Antibiotics of the latest generation with a wide spectrum of action. Antibacterial drugs: names and characteristics

Treatment bacterial infections today is impossible without the use of antibiotics. Microorganisms tend to acquire resistance to chemical compounds, and old drugs are often ineffective. Therefore, pharmaceutical laboratories are constantly looking for new formulas. In many cases, infectious disease specialists prefer to use antibiotics wide range actions of a new generation, the list of which includes drugs with different active ingredients.

The principle of action of the drugs

Antibiotics act only on bacterial cells and are not able to kill viral particles.

Based on their spectrum of action, these drugs are divided into two large groups:

narrowly targeted, coping with a limited number of pathogens;
broad spectrum of action, combating different groups pathogens.

In the case where the pathogen is known exactly, antibiotics of the first group can be used. If the infection is complex and combined, or the pathogen is not identified in the laboratory, drugs of the second group are used.

Based on the principle of action, antibiotics can also be divided into two groups:

bactericides - drugs that kill bacterial cells;
bacteriostatics are drugs that stop the proliferation of microorganisms, but are not able to kill them.

Bacteriostatics are safer for the body, therefore, for mild forms of infections, preference is given to this group of antibiotics. They allow you to temporarily restrain the growth of bacteria and wait for them to die on their own. Severe infections are treated with bactericidal drugs.

List of new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics

The division of antibiotics into generations is heterogeneous. For example, cephalosporin drugs and fluoroquinolones are divided into 4 generations, macrolides and aminoglycosides - into 3:

Group of drugs	Generations of drugs	Drug names
Cephalosporins	I	"Cefazolin" "Cephalexin"
	II	"Cefuroxime" "Cefaclor"
	III	"Cefotaxime" "Cefixime"
	IV	"Cefepime" "Cefpirom"
Macrolides	I	"Erythromycin"
	II	"Flurithromycin" "Clarithromycin" "Roxithromycin" "Midecamycin"
	III	"Azithromycin"
Fluoroquinolones	I	Oxolinic acid
	II	"Ofloxacin"
	III	"Levofloxacin"
	IV	"Moxifloxacin" "Gemifloxacin" "Gatifloxacin"
Aminoglycosides	I	"Streptomycin"
	II	"Gentamicin"
	III	"Amikacin" "Netilmicin" "Framycetin"

Unlike older drugs, new generation antibiotics affect beneficial flora much less, are absorbed faster, and have a less toxic effect on the liver. They are able to quickly accumulate the active substance in the tissues, due to which the frequency of doses is reduced and the intervals between them increase.

What medications should I take depending on the disease?

Often the same broad-spectrum drug is prescribed for various diseases. But this does not mean that you can do without preliminary diagnosis. Only correct positioning diagnosis allows you to adequately select an antibiotic.

Treatment of bronchitis

Bronchitis is a common infectious and inflammatory disease that can lead to severe complications. Can be prescribed for the treatment of bronchitis the following drugs:

Drug name		Contraindications	Dosage
"Sumamed"		age up to 6 months;	Children over 3 years old – 2 tablets of 125 mg per day. Children under 3 years old – 2.5 to 5 ml of suspension per day.
"Avelox"	A group of fluoroquinolones, the active substance is Moxifloxacin.	pregnancy and lactation; age under 18 years; violations heart rate; serious illnesses liver.	1 tablet 400 mg per day
"Gatispan"	A group of fluoroquinolones, the active substance is Gatifloxacin.	pregnancy and lactation; age under 18 years; diabetes mellitus; heart rhythm disturbances; convulsions.	1 tablet 400 mg per day
"Flemoxin Solutab"		lymphocytic leukemia; gastrointestinal pathologies; pregnancy and lactation; infectious mononucleosis.

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Along with antibiotics, mucolytic and anti-inflammatory drugs are used in the treatment of bronchitis.

For pneumonia

Pneumonia should never be treated independently at home. This disease requires mandatory hospitalization and serious therapy with intramuscular or intravenous administration antibiotics.

The following injection drugs can be used to treat pneumonia in a hospital:

"Ticarcillin";
"Carbenicillin";
"Cefepime";
"Meropenem".

In some cases, antibiotics are also prescribed in tablets. These may be drugs:

"Tigeron";
"Gatispan";
"Sumamed";
"Avelox".

Dosage and frequency of doses per in this case determined individually, based on the patient’s condition and therapeutic strategy.

