Defeat internal organs in pairs or liquid solution bromine causes severe conditions and complications. When poisoning with bromine, you need to know the symptoms, methods of treatment and the consequences of bromine.
Bromine is a viscous substance of an inky purple color with a pungent odor. Its fumes are colored yellowish - grey colour.
Solid has the appearance of needle crystals Brown.
The substance is used in the chemical industry in the manufacture of paints. It is used in the processing of leather, in the production of photo and film products.
Signs of bromism
- If the content of the substance in the atmosphere reaches 0.001%, irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose develops, oral cavity. Eyes begin to water, appear in them cutting pains.
- Nosebleeds are accompanied by dizziness and loss of orientation.
- When the content of a substance in the air reaches 0.02%, more noticeable symptoms of bromism occur - intermittent breathing, a problem with the vestibular apparatus. If the substance gets on open areas of the skin, itching and inflammation of the affected area begins. With untimely processing, deep ulcers from a chemical burn may appear.
Recognizing the symptoms of poisoning is not difficult. If a person was close to its source, the mucous membranes and tongue become brown.
Tearful and salivary glands from irritation, they begin to intensively secrete their secret. Bromine poisoning causes inflammation of the conjunctiva. It is painful and difficult to inhale air through the affected bronchi.
Immediately after poisoning with bromine vapor, a rash appears on the skin, opens nose bleed. Complications include bronchitis, pneumonia, severe cases develops pulmonary edema.
How to help the victim?
First of all, you need to call a medical ambulance.
First aid is about next steps:
- The poisoned person must immediately be taken out to fresh air, if this is not possible, provide access to pure oxygen through open window.
- If a person is poisoned by bromine vapor or a liquid composition, he must immediately remove his clothes, wipe his skin alcohol solution put on an oxygen mask (if possible).
- You can give to drink warm milk with soda.
- Soft alkaline inhalations help to remove the effects of bromism.
- The patient should eat 10-30 g of salt per day with food.
The doctor conducts blood-purifying therapy - sodium chloride is injected intravenously, the patient is given diphenhydramine and pipolfen in tablets. Cardiac agents help restore cardiac activity.
If the person is unconscious, put him on hard surface turning his head to the side. In this case, it is necessary to monitor breathing and heartbeat. If bromine poisoning caused cardiac arrest, before the arrival of doctors, you need to do indirect massage hearts and artificial respiration.
The consequences of bromism for the human body
- Bromine strikes lymphatic system, penetrates deep into the lymph nodes behind the ear, into the ovaries and testicles. Affected organs increase in size and acquire the hardness of a stone. And only the left side is affected.
- Even in minimal doses, the substance has a detrimental effect on nervous system. Penetrating into it through the spinal cord and brain, bromine reduces intellectual ability and properties of a person, makes him drowsy, inhibited.
- Nerve endings on the facial muscles are excited, there is a feeling of something sticking to the face.
- In women, swelling of the uterus may occur, the resulting gases are released through the vagina. The complication is accompanied by periodic pulling pains, which predominate in evening time. Pain is aggravated by colds From the left side.
- Chair acquires dark brown color, with slime. Sometimes there is diarrhea and pain in the intestines.
- If a woman is poisoned, her menstrual cycle is disturbed. Copious secretions contain filiform membranes that deliver pain upon exit. There is a constant pain in the left ovary, it intensifies on the eve and after menstruation.
Bromism is also a form chronic poisoning. Bromine accumulates gradually and leads to serious violations in the work of internal organs.
Chronic form It has the following signs:
- pale skin;
- unexplained sudden weight loss;
- decline vitality and interest in what is happening around;
- dysfunction reproductive organs;
- sexual indifference;
- decreased intelligence, memory, mental activity;
- hand trembling;
- the appearance of seals in some areas of the skin and tubercles on them.
Treatment
If these symptoms appear, you should immediately consult a doctor and stop taking sedatives, which include bromine (for example, Corvalol). Treatment is reduced to eliminating the consequences of intoxication.
