When gastric bleeding occurs, symptoms may vary in severity depending on the underlying disease and its severity. This phenomenon is considered serious complication a number of diseases requiring urgent measures. Large blood losses can be life-threatening, and therefore knowledge of first aid techniques will help to avoid tragic consequences. It is important to strictly observe prohibitions on the use of a number of products, because poor nutrition often provokes pathology.

The essence of the problem

Gastrointestinal bleeding is the effusion of blood into the lumen of the intestines or stomach. This phenomenon is not considered independent disease, but usually expresses pathognomonic signs of different origins. It has been established that bleeding into the stomach can occur with the development of more than 100 various diseases, and therefore a problem often arises in terms of making a diagnosis.

In order to understand the mechanism of intestinal bleeding, you need to become familiar with the anatomy of the organ. The human stomach is a kind of hollow “bag” into which food enters from the esophagus, where it is partially processed, mixed and sent to the duodenum. The organ consists of several sections:

entrance section, or cardia;
gastric fundus (in the form of a vault);
body;
(transition of the stomach into the duodenum).

The gastric wall has a three-layer structure:

mucous membrane;
muscle layer;
outer shell of connective tissue.

The volume of the stomach in adults is usually 0.5 liters and expands to 1 liter when eating.

The blood supply to the stomach is provided by arteries passing along the edges - on the right and left. Numerous small branches branch off from the large ones. The venous plexus passes in the region of the cardia. Bleeding is possible if any of the listed vessels are damaged. The most common source of intestinal bleeding can be the venous plexus, since for a number of reasons the veins dilate, which increases the risk of damage.

Types of pathology

Depending on the etiological mechanism, there are 2 main types of gastric bleeding: ulcerative (occurring from a stomach ulcer) and non-ulcerative. According to the nature of the pathology, acute and chronic form. In the first case internal bleeding develops very quickly with intense blood loss, which requires urgent medical measures. The chronic clinic is characterized by a long course with small constant leakage of blood into the gastric lumen.

Given the severity of the phenomenon, 2 varieties are distinguished: overt and latent bleeding. In the first variant, all signs of gastric bleeding are intense and easily detected. The latent course is characteristic of a chronic process, while the definition of the disease is difficult due to the absence of pronounced symptoms, and the presence of pathology, as a rule, is indicated only by indirect signs, in particular, the pallor of a person. According to the severity of the manifestation, the following degrees are distinguished: mild, moderate and severe.

The clinic of intestinal bleeding also depends on the location of the source of hemorrhage. The following main options are distinguished:

Bleeding in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract: esophageal, gastric, duodenal.
Bleeding in the lower sections: small, large and rectal.

Etiology of the phenomenon

Most often, the causes of gastric bleeding are associated with the development of peptic ulcer in the organ itself or the duodenum. They are fixed in almost every fifth sick person with such a pathology. In this case, direct damage occurs blood vessels gastric juice or complications develop in the form of the formation of a blood clot, leading to rupture of the vessel.

The problem under consideration can also be caused by causes not related to peptic ulcer:

erosion of the gastric mucosa;
ulcers provoked by injuries, burns, surgery (the so-called stress ulcers);
ulcers caused by a long course of treatment with the use of potent medicines;
Mallory-Weiss syndrome, i.e., damage to the mucous membrane during intense vomiting;
ulcerative colitis;
tumor formations, polyps;
Gastric diverticulum, caused by a protrusion of the stomach wall;
diaphragmatic hernia associated with the protrusion of part of the stomach into the abdominal cavity.

The reasons caused by the violation of the structure of blood vessels are also fixed:

the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the vascular walls;
vascular aneurysms;
venous expansion in portal hypertension due to liver dysfunction;
connective tissue diseases: rheumatism, lupus erythematosus;
systemic vasculitis: periarteritis nodosa, Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

Sometimes the cause of bleeding is a bleeding disorder. The main pathologies of this type include thrombocytopenia and hemophilia. In addition, blood loss can be caused by mechanical injury when it enters the stomach. solid, as well as infectious lesions - salmonellosis, dysentery, etc.

Symptomatic manifestations

There are several groups of signs of bleeding in the stomach. For any internal bleeding human body general symptoms develop:

pale skin;
general weakness and apathy;
cold sweating;
arterial hypotension;
the appearance of a rapid but weakened pulse;
dizziness;
noise in ears;
confusion and lethargy.

With intense blood loss, a person may lose consciousness.

Pathognomonic signs of the phenomenon under consideration include vomiting and defecation with blood. Bleeding can be determined by the characteristic appearance of the vomit: it resembles “coffee grounds.” In this case, blood is released that was affected by acid in the stomach. At the same time, in case of bleeding from the esophagus or severe damage to the gastric arteries, exit with vomit scarlet, unchanged blood. Blood impurities in feces give it the appearance of a tarry substance.