Antibiotics for sinusitis

The decision to prescribe antibiotics for the treatment of sinusitis is made by an ENT doctor. Therapy with these drugs is carried out in mandatory if there is purulent discharge from the sinuses and intense headaches:

Drug name	Group and active substance	Contraindications	Dosage
"AzitRus"	A group of macrolides, the active ingredient is Azithromycin.	severe violations liver functions; age up to 3 years; individual intolerance.	Adults and children over 12 years old – 1 capsule or tablet of 500 mg per day. Children over 3 years old – 10 mg per 1 kg of weight per day.
"Faktiv"	A group of fluoroquinolones, the active substance is Gemifloxacin.	pregnancy and lactation; age under 18 years; heart rhythm disturbances; severe liver diseases.	1 tablet 320 mg per day
"Flemoclav Solutab"	Penicillin group, active ingredient – Amoxicillin.	lymphocytic leukemia; gastrointestinal pathologies; pregnancy and lactation; age up to 3 years; infectious mononucleosis.	Adults and children over 12 years old – 1 tablet of 500 mg 3 times a day. Children under 12 years old – 25 mg per 1 kg of weight per day.

Before prescribing antibiotics, an ENT doctor usually gives a referral for a bacterial culture and an antibiogram to determine the type of pathogen and its sensitivity to one or another active substance.

For sore throat

In everyday life it is commonly called sore throat acute tonsillitis– inflammation of the tonsils caused by viruses or bacteria. The bacterial form of sore throat is caused by streptococci or staphylococci, and this disease can only be treated with antibiotics:

Drug name	Group and active substance	Contraindications	Dosage
"Macropen"	A group of macrolides, the active substance is Midecamycin.	liver diseases; age up to 3 years; individual intolerance.	Adults and children weighing over 30 kg – 1 tablet of 400 mg 3 times a day.
"Rulid"	A group of macrolides, the active ingredient is Roxithromycin.	age up to 2 months; pregnancy and lactation.	Adults and children weighing over 40 kg – 2 tablets of 150 mg 1-2 times a day. In other cases, the dosage is calculated individually.
"Flemoxin Solutab"	Penicillin group, active ingredient – Amoxicillin.	lymphocytic leukemia; gastrointestinal pathologies; pregnancy and lactation; infectious mononucleosis.	Adults – 1 tablet 500 mg 2 times a day. Children over 10 years old – 2 tablets of 250 mg 2 times a day. Children over 3 years old – 1 tablet 250 mg 3 times a day. Children under 3 years old – 1 tablet 125 mg 3 times a day.

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It is important to understand that if acute tonsillitis is not bacterial, but viral in nature, it is useless to treat it with antibiotics. Only a doctor can distinguish between these two forms of the disease, so you should not take any medications without his consultation.

Colds and flu

Respiratory infections, which in everyday life are called colds, as well as influenza are caused by viruses. Therefore, antibiotics are used in their treatment only in one case: if the disease becomes complicated and a bacterial infection joins the viral infection.

In such situations, therapy is usually started with penicillin antibiotics:

"Flemoxin Solutab";
"Flemoclav Solutab".

If no improvement is observed after 72 hours after starting to take these drugs, new generation macrolides are added to therapy:

"Sumamed";
"Rulid";
"AzitRus".

Antibiotic regimen for treatment respiratory infections standard, but medical supervision necessary in this case as well.

Infections of the genitourinary system

Urogenital infections can be caused by pathogens of different nature– viruses, fungi, bacteria, protozoa. Therefore, it makes sense to start treatment only after a thorough laboratory diagnostics and determining the type of pathogen.

In mild cases, the infection can be removed from the urinary tract using the following medications:

“Furadonin” – 2 mg per 1 kg of weight 3 times a day;
“Furazolidone” – 2 tablets 0.05 g 4 times a day;
“Palin” – 1 capsule 2 times a day.

In more difficult situations when pathogens have high resistance (resistance) to chemical influences, broad-spectrum antibiotics may be prescribed:

Drug name	Group and active substance	Contraindications	Dosage
"Abaktal"	A group of fluoroquinolones, the active substance is Pefloxacin.	pregnancy and lactation; age under 18 years; hemolytic anemia; individual intolerance.	1 tablet 400 mg 1-2 times a day.
"Monural"	A derivative of phosphonic acid, the active substance is Fosfomycin.	age up to 5 years; individual intolerance; severe renal failure.	Single dose – dissolve 3 g of powder in 50 g of water and take on an empty stomach before bed.
"Cefixime"	A group of cephalosporins, the active substance is Cefixime.	individual intolerance.	Adults and children over 12 years old – 1 tablet of 400 mg 1 time per day. Children under 12 years old – 8 mg per 1 kg of weight 1 time per day.

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Along with antibiotics during treatment genitourinary infections appointed drinking plenty of fluids and diuretic drugs. IN severe cases Injections of the drug "Amikacin" are advisable.

Antifungal drugs

To treat fungal infections, drugs with fungistatic or fungicidal effects are used. They differ from the drugs listed above and are classified into a separate class, within which there are three groups:

As in the treatment of bacterial infections, therapy for fungal diseases requires accurate diagnosis of the pathogen and strict supervision by a specialist.

For eye disease

Antibiotics for treatment eye diseases Available in the form of ointments or drops. They are prescribed if the ophthalmologist has diagnosed conjunctivitis, blepharitis, meibomitis, keratitis and a number of other infections.