It must be remembered that bromism mainly affects the nervous system, disrupts the functions of the brain, reduces vitality. important qualities human nature. Only a specialist can assess the degree of damage, and prescribe proper treatment.
Corvalol - popular cardiac remedy which is in every first aid kit. It is available in drops and tablets. The townsfolk are accustomed to using it as a heart, sedative. Many Corvalol helps with insomnia and stomach cramps.
By using the medicine constantly, patients become dependent on it, as it gives calmness, relieves pain, improves heart function, and the person feels good.
Corvalol contains:
- Phenobarbital.
- Sodium hydroxide.
- Hood fragrant herbs.
- Ethanol and water.
According to the instructions, you should take 15-20 drops 3 times a day. With heart pain, the amount of medicine can be increased by 15 drops. Even patients take Corvalol childhood. It normalizes heart rhythms, helps with vasoconstriction, high blood pressure.
The healing substance tends to calm, but with constant use, the body gets used to the medicine, and in order to achieve a result, patients arbitrarily increase the number of drops.
An overdose can adversely affect the human body. If health is weak, then it can end lethal outcome. The critical norm - 0.5 bottles of the drug is life-threatening.
Signs of poisoning:
- Light degree- lethargy, drowsiness.
- Medium - deep sleep, uncontrolled salivation
- low arterial pressure, dilated pupils.
- The critical degree of intoxication is respiratory failure, lilac skin tone, pulmonary edema, coma.
Video: environmental disaster - bromine leak.
First aid for corvalol intoxication
First aid is to remove the drug from the stomach by repeated washing. After that, the patient should be given Smecta or activated charcoal.
It is necessary to monitor the pulse and breathing of the patient. The doctor injects an antidote - bemegrid intravenously.
The following phenothiazine derivatives are used in our country: chlorpromazine, mazheptil, propazine, levomepromazine (tisercin), triftazine (stelazin), frenolon, etaperazine.
Phenothiazine
Aminazine, propazine, and levomepromazine have a dialkylaminoalkyl chain attached to the nitrogen atom. In other drugs, the nitrogen atom of the side chain is in the core of piperazine.
Lethal doses of these substances, judging by the literature data, fluctuate within a fairly wide range from 15 to 150 mg/kg. However, severe poisoning and even death occurred after ingestion of much lower doses.
It should be borne in mind that phenothiazine derivatives significantly enhance the effect of hypnotics, narcotic, analgesic, antihistamines.
IN therapeutic doses chlorpromazine and its analogues have a sedative effect on the central nervous system, reduce motor activity relax skeletal muscles. High doses cause drowsiness, hypotension, tachycardia, anorexia, nausea, dry mouth, ataxia, tremor, coma, and sometimes convulsions. Unlike intoxication with barbiturates, in case of poisoning with chlorpromazine and its analogues, there is no miosis (the pupils, on the contrary, are dilated) and bronchorrhea.
Prolonged use of chlorpromazine and its analogues can lead to the development of leukopenia or agranulocytosis, there may be skin rashes, skin pigmentation, jaundice, damage to the liver, heart, and central nervous system. Urgent Care and treatment is the same as for barbiturate poisoning.
Bromides
Bromides are used as sedatives. They enhance the processes of inhibition in the cerebral cortex, inhibit both the sensory and motor areas of the cortex.
Apply the following drugs bromine: sodium bromide (NaBr), potassium bromide (KBr), ammonium bromide (NH 4 Br), bromisopal (bromural).
Large doses of bromides, when ingested, cause nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
With prolonged intake of even small doses of bromine into the body, chronic intoxication - "bromism", which is manifested by a runny nose, conjunctivitis, cough, skin rash, weakening of memory. In severe cases, tremor, ataxia, mental disorders, coma.
In the diagnosis of poisoning with bromine preparations, a blood test for the content of bromides is of great help: an increase in the level of bromides above 1.5 g / l (150 mg%) in the blood indicates intoxication.
In the case of ingestion of a deliberately high dose of bromides, it is necessary to wash the stomach through a tube with an isotopic solution of sodium chloride. The latter is an antidote for poisoning with bromine preparations and is recommended for oral administration of 1 g every hour with water.