The severity of a sick person’s condition with gastric bleeding is assessed according to 3 degrees:

A mild degree is determined when the patient’s general condition is satisfactory. Slight dizziness is possible, pulse is up to 76–80 beats per minute, pressure is not lower than 112 mm Hg.
The average degree is established in the presence of pronounced pallor of the skin with cold sweating. The pulse may increase to 95–98 beats, and the pressure may drop to 98–100 mmHg.
Severe severity requires emergency assistance. It is characterized by such a sign as obvious inhibition. The pulse exceeds 102 beats, and the pressure drops below 98 mm Hg.

If treatment is not carried out or carried out incorrectly, the pathology progresses quickly.

Providing emergency assistance

With the development of acute gastric bleeding, symptoms increase very quickly. If you do not start timely treatment, the consequences can become very serious. If there is a sharp deterioration in a person’s condition, severe weakness and pallor, clouding of consciousness, or vomiting in the form of “coffee grounds,” it is necessary to urgently call an ambulance.

Before doctors arrive, first aid for gastric bleeding is provided. How to stop blood loss in an emergency? Complete rest and ice compress are provided. The patient is placed in supine position with slightly raised legs. Ice is placed in the abdomen. In severe circumstances, an intramuscular injection of calcium gluconate and Vikasol is performed. It is possible to use Dicinon tablets.

Principles of pathology treatment

Treatment of gastric bleeding is aimed at combating the underlying disease and eliminating the symptom itself and its consequences. It can be done conservatively or operational methods depending on the type of pathology and the severity of its course.

Treatment is based on the following principles:

With mild damage. A strict diet is provided for gastric bleeding, an injection of Vikasol is prescribed, calcium-based drugs are taken, as well as vitamins.
At medium degree gravity. Treatment includes endoscopy with chemical or mechanical impact to the source of bleeding. Blood transfusion is possible.
At severe course pathology. Emergency services are provided resuscitation measures and usually surgery. Treatment is carried out in stationary conditions.

Conservative therapy is aimed at stopping bleeding. To achieve this, the following measures are taken:

Gastric lavage with a cold composition. It is carried out using a probe tube inserted through the mouth or nose.
Administration of drugs to induce vascular spasms: Adrenaline, Norepinephrine.
Intravenous injection (dropper) of hemostatic agents.
Transfusion using donated blood or blood substitutes.

Endoscopic methods are carried out using special tools. The most commonly used methods are:

injecting the ulcer with adrenaline;
electrocoagulation of destroyed small vessels;
laser exposure;
suturing the damaged area with threads or special clips;
use of special glue.

An important element of treatment is proper nutrition. Diet after stomach bleeding should be strictly maintained. What can you consume after taking it? emergency measures and eliminating the acute course? On the first day you should not eat or drink at all. The next day you can start consuming liquid (100–150 ml). Meals over the next 3–4 days include the gradual introduction of broths, pureed soups, fermented milk products, and liquefied porridges. You can eat normally, but within the limits of a gentle diet, only 9–10 days after the bleeding has stopped. Subsequent meals are carried out in accordance with table No. 1 with a transition to less rigid diets. The meal schedule is set frequently (7–8 times a day), but in measured portions.

Bleeding in the stomach is considered a very dangerous manifestation of certain diseases. If such a pathology is detected, measures must be taken urgently.

Internal bleeding can occur with a number of organ diseases gastrointestinal tract, as well as for various injuries. They are very dangerous and sometimes lead to death. By what signs can such bleeding be recognized? And what to do before the doctor arrives? Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of MMA named after. THEM. Sechenov Alexey Ovchinnikov.

Gastric bleeding is characterized by sudden onset symptoms acute anemia(pallor, weakness, sweating). The patient may experience bloody vomiting and tarry stools—stools are often black and contain blood.

If these symptoms appear, you should immediately call a doctor or an ambulance at home. And while waiting for the doctors, create a calm environment for the patient, put him in horizontal position, place an ice pack on your stomach. This will reduce blood loss. In no case should the patient take any food before talking with the doctor.

If you suspect gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), the doctor will find out whether you suffer from chronic diseases of the stomach (gastritis, ulcers), intestines (colitis, hemorrhoids). The doctor will then feel your abdomen. This will help determine if there is irritation of the abdominal wall (peritonitis) or the location of an ulcer or colon tumor.

After that, a decision on hospitalization is made. “Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is one of the most common causes of emergency hospitalization in surgical hospitals,” says Ovchinnikov. — Patients with significant acute gastrointestinal bleeding, especially those in unstable condition, should be admitted to the department intensive care or intensive care."

Blood transfusions are often prescribed for GI bleeding. “If blood loss is no more than 10 percent of the total blood volume, transfusion (or blood substitutes) is not required,” clarifies Professor Ovchinnikov. “The body is able to fully compensate for this volume of blood loss on its own. However, one should be aware of the possibility rebleeding capable of quickly destabilizing the patient's condition.

Separate healing procedures prescribed depending on the nature of the disease.

“When the question arises about the localization of the gastrointestinal tract,” says Ovchinnikov, “first of all, it is recommended to insert a probe into the patient’s stomach. If there is no clear idea of the presence and localization of the source of blood loss, an endoscopic examination is performed.