Most often, therapy is carried out using the following drugs:

“Tsipromed” – drops containing Ciprofloxacin;
“Albucid” – drops with sulfacetamide;
"Dilaterol" - drops based on tobramycin;
“Tobrex” is an analogue of “Dilaterol” in the form of an ointment;
"Kolbiocin" is a multicomponent ointment containing tetracycline, chloramphenicol and sodium colistimethate.

A specific drug is prescribed based on the diagnosis, severity of the disease and individual characteristics patient.

Inexpensive new generation antibiotics

The cost of new generation antibiotics is never low, so you can save money only by purchasing inexpensive analogues. They are produced on the basis of the same active ingredients, however, the degree of chemical purification of such drugs may be lower, and excipients The cheapest ones are taken for their production.

Replace some expensive antibiotics can be based on the following table:

Another way to save money is to buy older antibiotics, not the same ones. latest generation.

For example, in many cases the following proven antibacterial drugs can help out:

"Erythromycin";
"Ceftriaxone";
"Bicillin";
"Cefazolin";
"Ampicillin."

If after starting treatment inexpensive antibiotics More than 72 hours have passed and there is no improvement in the condition, you must urgently consult a doctor and change the drug.

Can it be used during pregnancy?

Antibiotics during pregnancy are prescribed by doctors only in in case of emergency and after a thorough analysis of possible risks.

But even in such situations, drugs of the following groups are not used:

all fluoroquinolones;
macrolides based on roxithromycin, clarithromycin, midecamycin;
all aminoglycosides.

Only the attending physician can decide on the advisability of prescribing antibiotics during pregnancy. Self-administration of any medications, even relatively safe ones and those belonging to the new generation, is strictly prohibited.

Bacterial infections accompany human populations throughout life. A variety of microorganisms can cause inflammatory processes in all organs and systems of the human body.

Even in the presence of a clear clinical picture of the disease, it is not always possible to determine the type of bacterial pathogen.

This is especially difficult in an outpatient setting, and microbes must be affected immediately. Broad-spectrum antibiotics in tablets come to the aid of a sick patient.

Use of the most effective medications

Broad-spectrum antibiotics exhibit an extended effect on pathogens destructive influence to a wide variety of microorganisms. They act on both gram-positive and gram-negative flora.

The list of broad-spectrum antibiotics in tablets is quite large; the most effective and frequently prescribed medications are presented below:

Amoxicillin

Amoxicillin is a typical semi-synthetic penicillin with a broad spectrum of action on microorganisms. Destroys protein synthesis in the bacterial cell by inhibiting the enzyme necessary for the construction of the protein molecule. As a result, deprived of the ability to divide, the bacterium quickly collapses.

Below is a list of bacteria that die under the influence of the drug:

streptococci;
staphylococci;
Neisseria;
coli;
hemophilus influenzae;
Helicobacter.

Some bacteria have acquired resistance to amoxicillin by producing a special enzyme, penicillinase. This enzyme is capable of inactivating the amoxicillin molecule, and therapeutic effect the antibiotic will not have.

To combat such bacteria, clavulanic acid is added to amoxicillin. This further expands the spectrum of activity of the drug by affecting those strains that were insensitive to pure amoxicillin.

Main indications for the use of amoxicillin:

The antibiotic is used orally at an average dose of 1.5 grams per day. The maximum oral dose is 3 grams per day. The frequency of tablet use is three times a day. Allowed for children from birth, as well as pregnant women. Children's doses are calculated based on the child's age and body weight. The minimum course of treatment is 5 days, the maximum is 14 days.

Contraindicated in case of penicillin intolerance and viral disease– mononucleosis. Basic side effects are of a mild nature. Causes nausea and diarrhea allergic reactions. At long-term use possible damage to the hematopoietic system. Available in tablets of 250 and 500 mg.

Cefuroxime axetil is a broad-spectrum antibiotic from the cephalosporin group. It affects bacteria by blocking the enzyme transpeptidase, thereby destroying the cell wall.

The list of microorganisms sensitive to cefuroxime is similar to that of amoxicillin. However, it is also active against bacteria that produce penicillinase.

The drug has active action on anaerobic bacteria, including clostridia. The drug and analogues are prescribed for the following diseases:

The medicine is used internally. The dose for an adult is 1 gram in two doses per day. Children from 125 mg per day. The course of treatment is at least 7 days. For the treatment of gonorrhea, it is enough to apply once daily dose adult.

The antibiotic cefuroxime is contraindicated only when hypersensitivity there are no other contraindications to it. Allowed during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Caution must be exercised when using this medicine early childhood and in patients suffering from intestinal diseases with ulceration.

Basic adverse reactions drugs are presented below.

drowsiness;
dyspeptic disorders in the form of nausea and diarrhea;
kidney damage;
decrease in hemoglobin levels;
allergic reactions.