In severe cases, isotonic sodium chloride solution is recommended to be administered intravenously at 1 liter every 4 hours (maximum 4 liters) until the bromide content in the blood drops to 0.5 g / l (50 mg%) and below. Simultaneously with the use isotonic solution sodium chloride at severe poisoning diuretics and peritoneal dialysis are indicated. The rest of the treatment is symptomatic.
"Emergency care for acute poisoning", S.N. Golikov
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Description:
Bromine poisoning is a lesion of organs and organ systems due to exposure to bromine.
Symptoms:
At a concentration of 0.001%, irritation of the mucous membranes, bleeding from the nose are observed. At a concentration of 0.02% - suffocation, spasms, respiratory disease. Contact with liquid bromine on the skin causes itching, with long acting slowly healing ulcers.
Bromine irritates upper Airways: runny nose, lacrimation appear almost simultaneously,. Even injected, it in a poisonous dose causes inflammation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract.
Bromine has a very profound effect on lymph glands especially on the parotid gland, ovaries and testicles. It causes a rapid increase in their volume and special kind hardness: the affected gland is hard as a stone. Important characteristic: Only the glands on the left side are affected.
At internal use small doses and very high dilutions, bromine produces a peculiar effect on the head and spinal cord- it lowers intellectual performance and suppresses reflex excitability, excites drowsiness.
Symptoms of bromine poisoning: swelling with hardening of all glands, sensation of cobwebs on the face, especially when the wings of the nose move.
Possible development of a physiometer (pelvic tumor of the uterus); copious excretion gases through the vagina. The pains are deaf, deep, prolonged, rarely sharp, appearing more often with a cold in warm and humid weather; always intensify in the evening until midnight and always amaze left side body.
Stools are slimy, bloody, colored coffee grounds, there is also diarrhea on the background of gastric disorders.
Menstruation premature, profuse, with false membranes, which cause convulsive pains. This is accompanied by deep constant pain in the left ovary, more pronounced before and after menstruation.
Causes of occurrence:
Bromine (Br) - a chemical element of the VIIth group Periodic system DI. Mendeleev. Refers to halogens.
Bromine is a heavy liquid pungent odor, in reflected light dark purple, almost black, in transmitted light - dark red; easily forms yellow-brown pairs. In the solid state - red-brown needle-shaped crystals. Bromine belongs to the class of toxic substances, but is not very dangerous.
When working with bromine, a gas mask, gloves and overalls should be used.
Compounds found in nature and in industry. Acute poisoning bromine vapors are possible in the chemical, photographic, film and leather industries, in the production of a number of dyes, etc.
Treatment:
First aid. Remove the victim from the poisoned area, remove clothing, wash the affected skin with alcohol, and breathe in oxygen. Do inhalations (alkaline and with a 2% solution of sodium thiosulfate). Drink warm milk with Borjomi or soda. Inside with food 10-30 g per day of sodium chloride ( table salt). Intravenous 10 ml of 10% calcium chloride. Inside - diphenhydramine, pipolfen 0.025 g each, heart remedies.
And systems. Depending on the concentration of this substance, damage to human health can be caused varying degrees. At a concentration of 0.001%, irritation of the mucous membranes is possible, dizziness, lacrimation, and also a symptom are observed.
If poisoning occurs at a concentration of 0.02%, then the airways are blocked, causing spasms and asthma attacks. Bromine, getting on the skin, can cause allergic reaction. When bromine vapor is inhaled, the tongue and mouth instantly turn brown. In more severe cases, acute pneumonia and pulmonary edema may develop, which can be fatal.
First aid for bromine poisoning
First of all, in case of poisoning with bromine, the victim must be provided with rest and warmth. Next, the mucous membranes should be washed with a 2% soda solution, an intravenous infusion of a 40% glucose solution should be performed. If liquid bromine gets on the skin, be sure to wash the affected area with water and apply a compress with an ointment, which includes sodium bicarbonate.IN emergency cases the victim is given a gastric lavage with the addition activated carbon. Carrying out such a procedure will help limit the flow of poison into the body and thereby alleviate the condition of a sick person.