First of all, it is necessary to establish whether the source of bleeding is in the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract.

Hematemesis indicates the localization of bleeding in the upper sections. Vomit may be fresh, bright red blood, dark blood with clots, or what is called "coffee grounds."

Red blood of different shades, as a rule, indicates massive bleeding in the stomach or bleeding from the veins of the esophagus.

Tarry, foul-smelling stools (melena) caused by blood reacting with hydrochloric acid, the transition of hemoglobin into hydrochloric acid hematin and the decomposition of blood under the influence of intestinal enzymes is a sign of bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Examination of the skin and visible mucous membranes reveals stigmata of liver cirrhosis and hereditary vascular anomalies. When palpating the abdominal wall, the doctor may detect pain (peptic ulcer), an increase in the size of the liver - splenomegaly (with cirrhosis of the liver or thrombosis of the splenic vein), a tumor of the stomach.”

Bleeding in the lower gastrointestinal tract may indicate diseases of the colon - colitis, intestinal tuberculosis.

“These diseases are characterized by abdominal pain that precedes the appearance of streaks of blood in the stool, which is usually mixed with mucus,” Ovchinnikov reports. — In diagnostics important role Colonoscopy plays a role in identifying differences in the endoscopic manifestations of individual diseases.

The most common cause of rectal bleeding is hemorrhoids. This problem affects more than 10 percent of the adult population of Russia. Bleeding (scarlet blood) is one of its main symptoms. It may be accompanied by pain and a burning sensation in the anus, which intensifies during and after bowel movements. Similar clinical picture gives a crack in the anus."

Once the diagnosis is established, the patient is prescribed procedures or surgery. The main thing with gastrointestinal tract diseases is to provide timely assistance and carry out an accurate diagnosis, says Professor Ovchinnikov.

If you have experience recognizing the first signs of internal bleeding, please leave your feedback in the comments below.

IA No. FS77−55373 dated September 17, 2013, issued Federal service for supervision in the field of communications, information technologies and mass communications (Roskomnadzor). Founder: PRAVDA.Ru LLC

How to stop internal bleeding at home

Hemostatic folk remedies. Bleeding is the outpouring (leakage) of blood from blood vessels when the integrity of their walls is violated. Bleeding can be traumatic, caused by damage to blood vessels, and non-traumatic, associated with the destruction of a vessel by some painful process or with increased permeability of the vascular wall in certain diseases.

In addition, bleeding accompanies physiological processes such as menstruation and childbirth. Blood loss is especially dangerous in children and the elderly. In some diseases accompanied by reduced blood clotting (hemophilia, radiation sickness), any bleeding, even not very heavy, can become life-threatening if it is not stopped for a short time.

Bleeding can be external, when blood through a wound to the skin or mucous membrane of the mouth or nose directly enters the environment, and internal, when blood pours into hollow organs. External bleeding. With external arterial bleeding, the blood is bright red and flows in a strong, intermittent stream.

At venous bleeding dark cherry blood flows out in a uniform stream, and with capillary bleeding, blood is released evenly over the entire surface of the wound (like from a sponge). Mixed external bleeding has signs of both arterial and venous bleeding.

Nosebleeds occur when the walls of the nasal vessels are weak, poor blood clotting, hypertension, or injuries to the face and nose. The blood vessels in the nose are located very close to the surface, so bleeding can begin with the slightest damage to the nose, as well as with inflammation of the nasal mucosa and vigorous blowing of the nose (in this case, the underlying disease - a cold) must be treated. Blood sometimes comes from the nose when its mucous membrane dries out and cracks, due to severe physical fatigue, high temperature and also as a result of adenoid bleeding.

Internal bleeding. With internal bleeding, blood enters the body cavity or a hollow organ: the abdominal cavity, stomach,

intestines, uterus, bladder. Internal bleeding is much more difficult to detect than external bleeding. They are very dangerous, since even with relatively small internal bleeding, death is possible. Internal bleeding is characterized by pale skin, cold sweat, dizziness, drowsiness, thirst, and loss of consciousness. There is a weakening and increased heart rate, a sharp drop blood pressure.

Today, many representatives of the fair sex suffer from uterine bleeding. If decisive action is not taken in time, this situation can lead to serious consequences. But how to stop the blood with folk remedies in this case? Here it is best to use the help of a healing herbal decoction.

At the heart of this infusion is usually nettle. However, if you wish, you can use the services of such an herb as shepherd's purse or bird knotweed. To prepare miraculous decoction you need to pour a glass of boiling water over the main component (several large spoons).

After half an hour, you can take the prepared infusion. Just don't drink it all at once. 30-40 ml will be enough per day. Please note that the effect of this drug will be positive only if you take the decoction on an empty stomach. Note that not all women report immediate results. However, do not immediately refuse treatment. In some cases, positive dynamics appear only after a few days.

Brew a few tablespoons of any of the listed herbs (shepherd's purse, knotweed) in a glass of boiled water. the infusion will stand for 30 minutes. You need to take it on an empty stomach, 30-50 ml. The first day of use during uterine bleeding may not give the desired result, so it is worth continuing treatment.

