and examined under a microscope.
At the same time, the following characteristics are evaluated:
Cell sizes and their structure.
The number of cells (per unit area).
Mutual arrangement.
shape of the epithelium.
Availability pathological changes in cells.
Multilayer structures squamous epithelium mucous membrane of the vagina
A - basal layer (a - basal cells, b - parabasal cells)
B - intermediate layer, C - surface layer; on the right, individual cells of the corresponding layers of the vaginal epithelium are shown.
After the sampling procedure, the patient can immediately return to her normal activities. There should not be any discomfort normally, since the brush cannot injure tissues. True, there is a possibility that a small blood vessel. Then, within 1-2 days after the analysis, there will be slight bloody issues(veins). This phenomenon should not cause concern in a woman.
Cervix healthy woman covered with a cylindrical epithelium, and the vagina is flat. As for the vaginal microflora, it is not cocci, but sticks. Some indicators depend on the phase of the cycle - karyopyknotic and acidophilic indices, basal and parabasal cells, the number of leukocytes. They provide information about the work of the ovaries.
Pap test interpretation
Depending on the state of the epithelial cells, vaginal smears subjected to cytological examination are divided into five classes (Papanicolaou method):
Class 1. Absence of pathological changes in the studied material. Cells have normal sizes and shape, correctly positioned.
Class 2 Downgraded morphological norm some cellular elements, which is a sign of inflammation or infection. Such a result may be a sign of vaginosis. IN similar cases further diagnostics is shown for an accurate diagnosis and selection of adequate therapy.
Class 3. The material contains single cells with disorders in the structure of the nucleus and cytoplasm (dysplasia or hyperplasia). The number of pathological cells small. The patient is sent for re-cytology.
Class 4. In the examined smear, cells with malignant changes in the nucleus, chromatin and cytoplasm are found. These pathological changes indicate that the patient has a precancerous condition.
Class 5. Presence in a smear a large number atypical cells (there are many more than normal). In this case, diagnose initial stage cancer.
Deciphering a smear for cytology according to the Betsed method
The decoding of the cytological analysis of the material taken from the cervical canal is performed according to the Betsed method. This takes into account the location of the cells and dyskaryosis (changes in the nucleus). The results of the study may be as follows:
Norm. The absence of pathology does not have any special designation.
Vaginosis, koilocytosis - HPV.
- Cervical dysplasia depending on the degree - CIN I, CIN II or CIN III.
Cervical cancer - Carcinoma (pax).
Terms in the diagnosis in the cytological analysis of a smear of the cervix
In gynecological practice, to describe the results of cytological studies, it is customary to use the following designations and terms:
CBO. Normal performance no pathological changes.
Cytogram of inflammation. Indicators that indicate the development of the inflammatory process (cervicitis).
Leukocyte infiltration - an increased number of leukocytes. This is a sign of vaginosis, exocervitis or endocervitis.
Koilocytes - the presence of cells that speak of HPV.
Proliferation is the acceleration of cell division. This condition is characteristic of the inflammatory process in the uterus. With strong proliferation, advanced inflammation occurs.
Leukoplakia - pathologically altered (but not cancerous) cells are present in the smear.
Metaplasia - one type of cell is replaced by another. It is considered the norm for patients who have been treated for non-oncological pathologies of the uterus in menopause. In addition, this condition is normal for women who have been in menopause for more than 6 years.
Dysplasia is a precancerous pathology.
The following abbreviations are used to describe the results of a smear containing abnormal cells:
-ASC US- the presence of altered squamous epithelial cells with unknown etiology. It occurs more often in patients older than 45 when estrogen production decreases.
-AGC- changes in cylindrical cells that may indicate vaginosis or any other diseases. This result requires additional clarifying diagnostics.
- L-SIL- the presence of a small number of atypical non-malignant cells. In this case, the patient is referred for further examination (biopsy and colposcopy).
-ASC-H- pathological changes in cells that indicate a precancerous pathology or an oncological process that begins.
- HSIL is oncocytology (altered flat cells). Such patients undergo immediate medical measures to prevent degeneration into a malignant tumor.
- AIS– This abbreviation indicates that cylindrical malignant cells have been identified. These results require urgent treatment.
If pathologically altered cells are detected in the smear, the laboratory assistant will definitely indicate this in a written opinion specifying the type of changes. If there are no special designations in the decoding of the analysis, then, in all likelihood, the smear corresponds to the norm. Accurate Diagnosis You can't make a test based on this test alone. To determine the nature of the pathology, the gynecologist needs to compare the results of different examinations.
How many days is a smear analysis done for cytology
Cytological analysis of a smear usually takes from 1 to 5 days.
It is important to remember that the oncological process does not occur in a few days. Quite a lot of time passes from the first pathological changes to malignant degeneration. That's why timely detection atypical cells in a woman's body makes it possible to prevent the development of cervical cancer. For these purposes, an accessible and simple method was introduced everywhere. early diagnosis malignant cells - cytological examination smear.
Cytology results
1. The quality of the drug:
2. Cytogram (description).
3. Additional clarifications.
Read comments 12:
added after 16 minutes
added after 1 minute
Nival, well, everything is fine!
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Cytology results
Good day! Help to decipher results of a cytology please. After 3 weeks, stimulation is planned, followed by insimination. All analyzes are excellent and the last one came like this:
Cytological examination of biomaterial from the cervix according to the Papanicolaou method (PAP test)
1. The quality of the drug:
Exocervix - the quality of the drug is adequate.
Endocervix - the quality of the drug is adequate.
2. Cytogram (description).
Exocervix - cells of the squamous epithelium of the superficial and intermediate were found in the obtained material
Weak, sometimes moderately expressed leukocytic infiltration.
Endocervix - elements of peripheral blood, squamous epithelium cells were found in the obtained material
superficial, intermediate layers and columnar epithelium.
Squamous metaplastic epithelium.
Moderate, locally pronounced leukocyte infiltration.
3. Additional clarifications.
No cells with signs of malignancy were found in the obtained material.
Read comments 12:
Exocervix and endocervix are adequate, which means that there are no malignant cells.
Well, it doesn't seem like great inflammation available. I don't think it's scary. Treat and everything will be good!
added after 16 minutes
I will also add that I am not a doctor, so only a doctor can say more specifically.
With inflammation, they are unlikely to be taken for stimulation (
What could it possibly be? Everything was clean for infections
Nival, I can’t say for sure about the inflammation, but I was confused in places by the pronounced leukocyte infiltration. The girls will go to the blog, maybe they will say something.
Here is my analysis, the doctor said excellent and that everything is ok. But the truth is you have written more than I have.
added after 1 minute
And so, mild leukocentric infiltration is the norm
Thanks a lot for the replies! I signed up for a doctor tomorrow (lucky, the window appeared), then I'll tell you what they will tell me about it.
Nival, your question is about my work profile. smear is normal. What cycle day did you take it on? I don't think they will ban stimulation
Nival, well, everything is fine!
Hermione, good afternoon! On the 7th day of the cycle.
Nival, good afternoon. the number of leukocytes is a dynamic value, it can change during the cycle, many factors affect it. what did they say in the consultation?
Hermione, today she came to two doctors with this question - the first one says everything is fine and do nothing, the second one prescribed terzhinan suppositories. opinions differed
edited less than a minute ago
Nival, don’t worry, the first doctor didn’t prescribe anything, because you don’t have any complaints, and if you don’t, then there’s nothing to treat. And the second one was appointed by Terzhinan for safety net, it will not get worse from him, you can apply it. Do what makes you feel calmer, because the main thing is the mood.