One of the forms of the drug is tablets of 125, 250 and 500 mg.

Azithromycin is one of the most commonly prescribed and convenient broad-spectrum drugs in outpatient practice. Refers to macrolides.

At normal concentrations, the antibiotic stops the growth of bacteria by slowing down protein synthesis in the microorganism's cell. Due to the expanded spectrum of activity, it has an effect on many pathogens.

All bacteria that are affected by amoxicillin, as well as some others, are sensitive to it:

The drug is used in the outpatient treatment of respiratory tract infections, ENT infections, genitourinary system, as well as in the treatment of borreliosis.

The drug is administered orally, 1 tablet at a dose of 500 mg once a day, the course of treatment is at least three, maximum five days.

The tablets should not be used in children under 12 years of age, as they are indivisible. The medication is approved during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It is not advisable to use the medicine when severe pathologies liver and kidneys.

The main side effects of azithromycin are presented below.

dizziness, nervousness;

heartbeat disturbance;

vomiting and diarrhea;

allergic manifestations.

The drug is available in tablets in a dose of 500 mg.

Doxycycline belongs to the group of tetracyclines. The antibiotic has a bacteriostatic effect, blocking the formation of protein in the bacterial cell. It is active against a wide range of pathogens; all microorganisms that die from both azithromycin and cefuroxime are sensitive to it.

However, the use of the drug is limited, since many microbes have become resistant to the action of tetracyclines. This is due to past uncontrolled use of the drug.

The list of indications for prescribing the medication is as follows.

Bronchitis.

Cholecystitis.

Sinusitis.

Borreliosis.

Chlamydia.

In other cases, especially when severe infections It is better to use more reliable drugs.

The dosage method is simple - 2 tablets of 100 mg per day in one or two doses. The course of treatment is up to 10 days.

The drug is contraindicated during pregnancy, breastfeeding, children under 9 years of age, as well as in severe kidney disease. Even with a single use during pregnancy, it can cause irreversible processes in the fetal skeleton. The drug is very irritating upper sections stomach. It should be taken strictly after meals, washed down significant amount liquids.

The medicine is characterized by low toxicity. But due to the resistance of some flora to it, superinfection phenomena may develop against the background of existing bacterial pathology.

Main side effects are presented below:

increased intracranial pressure;

dizziness, unsteadiness of gait;

damage to the hematopoietic system;

fungal superinfection.

The medicine is available in tablets and capsules of 100 mg.

Quite a rare antibiotic with a very wide spectrum of activity. Its mechanism of action is based on stopping the formation of RNA in the bacterial cell. Particularly effective against rapidly dividing bacteria.

The medicine can affect the following microorganisms:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis;

Pseudomonas aeruginosa;

franciella;

clostridia;

listeria.

Indications for the use of the drug are limited, since the drug is a reserve antibiotic. It is most often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy, as well as brucellosis and meningitis. The average dosage is 600-900 mg per day in two or three doses.

Contraindications are an increased reaction to the substance itself, as well as any types of jaundice. It is undesirable to use the substance in children under one year of age and in the first trimester of pregnancy.

The drug is quite toxic and often causes unwanted reactions.

The most common ones are listed below.

blurred vision, disorientation;

acute anemia;

liver damage, nausea, vomiting;

kidney damage with tubular necrosis;

allergic reactions up to shock.

Rifampin is available in tablets and capsules of 150, 300 and 600 mg.

Levofloxacin is an antibacterial agent chemical origin, acts as an antibiotic. It is a broad-spectrum drug. The mechanism of activity is associated with the suppression of enzymes that are necessary for bacteria to grow and reproduce. Deprived of this enzyme, bacteria are quickly destroyed. The main microorganisms that are sensitive to levofloxacin are presented below:

The drug is very effective in treating pathologies respiratory tract, especially pneumonia. Can be prescribed on an outpatient basis with a high probability of patient recovery. In addition to pneumonia, it is used for bronchitis, sinusitis, otitis, and infections. urinary tract.

The standard dosage is 1000 mg in two doses, the course of treatment is from 5 days to 14 days.

Contraindicated in epilepsy, myasthenia gravis and children under 18 years of age. Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is not recommended.

During treatment, the following side effects may occur:

tendon damage;

liver damage;

fatal allergic reactions;

damage to the central nervous system.

The medicine is available in tablets of 250 and 500 mg.

Thus, the list of broad-spectrum antibiotics in tablets is quite diverse. They all influence large number bacteria and have various ways impact on them.

Which drug should be used should be decided by a medical specialist.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are multifunctional drugs that help quickly cope with many pathogenic organisms. New generation drugs have a wide range of applications and are also highly effective.

How do broad spectrum antibiotics work?