Horse chestnut flower juice is consumed in the morning and evening, 30 drops per tablespoon of water.

Lemon juice and aloe

To prepare it, simply dilute the fruit liquid of aloe juice and lemon. plain water. It is important to maintain a ratio of 1: 2. By the way, hemostatic drops based on aloe juice are prepared using the same recipe.

The effectiveness of using comfrey herb infusion has been proven. This remedy is also injected into the nose. To prepare it, you need a large spoonful of herbs to brew 50 ml of boiling water. Once the decoction has infused, it can be used for its intended purpose.

The effectiveness of hemostatic drugs can be significantly increased with the help of herbs that have positive influence on blood clotting. For example, introduce into the diet a decoction based on horsetail or rosehip.

Viburnum common

In scientific medicine, viburnum bark is used in the form of a decoction and liquid extract hemostatic, mainly royal remedy in the postpartum period, with uterine bleeding due to gynecological diseases, with painful and heavy menstruation. This effect of viburnum bark is due to the glycoside viburnin, which enhances the tone of the uterine muscles and has a vasoconstrictor effect.

A decoction of the bark is recommended for uterine, nasal, dental and hemorrhoidal bleeding(Pour 4 teaspoons of crushed bark into a glass of water, boil for 30 minutes, strain while hot, add water to the original volume and take a tablespoon 3 times a day before meals).

Many years of practice have proven that any type of bleeding can be stopped with the help of yarrow. By the way, this “medicine” is used not only in the form of decoctions. It can be used as an external preparation. Simply crush the grass a little in your hands and apply it to the wound. The use of a decoction is indicated for internal bleeding. To prepare it, you need to pour boiling water over two small spoons of dry herbs. The resulting volume is drunk during the day in four doses.

A decoction of burnet roots is drunk for various types of bleeding (pour a tablespoon of crushed roots into a glass of water, boil for 30 minutes over low heat, leave for 2 hours, strain. Take a tablespoon 5 times a day before meals).

Second recipe. Pour 2 tablespoons of crushed burnet roots into a glass of boiling water, cook for 5 minutes and take 2 tablespoons every hour. Burnet has a very astringent taste, so it is best to take it with jam. Used for stomach, intestinal, kidney and uterine bleeding.

Brew 2 tablespoons of willow bark with a glass of boiling water and cook for 5 minutes in a water bath. Take 50 ml 3 times a day with jam. This is an affordable product with strong bactericidal properties.

2 table, spoons of any mountaineer, brew 200 ml of boiling water. Take 1 table, spoon of decoction 4 times a day.

Fresh crushed leaves of plantain are used to stop bleeding from wounds.

Traditional medicine recommends treating pulmonary hemorrhage with herbal infusions. The most effective are infusions that contain herbs cat paw or medicinal letter.

A decoction of the cat's paw herb is consumed every 60 minutes, until bleeding stops completely, 1 tbsp. l. To prepare a decoction, 1 liter of boiled water is added to 10 g of chopped herbs.

A decoction of horsetail is also used for bleeding, but more often for nasal bleeding.

Cucumber stems are considered an excellent remedy with uterine, hemorrhoidal and intestinal bleeding.

Net 4 fresh root geraniums are boiled for 20 minutes in a saucepan with 1 liter pre-boiled there. water.

It is not always possible to stop bleeding at home, but to provide first aid to a person in similar condition Everyone should be able to. First of all, you need to put ice or a cold heating pad on the area where the damaged vessel is supposedly located. If we are talking about nosebleeds, then cold is applied to the forehead and bridge of the nose. When a gastric problem is suspected, the epigastric area is cooled. The epigastric region, where the stomach is located, as well as the liver, duodenum, spleen, pancreas, and adrenal glands, is located in the central part.

Be healthy! Herbal treatment will help cure diseases and gain health!

First aid and treatment for bleeding due to stomach ulcers

Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is common surgical pathology, the main reason is an acute stomach ulcer. Often the cause is a perforation of the ulcer.

With a bleeding stomach ulcer, the symptoms are alarming look: a characteristic sign is vomiting with blood or coffee grounds, blood in the stool, stool takes on a black, tarry appearance.

Like any complication, a stomach ulcer complicated by bleeding poses a threat to health: a person rapidly loses blood and cannot stop or replace the loss. If blood loss exceeds the limits of what is permitted, the patient dies. This can happen quickly. It is important to establish a correct diagnosis in a timely manner, provide the patient with emergency care and effective treatment aimed at combating bleeding.

The general condition of the patient at the moment and the consequences in the future depend on how correctly the specialist will act in conditions of open bleeding in a patient with a stomach ulcer.

If the patient exhibits the first clinical symptoms of bleeding from the stomach or duodenum - vomiting, blood in the stool, treatment must begin immediately. Stopping bleeding can prevent tragic consequences for the patient.

The first step in helping a patient with suspected gastric ulcer bleeding is to immediately call an ambulance.