It is also advisable for the patient to use a large number of warm milk with soda and take drugs that improve the functioning of the cardiac system. It should be noted that in case of bromine poisoning, the victim for a long time should be under the close supervision of doctors, since there is a risk of developing pulmonary edema, which is very dangerous.
Precautions for contact with bromine
Working with bromine must be accompanied by the use of protective clothing, a gas mask, and special gloves. Due to its reactivity and toxicity, bromine is needed in well-sealed glassware.To protect the respiratory organs from bromine vapor, you can use a cotton-gauze bandage, previously moistened with a 5% solution of sodium thiosulfate.
Vessels with data chemical element stored in containers with sand, which protects them from destruction. It should be remembered that due to high density bromine, vessels with it should never be taken by the neck. After all, at any moment it can come off, and bromine will be outside.
Bromine is a viscous ink-violet mass, the caustic vapors of which, upon penetration into the body (even in small amount) can cause complications up to severe tragic conditions. What are the symptoms and rules of first aid, so that in case of bromine poisoning, quickly eliminate the manifestation of intoxication of the body and prevent depressing consequences.
Causes of bromine poisoning
People working in the chemical industry are familiar with bromine, a solid, acicular-crystalline substance. Poisoning is caused by evaporation, turning into a yellow-gray hue.
The main causes of bromine intoxication:
- non-compliance with safety rules when working with poisons;
- abuse of drugs (Corvalol, Valocordin) with sodium bromide in the composition;
- illiterate use of pesticides for the treatment of horticultural crops in areas in order to suppress pests
Reference! Inhalation of sodium bromide vapors can cause damage to vital systems (organs) due to rapid absorption chemical substances into the blood and spread throughout the body. An overdose of bromine leads not only to intoxication, but also to death.
First signs
Symptoms are completely dependent on the age and degree of health of people, the presence of chronic pathologies, trapped concentration of sodium bromide in the body. The main signs of acute (primary) intoxication:
- paroxysmal dry cough;
- lacrimation;
- confusion;
- convulsions;
- dizziness;
- increase lymph nodes in size;
- diarrhea with dark brown stools;
- spasms in the throat.
Emergency help
Bromine poisoning leads to acute intoxication Therefore, it is important to help the victim in a timely manner. Actions:
- throw off clothes, providing access fresh air and pure oxygen;
- wipe the body with an alcohol solution;
- serve to drink warm milk with soda (1 glass);
- transfer the patient to a salt diet with salt intake (30 g per day);
- conduct alkaline inhalation to relieve the effects of bromism.
In a hospital setting, doctors conduct cleansing therapy with the introduction of sodium chloride (in / in). Additionally prescribed tablets (Pipolfen, Diphenhydramine), cardiac drugs to restore cardiac activity.
Therapeutic actions
In the hospital, doctors will determine the degree of intoxication with bromine, take urine and blood tests for examination in the laboratory. The main methods of therapy:
- prescribing medications (Dimedrol, Pipolfen), special preparations to restore cardiac work of the heart muscle;
- applying compresses locally to the affected areas of the skin;
- the introduction of a glucose solution (40%) using a dropper;
- injection of calcium chloride;
- conducting artificial ventilation lungs in case of difficulty breathing.
Reference! Well eliminates the effects of bromine plentiful alkaline drink or inhalation. It is recommended to take warm milk with soda in small sips.
Possible consequences
Bromism can lead to grave consequences. In women - to violation menstrual cycle, pain in the ovary (left), tumors of the uterus. In men - to the defeat of the testicles and the lymphatic system.
Even small doses of bromine can adversely affect the human nervous system if it penetrates the brain (spinal) cord, cause intellectual disorders: lethargy, drowsiness.
Prevention
To prevent bromine poisoning means to follow simple preventive measures:
- wear a special respirator when working with pesticides;
- do not neglect dosages when taking medications.
Bromine poisoning is rare. However, initial manifestations cannot be ignored. Need in urgently call ambulance and be able to take the first action at home.