Broad spectrum antibiotics- effective antibacterial agents, which can only be used after consulting a doctor. Such drugs can quickly overcome pathogenic microorganisms regardless of their type. The advantage of these drugs is that they are equally effective in treating gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Gram-positive organisms often cause infectious diseases. They often cause diseases of the ears, nasopharynx and the entire respiratory system. Such diseases can be caused by enterococcal or staphylococcal infections, in rare cases - listeria, clostridia or corynebacteria. Gram-negative organisms are much less common. Most often they cause abnormalities in the functioning of the intestines or genitourinary system. Indications for the use of new generation antibiotics may be:

diagnosis of superinfections - diseases that are caused by several pathogens at once;
long-term ineffectiveness of therapy with other drugs.

The main advantage of modern antibiotics of the latest generation is their wide spectrum of action. Now there is no need to accurately determine the type of pathogen; it is enough to identify clinical picture illness.

What are broad spectrum antibiotics?

Broad spectrum antibiotics - universal bactericidal drugs which will help get rid of many diseases. Most often they are prescribed for the treatment of various infections, the causative agent of which remains unknown. They are also prescribed if a person has become infected with a rapidly developing and dangerous virus. Such drugs are indicated as prophylaxis after serious surgical interventions. Remember that not all cheap drugs are so bad.

Group	Preparation	Mechanism of action
Tetracyclines	Doxycycline, Tetracycline	Kills bacteria, has antiviral effect
Levomycetin	Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin	Antimicrobial, antifungal and antibactericidal
Semi-synthetic penicillins	Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin	Inhibits synthesis cell wall pathogen
Cephalosporins	Ceftriaxone	Changes the activity of a virus that has entered the RNA
Rifampicins	Streptomycin, Amphenicol	Interferes with protein production
Carbapenems	Meropenem, Meropenem, Cyronem, Imipenem	Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory, prolonged action

Modern penicillins

Antibiotics from the penicillin group are drugs based on clavulanic acid and amoxicillin. Representatives of the new, 4, 5, 6 generations can be called Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Solutab. They help you quickly deal with any infectious processes, relieve pyelonephritis, dental abscess, otitis media, sinusitis and much more.

Penicillins are effective drugs that help quickly suppress the activity of many infections and viruses.

Typically, penicillin antibiotics are prescribed for the following diseases:

sinusitis;
whooping cough;
otitis;
sore throat;
bronchitis;
pneumonia.

Effect of use penicillin antibiotics may develop more slowly. However, they immediately stop the reproduction and growth of pathogenic bacteria in the body. Keep in mind that such medications can be taken no more than once a quarter.

Levomycetin is an essential broad-spectrum antibiotic

Levomycetins are popular antibiotics that help quickly cope with infectious processes. The first representatives of this group had a rather meager spectrum of action; they only relieved narrow circle pathogenic organisms. With the development of medicine, such drugs have become more and more effective, and their spectrum of action has expanded.

Despite their wide spectrum of action, antibiotics show the greatest effectiveness in the fight against gram-positive bacteria.

Modern chloramphenicol 2, 3 and 4 generations have an extremely broad effect. The most popular drugs are Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin and Gatifloxacin.

With their help, you will be able to quickly overcome:

gram-positive organisms: staphylococci, streptococci;
gram-negative organisms: Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Protea, gonorrhea, Pseudomonas aeruginosa;
V intracellular pathogens: mycoplasma, chlamydia, legionella.

It should be noted that many drugs are contraindicated for children under 18 years of age. Also, elderly people should take such medications with extreme caution, since the components of the medications can damage the structure of the tendons. Be sure to keep a list of antibiotics from this group.

Antibiotics Rifampicin

Rifampicin antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis in pathogenic organisms, resulting in a powerful bactericidal effect. They are most effective against sensitive microorganisms.

The first drug of this group was synthesized in the middle of the last century. Today this remedy is actively used to treat tuberculosis.

Rifampicins are a group of antibiotics that can rid a person of the tuberculosis bacillus.

To date, 4 generations of drugs have been developed. They have a broad spectrum of action, are quite safe and do not cause side effects. Such agents help to quickly suppress the activity of Klebsiella, Moraxella, Salmonella and other pathogenic organisms. However, they have the greatest activity against streptococci and staphylococci. Each such drug has its own characteristics, which must be taken into account during treatment.

As a rule, many people are not even aware of the existence of such a group of antibiotics as carbapenems. People usually encounter them extremely rarely, because they are used only to treat severe infections that threaten human life.

The most popular drugs in this group can be called Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Invanz. Also included in this group are Meronem, Meropenem, Syronem. Indications for the use of such drugs are nosocomial infections, such as:

intra-abdominal infections;
abscess, pneumonia, pleural empyema;
complications of urinary tract infections;
sepsis and pelvic infections;
endocarditis;
severe wounds;
joint and bone infections;
infections of soft tissues and skin.
Bacterial infections and meningitis.