While waiting for the medical team to arrive, it is necessary to provide the patient with emergency assistance:

At home, the arriving team provides emergency care. The patient is given to take 1-2 tablespoons of an ice-cold solution of aminocaproic acid orally. The drug exhibits hemostatic properties.

A teaspoon of calcium chloride and 2 tablets of dicinone are given to drink internally. It is better to crush the tablets before giving to the patient.

There is a known method of swallowing pieces of ice to stop bleeding. Opinions differ regarding this method of stopping bleeding. On the one hand, cold promotes vasoconstriction. On the other hand, swallowing movements can provoke increased bleeding.

Treatment of gastric bleeding and bleeding from the duodenum, in the vast majority of cases, is carried out using conservative methods without surgical interventions.

In some situations, bleeding stops spontaneously. What happened does not mean that the help of a doctor will not be required. The chance of relapse is 100 percent. Properly prescribed complex treatment allows you to eliminate the disease and achieve stable remission.

No matter how the disease of the stomach and duodenum progresses, the patient must be hospitalized in a surgical hospital. If the patient has a large volume of blood loss, perforation, a picture develops hemorrhagic shock, possible hospitalization in the intensive care unit.

Strict bed rest is mandatory. The patient is strictly forbidden to move, drink water or eat food.

On initial stage inpatient treatment The patient is undergoing emergency hemostatic therapy. An intramuscular injection of vikasol is given, and calcium chloride or calcium gluconate is injected intravenously. A solution of aminocaproic acid is injected intravenously. The therapy is aimed at the formation of a blood clot in the damaged vessel and the elimination of bleeding.

If the bleeding is severe, the volume of blood loss is quite large, and the bleeding gastric ulcer is large, the patient may be transfused intravenously with red blood cells. The procedure allows you to normalize the volume of circulating blood. After volume restoration, the patient is subject to further monitoring for clinical signs of continuation or cessation of bleeding.

Further tactics for treating gastric ulcer bleeding directly depend on the location of the ulcer. If bleeding occurs from the lower esophagus, tamponade is performed using an inflatable balloon catheter inserted into the patient's mouth. The balloon is inflated with air, which compresses the damaged vessel, stopping the bleeding. It is possible to stop bleeding from the esophageal vessels using chemical sclerosis. A special fibrosing substance is introduced.

Duodenal ulcers are often treated conservatively. If the ulcer is perforated, the damaged area is sutured. A perforated duodenal ulcer is sutured in a transverse direction, preventing the development of cicatricial intestinal strictures.

Endoscopic therapy occupies a large place in modern operative surgery, sometimes replacing extensive surgical interventions. A similar category of diseases includes a stomach ulcer complicated by bleeding. Using special equipment, the lumen of the damaged vessel is cauterized using an electric current of a certain frequency. At the same time, a substance is injected into the vein, causing an increase in blood clotting.

If the above measures do not bring the expected results, the attending physician decides to perform surgery. A bleeding gastric ulcer is sutured or organ resection is performed. The extent of the operation depends on the location and area of the damage.

Epsilon-amincaproic acid - reduces the intensity of blood clot resorption and activates the blood coagulation system. Administered intravenously.
Dicynone - activates the formation of thromboplastin in the bloodstream - one of the main components of the blood coagulation system. Thanks to the production of thromboplastin, the number and activation of platelets in the vascular bed increases. The drug is able to quickly stop bleeding.
Calcium chloride or gluconate - in contact with atmospheric oxygen, calcium ions help form a blood clot. Prothrombin is converted into thrombin under the influence of ions. The permeability of the vessel walls decreases, they begin to contract much better, which stops bleeding.
Vitamin K activates the synthesis of components of the blood coagulation system. The action is delayed. Vitamin K will take effect 24 hours after administration.
Fresh frozen plasma – natural complex drug, contains a complete set of coagulation factors. It is administered intravenously, by drip, to stop bleeding and replenish the volume of circulating blood.
Cryoprecipitate is a balanced plasma preparation that includes the necessary coagulation factors. An effective remedy to stop bleeding from stomach ulcers.

Elimination of bleeding from large vessels with a large surface of the stomach or duodenal ulcer is carried out mechanically:

Stitching (ligation) of the ulcer under endoscopic control. The ulcer is sutured together with the affected vessel.
Riveting. For this method, specialists use a special apparatus called a clipper. The bleeding vessel is isolated under the control of an endoscope, and special clips are applied to it. Treatment with this method is common in cases where the patient has bleeding from varicose veins of the esophagus. Way similar treatment effective, eliminates vascular damage due to short term. During one intervention, up to 16 special clips are applied to the vessel.
Angiographic embolization. The principle of stopping bleeding using this method is based on the introduction of a special embolus into the lumen of a bleeding vessel. Special microscopic spirals are used as a microembolus. Gelatin sponges or polyvinyl alcohol emboli are used.
If the above measures are ineffective, an extended gastric resection operation is performed. The ulcer is excised to the borders of healthy tissue, the walls of the stomach are sutured in the transverse direction. After such an operation, a long period of recovery period.

With the chosen method of treatment, the patient must comply with bed rest and a strict diet. After discharge from the hospital, constant monitoring by a gastroenterologist and periodic courses of conservative treatment are required.

Vomiting blood may be caused by acute inflammation of the stomach lining caused by blood thinning drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, steroids or alcohol. Other factors that provoke blood to enter the vomit are represented by a number of:

Rupture of dilated veins of the stomach or esophagus is a pathology caused by chronic alcoholism;

Damage to the esophagus due to ingestion of alkalis and acids during poisoning;

Esophageal rupture – as a result of ingestion of large quantities of food by a person with Berhave syndrome;

Stomach ulcer caused by burn, injury, alcoholism or illness;

A tear at the junction of the esophagus with the stomach, the occurrence of which is caused by severe vomiting(usually in people suffering from alcoholism);

Inflammation of the lining of the esophagus after radiotherapy or chronic alcoholism.

The frequency of repetition of the vomiting process is determined by age, gender and individual characteristics. Women suffer from vomiting more often than men, children more often than adults. Emotional excitability also provokes vomiting.

What does the color of blood in vomit mean?

Presence of blood in vomit bright red or bright blood streaks indicates its freshness and recent occurrence due to rapid bleeding in the upper part digestive tract. Dark red, brown and even black blood with the consistency of coffee grounds in the vomit may mean it has been in the stomach for a long time and is exposed to gastric juices.

A number of symptoms that complement vomiting with blood as a sign of the disease

Difficulty in swallowing food.

Nausea and vomiting as symptoms accompany any disease. As a rule, nausea precedes vomiting. But this does not always happen, and the presence (absence) of nausea becomes an important diagnostic criterion.

What is dangerous bleeding when vomiting?

If there is a large content of blood in the vomit, there is a danger of shock to the body from blood loss. Signs of shock include rapid pulse, dizziness, and cold, damp skin.

Monitoring the blood's ability to carry oxygen.

Vomiting blood in 2018
Vomit

Tip 6: Different types of bleeding and ways to stop them

Types of bleeding

How to stop bleeding

Tip 7: Implantation bleeding - what it looks like and what it means

Symptoms and treatment of bleeding in the stomach

When gastric bleeding occurs, symptoms may vary in severity depending on the underlying disease and its severity. This phenomenon is considered a serious complication of a number of diseases, requiring urgent measures. Large blood losses can be life-threatening, and therefore knowledge of first aid techniques will help to avoid tragic consequences. It is important to strictly observe prohibitions on the consumption of a number of foods, since it is poor nutrition that often provokes pathology.

The essence of the problem

Gastrointestinal bleeding is the effusion of blood into the lumen of the intestines or stomach. This phenomenon is not considered an independent disease, but usually expresses pathognomonic signs of different origins. It has been established that bleeding in the stomach can occur with the development of more than 100 different diseases, and therefore a problem often arises in terms of making a diagnosis.

entrance section, or cardia;
gastric fundus (in the form of a vault);
body;
pylorus of the stomach (transition of the stomach into the duodenum).

The gastric wall has a three-layer structure:

mucous membrane;
muscle layer;
outer shell of connective tissue.

The volume of the stomach in adults is usually 0.5 liters and expands to 1 liter when eating.

Types of pathology

Depending on the etiological mechanism, there are 2 main types of gastric bleeding: ulcerative (occurring from a stomach ulcer) and non-ulcerative. According to the nature of the pathology, acute and chronic forms are distinguished. In the first case, internal bleeding develops very quickly with intense blood loss, which requires urgent medical measures. The chronic clinic is characterized by a long course with small constant leakage of blood into the gastric lumen.

The clinic of intestinal bleeding also depends on the location of the source of hemorrhage. The following main options are distinguished:

Bleeding in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract: esophageal, gastric, duodenal.
Bleeding in the lower sections: small, large and rectal.

Etiology of the phenomenon

Most often, the causes of gastric bleeding are associated with the development of peptic ulcer in the organ itself or the duodenum. They are fixed in almost every fifth sick person with such a pathology. In this case, direct damage to the blood vessels by gastric juice occurs or complications develop in the form of the formation of a blood clot, leading to rupture of the vessel.

The problem under consideration can also be caused by causes not related to peptic ulcer:

erosion of the gastric mucosa;
ulcers provoked by injuries, burns, surgery (the so-called stress ulcers);
ulcers caused by a long course of treatment using potent drugs;
Mallory-Weiss syndrome, i.e., damage to the mucous membrane during intense vomiting;
ulcerative colitis;
tumor formations, polyps;
Gastric diverticulum, caused by a protrusion of the stomach wall;
diaphragmatic hernia associated with the protrusion of part of the stomach into the abdominal cavity.

The reasons caused by the violation of the structure of blood vessels are also fixed:

the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the vascular walls;
vascular aneurysms;
venous expansion in portal hypertension due to liver dysfunction;
connective tissue diseases: rheumatism, lupus erythematosus;
systemic vasculitis: periarteritis nodosa, Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

Sometimes the cause of bleeding is a bleeding disorder. The main pathologies of this type include thrombocytopenia and hemophilia. In addition, blood loss can be caused by mechanical trauma when a solid body enters the stomach, as well as infectious lesions - salmonellosis, dysentery, etc.