It should be taken into account that carbapenem antibiotics are administered only intravenously using a special dispenser. It is strictly forbidden to use such products if you are allergic or intolerant to the components of the drug, as well as if you are sensitive to cilastatin. It is very important that during therapy the patient constantly informs his doctor about his health and any changes in the body.

Tetracyclines - time-tested antibiotics

Tetracycline antibiotics- broad-spectrum drugs. They are based on a four-cycle system. They do not have a beta-lactam ring, so they are not susceptible to pathogenic influence beta-lactamases. Such drugs are prescribed for therapy:

listeria, staphylococci, streptococci, clostridia, actinomycetes;
gonorrhea, salmonella, whooping cough, syphilis, shigella, coli and Klebsiella.

Advantages of tetracycline antibiotics broad action Compared to analogues, we can mention their ability to penetrate deep into the cell affected by the bacterium. It is for this reason that this remedy is actively prescribed to people with chlamydia, fungal infections, and ureaplasma. It should be noted that tetracyclines are absolutely ineffective in the fight against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most popular drugs are Doxycycline and Tetracycline.

Cephalosporins- one of the broad groups of broad-spectrum antibiotics. There are 4 generations of such drugs. The first three were used only for parenteral and oral administration. They gained their popularity due to their low toxicity and high efficiency. Such medications help cope with pneumonia, infections of the urinary tract, pelvis, skin and soft tissues. The products are also effective in the fight against STDs.

These antibiotics are available in tablet form. The medicine should be taken strictly with meals, and should be washed down with plenty of clean water. For the entire course of treatment, try to strictly adhere to your daily routine. It is strictly forbidden to skip taking pills. Treatment is not completed after the first signs of relief. Popular drugs This group includes Cefixime, Ceftibuten, Cefuroxime. They are quite inexpensive.

Antibiotics for children

A special group of new generation antibiotics consists of children's drugs. They are prescribed only after treatment for 3 days antiviral drugs had no effect. Remember that only the attending physician can prescribe such medications. Among the safest children's antibiotics of the latest generation are::

Children can use many antibiotics, but the dose of the active substance for them should be less than for adults. The advantage is that they are also available as suspensions for internal use and ampoules - for intramuscular.

Antibiotics or antibacterial drugs - group name medicines, which are used in the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms. Their discovery occurred in the 20th century and became a real sensation. Antimicrobial agents were considered a panacea for everything known infections, miracle cure from terrible diseases to which humanity has been exposed for thousands of years. Due to their high efficiency, antibacterial agents are still actively used in medicine to treat infectious diseases. Their use has become so commonplace that many people buy over-the-counter antibiotics at the pharmacy on their own, without waiting for a doctor’s recommendation. But we must not forget that their use is accompanied by a number of features that affect the outcome of treatment and human health. What you should definitely know before using antibiotics, as well as the features of treatment with this group medications we'll take a closer look in this article.

This is interesting! Depending on their origin, all antibacterial drugs are divided into synthetic, semi-synthetic, chemotherapeutic drugs and antibiotics. Chemotherapy or synthetic medications are obtained in laboratory conditions. In contrast, antibiotics are waste products of microorganisms. But despite this, the term “antibiotic” has long been used medical practice is considered a full synonym for “antibacterial agent” and is widely used freely.

Antibiotics - what are they?

Antibiotics are special substances that selectively act on certain microorganisms, inhibiting their vital functions. Their main task consists of stopping the proliferation of bacteria and gradually destroying them. It is implemented by disrupting the synthesis of harmful DNA.

There are several types of effects that antibacterial agents can have: bacteriostatic and bactericidal.

Bactericidal action. It indicates the ability of drugs to damage cell membrane bacteria and cause their death. The bactericidal mechanism of action is characteristic of Klabax, Sumamed, Isofra, Tsifran and other similar antibiotics.
Bacteriostatic effect. It is based on inhibition of protein synthesis, suppression of the proliferation of microorganisms and is used in treatment as well as prevention infectious complications. Unidox Solutab, Doxycycline, Tetracycline hydrochloride, Biseptol, etc. have a bacteriostatic effect.

Ideally, antibiotics block the vital functions of harmful cells without causing negative influence on the cells of the host organism. This is facilitated by unique property This group of drugs has selective toxicity. Due to the vulnerability of the bacterial cell wall, substances that interfere with its synthesis or integrity are toxic to the microorganisms but harmless to the host cells. The exception is strong antibiotics, the use of which is accompanied by adverse reactions.