Symptomatic manifestations

There are several groups of signs of bleeding in the stomach. With any internal bleeding in the human body, general symptoms develop:

pale skin;
general weakness and apathy;
cold sweating;
arterial hypotension;
the appearance of a rapid but weakened pulse;
dizziness;
noise in ears;
confusion and lethargy.

With intense blood loss, a person may lose consciousness.

Pathognomonic signs of the phenomenon under consideration include vomiting and defecation with blood. Bleeding can be determined by the characteristic appearance of the vomit: it resembles “coffee grounds.” In this case, blood is released that was affected by acid in the stomach. At the same time, in case of bleeding from the esophagus or severe damage to the gastric arteries, scarlet, unchanged blood may be released in the vomit. Blood impurities in the stool give it the appearance of a tarry substance.

The severity of a sick person’s condition with gastric bleeding is assessed according to 3 degrees:

A mild degree is determined when the patient’s general condition is satisfactory. Slight dizziness is possible, pulse is up to 76–80 beats per minute, pressure is not lower than 112 mm Hg.
The average degree is established in the presence of pronounced pallor of the skin with cold sweating. The pulse may increase to 95–98 beats, and the pressure may drop to 98–100 mmHg.
Severe severity requires emergency assistance. It is characterized by such a sign as obvious inhibition. The pulse exceeds 102 beats, and the pressure drops below 98 mm Hg.

If treatment is not carried out or carried out incorrectly, the pathology progresses quickly.

Providing emergency assistance

Before doctors arrive, first aid for gastric bleeding is provided. How to stop blood loss in an emergency? Complete rest and ice compress are provided. The patient is placed in a supine position with his legs slightly elevated. Ice is placed in the abdomen. In severe circumstances, an intramuscular injection of calcium gluconate and Vikasol is performed. It is possible to use Dicinon tablets.

Principles of pathology treatment

Treatment of gastric bleeding is aimed at combating the underlying disease and eliminating the symptom itself and its consequences. It can be carried out using conservative or surgical methods, depending on the type of pathology and the severity of its course.

Treatment is based on the following principles:

With mild damage. A strict diet is provided for gastric bleeding, an injection of Vikasol is prescribed, calcium-based drugs are taken, as well as vitamins.
With moderate severity. Treatment includes endoscopy with chemical or mechanical stimulation of the source of bleeding. Blood transfusion is possible.
In case of severe pathology. Emergency resuscitation measures and, as a rule, surgery are provided. Treatment is carried out in stationary conditions.

Conservative therapy is aimed at stopping bleeding. To achieve this, the following measures are taken:

Gastric lavage with a cold composition. It is carried out using a probe tube inserted through the mouth or nose.
Administration of drugs to induce vascular spasms: Adrenaline, Norepinephrine.
Intravenous injection (dropper) of hemostatic agents.
Transfusion using donor blood or blood substitutes.

Endoscopic methods are carried out using special instruments. The most commonly used methods are:

injecting the ulcer with adrenaline;
electrocoagulation of destroyed small vessels;
laser exposure;
suturing the damaged area with threads or special clips;
use of special glue.

An important element of treatment is proper nutrition. Diet after stomach bleeding should be strictly maintained. What can you consume after taking emergency measures and eliminating the acute course? On the first day you should not eat or drink at all. The next day you can start consuming liquid (100–150 ml). Meals over the next 3–4 days include the gradual introduction of broths, pureed soups, fermented milk products, and liquefied porridges. You can eat normally, but within the limits of a gentle diet, only 9–10 days after the bleeding has stopped. Subsequent meals are carried out in accordance with table No. 1 with a transition to less rigid diets. The meal schedule is set frequently (7–8 times a day), but in measured portions.

Bleeding in the stomach is considered a very dangerous manifestation of certain diseases. If such a pathology is detected, measures must be taken urgently.

First aid and treatment for bleeding due to stomach ulcers

Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is a common surgical pathology, the main cause is an acute gastric ulcer. Often the cause is a perforation of the ulcer.

With a bleeding stomach ulcer, the symptoms are alarming: a characteristic sign is vomiting with blood or coffee grounds, blood in the stool, stool takes on a black, tarry appearance.

The general condition of the patient at the moment and the consequences in the future depend on how correctly the specialist will act in conditions of open bleeding in a patient with a stomach ulcer.

What to do first

The first step in helping a patient with suspected gastric ulcer bleeding is to immediately call an ambulance.