In order to obtain only a positive effect from treatment, antibacterial therapy should be based on the following principles:

The principle of rationality. Key role in treatment infectious disease The correct identification of the microorganism plays a role, so in no case should you choose an antibacterial drug on your own. See your doctor. Based on the tests and personal examination, a medical specialist will determine the type of bacteria and prescribe you the appropriate highly specialized medicine.
The "umbrella" principle. It is used when it is not possible to identify the microorganism. The patient is prescribed broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs that are effective against most of the most likely pathogens. In this case, it is considered the most optimal combination therapy, ensuring a reduction in the risk of developing resistance of the microorganism to the antibacterial agent.
The principle of individualization. Upon appointment antibacterial therapy it is necessary to take into account all factors associated with the patient: his age, gender, localization of infection, pregnancy, as well as others concomitant diseases. It is equally important to choose the optimal route of drug administration for timely and effective result. It is believed that oral administration medications are acceptable for moderate infections, and parenteral administration optimal in extreme cases and acute infectious diseases.

General rules for taking antibacterial drugs

There are general rules treatment with antibiotics, which should not be neglected to achieve maximum positive effect.

Rule #1. The most important rule in antibacterial therapy is that all medications must be prescribed by a medical specialist.
Rule #2. It is forbidden to take antibiotics when viral infections, since there is a possibility of the opposite effect occurring - aggravation of the course of the viral disease.
Rule #3. You should follow the prescribed course of treatment as carefully as possible. It is recommended to take medications at approximately the same time of day. Under no circumstances should you stop taking them on your own, even if you begin to feel much better, as the disease may return.
Rule #4. The dosage cannot be adjusted during treatment. Reducing the dose can cause the bacteria to develop resistance to this group of drugs, and increasing it can lead to an overdose.
Rule #5. If the medicine is presented in the form of a tablet, then it should be washed down with 0.5 - 1 glass of water. Do not take antibiotics with other drinks: milk, tea, etc., as they reduce the effectiveness of the medications. Remember well that you should not drink milk when elevated temperature, as it will not be completely digested and may cause vomiting.
Rule #6. Develop your own system and order of taking the medications prescribed to you so that there is approximately the same period of time between their use.
Rule #7. It is not recommended to exercise during antibiotic therapy, so reduce your physical activity or eliminate them completely.
Rule #8. Alcoholic drinks and antibiotics are incompatible, so avoid alcohol until you have fully recovered.

Should children be treated with antibiotics?

According to the latest statistics in Russia, 70–85% of children suffering from viral diseases receive antibiotics due to unprofessional treatment. Despite the fact that taking antibacterial drugs contributes to the development bronchial asthma, these medications are the most “popular” method of treatment. Therefore, parents should be attentive at the doctor’s appointment and ask the specialist questions if you have doubts about the prescription antibacterial agents child. You yourself must understand that the pediatrician, by prescribing a long list of medications for the baby, protects only himself, insures himself in case of complications, etc. After all, if the child gets worse, then the responsibility for “not curing” or “treating poorly” falls on the doctor.

Unfortunately, this pattern of behavior is becoming increasingly common among domestic doctors who seek not to cure the child, but to “heal” him. Be careful and remember that antibiotics are only prescribed to treat bacterial infections, not viral diseases. You should know that only you care about the health of your child. A week or a month later, when you come back for an appointment with another disease that arose against the background of a weakened immune system by the previous “treatment,” the doctors will only greet you with indifference and again prescribe a long list of medications.

Antibiotics: benefit or harm?

The belief that antibiotics are extremely harmful to human health is not without merit. But it is only valid if improper treatment when there is no need to prescribe antibacterial drugs. Despite the fact that this group of drugs is now freely available and sold over-the-counter through pharmacies, you should under no circumstances take antibiotics on your own or at your own discretion. They can only be prescribed by a doctor in case of a serious bacterial infection.

If there is serious illness, which is accompanied high temperature and other symptoms confirming the severity of the disease - you cannot hesitate or refuse antibiotics, citing the fact that they are harmful. In many cases, antibacterial agents save a person’s life and prevent the development of serious complications. The main thing is to approach antibiotic treatment wisely.

Below is a list of popular antibacterial agents, instructions for which are presented on our website. Simply follow the link in the list to receive instructions and recommendations for the use of this drug.

Antibiotics are large group drugs medicinal purposes, the action of which is aimed at eliminating infectious diseases. For lately new broad-spectrum drugs can be seen. Which drug is the most effective, what is best to take for bronchitis, fever and colds? More about this in more detail.

How antibiotics work

The popularity of antibiotic tablets has increased sharply due to the fact that important processes, occurring in the cells of the human body, differ from this kind processes bacterial cell. Such strong antibiotics capable of exerting selective actions, affecting only the cells of the pathogenic microorganism, without affecting healthy ones. The classification is carried out based on the way in which the influence on the vital activity of such microorganisms occurs.

When choosing which antibiotic to take, you need to know that some of them suppress the synthesis of bacterial cell membranes, which are absent in the human body. These are broad-spectrum drugs such as penicillin series and cephalosporins. Other broad-spectrum drugs can almost completely suppress protein synthesis in bacterial cells. These include tetracycline antibiotics and macrolides. The list of broad-spectrum agents can be divided according to the principle of antifungal activity. It is very important to read the instructions for use of the drugs.

Broad-spectrum drugs are very effective against a number of bacteria, while others may have a narrow focus and are intended for a specific group of bacteria. Why does this happen? The reason is that bacteria and viruses have different functioning and structure, so what can kill bacteria is not effective against viruses. Broad-spectrum agents are used when:

The causative agents of the disease are resistant to the effects of drugs of a certain group.
It was possible to detect a superinfection, the cause of which was several types of bacteria.
The formation of infections after surgery is prevented.
Treatment is prescribed based on clinical symptoms, in other words, empirically. In this case, the specific pathogen is not identified. This is appropriate for fast-flowing dangerous diseases, common infections.

Features of the drugs

Broad-spectrum medicines belonging to the new generation are very effective for bronchitis, fever, and colds. They cope very well with otitis media, inflammation lymph nodes and other diseases.

Whatever pathogen causes the cold, a broad-spectrum remedy will cope with it. Each drug invented later has an improved, more perfect effect on various pathogenic microorganisms. It is generally accepted that new broad-spectrum drugs for bronchitis and fever are applied minimal harm body.

New generation of antibiotics

The list of drugs available today with a broad effect of the new generation includes a lot of medications, both cheap and with more at a high price. The most popular of them in terms of use are: cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, penicillins. They are available in the form of tablets and injections. Drugs belonging to the new generation can be characterized as the best pharmacological action, in comparison with older generation drugs. Their list is as follows:

Fluoroquinolones: Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin.
Tetracycline category: "Tetracycline".
Penicillins: Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Biomycin.
Amphenicols: "Chloramphenicol".
Carbapenems: Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem.
Aminoglycosides: "Streptomycin".

Strong, highly targeted products

Narrowly targeted drugs of a newer generation can be used in situations where it was possible to accurately determine the causative agent of the infection, for example, during colds and fever. Each of the available drugs can have a direct effect on a specific category of pathogenic microorganisms.

Unlike medicines broad-acting, which can also be used during a cold, they do not depress immune system and do not disrupt the normal intestinal microflora. Due to the presence of a deeper degree of cleansing active ingredients drugs, they have less toxicity.

Bronchitis and colds

In most cases, for bronchitis and the presence of a cold, drugs with a wide spectrum of action of the new generation are prescribed, but you need to know that the choice of drug should be based on the results of a sputum test in the laboratory.

During colds and bronchitis the best medicines are considered those that are capable of providing harmful effects for bacteria that can cause disease. This approach is explained by the fact that the study can take from 3 to 5 days, and treatment for bronchitis must be immediate so that there are no complications. For bronchitis and colds, the following medications are often prescribed:

Macrolides - used in the presence of individual intolerance to penicillin. Erythromycin and Clarithromycin are very effective.
Penicillin has long been used for bronchitis and other diseases, as a result of which some microorganisms have been able to develop high resistance to the active substance. The medicine was strengthened with a number of additives that could block the action of enzymes produced by microorganisms in order to reduce the activity of penicillin. The most effective for treating colds are Augmentin, Panklav, and Amoxiclav.
Fluoroquinolones - used for chronic bronchitis during an exacerbation. Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, and Levofloxacin are highly effective.
Cephalosporins are prescribed for the obstructive form of the disease. Effective drugs Ceftriaxone and Cefuroxime are considered.

Sinusitis

In the presence of sinusitis, it is recommended to use new generation drugs such as macrolides and cephalosporins. They are considered the most effective means in the treatment of sinusitis, which can be used when no positive dynamics of treatment are observed after taking penicillin. TO modern antibiotics can be considered “Cefexime”, “Cefuroxime”, “Cefaclor”, “Cefoxitin”, “Cefuroxime”. They resemble in their structure penicillin drugs, but can inhibit the development and completely destroy bacteria. Macrolides such as Azithromycin and Macropen were able to show high efficiency in serious stages of the disease.

Cystitis

Until recently, drugs such as 5-Nok, Biseptol and Furadonin were traditionally used to treat cystitis. But today they have been replaced by antibiotics belonging to a new generation, more effective and stronger. Modern drugs make it possible to get relief from the condition already on the first day of treatment and quickly get rid of the disease:

Unidox Solutab. The remedy, which quickly copes with cystitis, has a prolonged action. Taken once a day.
"Monural". A long-term drug that accumulates in the urine and can quickly kill bacteria. Due to the ability to maintain therapeutic concentration long time allows for a short course of treatment.
"Norbaktin". It is prescribed less frequently than the previous two drugs, since it is recommended to take it twice a day and drink large amounts of liquid, which is not always comfortable for patients.

If you told your doctor about your health problems and he prescribed the use of antibiotics, you need to follow a number of rules. First of all, it is forbidden to independently change the dosage and timing of taking the drug. You should definitely visit a doctor if there are changes in your health or if you experience discomfort, as this can be fraught with serious health problems.