Pre-medical stage

While waiting for the medical team to arrive, it is necessary to provide the patient with emergency assistance:

Ensure absolute peace and immobility.
Lay the victim on a flat, hard surface. If there is a suspicion of an ulcer complicated by bleeding, the patient is transported exclusively in a horizontal position on a stretcher. Place a pillow or blanket under your feet to elevate your feet. This helps increase blood flow to the head, prevents brain hypoxia and loss of consciousness. Any physical activity, even minimal, can dramatically increase the intensity of bleeding.
It is unacceptable to give food or water to the patient. Food and water can stimulate gastric motility, increasing blood loss.
It is recommended to apply cold to the epigastric area. Use a heating pad with ice, frozen food from the refrigerator, or a bottle of cold water. Applying cold is allowed for 15 minutes, then remove for 3 minutes and apply again. Cold helps to constrict blood vessels, which can stop bleeding.
You should not try to rinse the patient’s stomach or give him medications. For bleeding from the stomach, treatment is prescribed exclusively by doctors.
It is advisable to keep the patient clearly conscious until the ambulance arrives. For this purpose, keep a cotton ball soaked in ammonia at the ready.

Emergency medical care

At home, the arriving team provides emergency care. The patient is given to take 1-2 tablespoons of an ice-cold solution of aminocaproic acid orally. The drug exhibits hemostatic properties.

A teaspoon of calcium chloride and 2 tablets of dicinone are given to drink internally. It is better to crush the tablets before giving to the patient.

Treatment methods

Treatment of gastric bleeding and bleeding from the duodenum, in the vast majority of cases, is carried out using conservative methods without surgical interventions.

No matter how the disease of the stomach and duodenum progresses, the patient must be hospitalized in a surgical hospital. If the patient has a large amount of blood loss, perforation, and a picture of hemorrhagic shock develops, hospitalization in the intensive care unit and resuscitation department is possible.

Strict bed rest is mandatory. The patient is strictly forbidden to move, drink water or eat food.

Initial stage of treatment

At the initial stage of inpatient treatment of the patient, emergency hemostatic therapy is performed. An intramuscular injection of vikasol is given, and calcium chloride or calcium gluconate is injected intravenously. A solution of aminocaproic acid is injected intravenously. The therapy is aimed at the formation of a blood clot in the damaged vessel and the elimination of bleeding.

Further treatment

Duodenal ulcers are often treated conservatively. If the ulcer is perforated, the damaged area is sutured. A perforated duodenal ulcer is sutured in a transverse direction, preventing the development of cicatricial intestinal strictures.

Endoscopic treatment

Hemostatic drugs

Epsilon-amincaproic acid - reduces the intensity of blood clot resorption and activates the blood coagulation system. Administered intravenously.
Dicynone - activates the formation of thromboplastin in the bloodstream - one of the main components of the blood coagulation system. Thanks to the production of thromboplastin, the number and activation of platelets in the vascular bed increases. The drug is able to quickly stop bleeding.
Calcium chloride or gluconate - in contact with atmospheric oxygen, calcium ions help form a blood clot. Prothrombin is converted into thrombin under the influence of ions. The permeability of the vessel walls decreases, they begin to contract much better, which stops bleeding.
Vitamin K activates the synthesis of components of the blood coagulation system. The action is delayed. Vitamin K will take effect 24 hours after administration.
Fresh frozen plasma is a natural complex preparation that contains a complete set of coagulation factors. It is administered intravenously, by drip, to stop bleeding and replenish the volume of circulating blood.
Cryoprecipitate is a balanced plasma preparation that includes the necessary coagulation factors. An effective remedy to stop bleeding from stomach ulcers.

Mechanical hemostatic therapy

Elimination of bleeding from large vessels with a large surface of the stomach or duodenal ulcer is carried out mechanically:

Stitching (ligation) of the ulcer under endoscopic control. The ulcer is sutured together with the affected vessel.
Riveting. For this method, specialists use a special apparatus called a clipper. The bleeding vessel is isolated under the control of an endoscope, and special clips are applied to it. Treatment with this method is common in cases where the patient has bleeding from varicose veins of the esophagus. This method of treatment is effective and eliminates vascular damage in a short time. During one intervention, up to 16 special clips are applied to the vessel.
Angiographic embolization. The principle of stopping bleeding using this method is based on the introduction of a special embolus into the lumen of a bleeding vessel. Special microscopic spirals are used as a microembolus. Gelatin sponges or polyvinyl alcohol emboli are used.
If the above measures are ineffective, an extended gastric resection operation is performed. The ulcer is excised to the borders of healthy tissue, the walls of the stomach are sutured in the transverse direction. After such an operation, a long recovery period is required.

Gastrointestinal bleeding. Causes, symptoms and signs (vomiting, bloody feces,) diagnosis, first aid for bleeding.

The site provides reference information. Adequate diagnosis and treatment of the disease is possible under the supervision of a conscientious doctor.

Gastrointestinal bleeding is a complication of various diseases, the common feature of which is bleeding into the cavity of the digestive tract with subsequent deficiency of circulating blood volume. Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a serious symptom that requires emergency diagnosis and treatment.

Older men most often suffer from this type of bleeding.
9% of patients admitted by emergency conditions patients with gastrointestinal bleeding are admitted to the surgical department.
In the United States, more than 300 thousand patients with such bleeding are admitted to medical institutions every year.
In Europe, on average, 100 people per 100 thousand people consult a doctor about gastrointestinal bleeding.
There are about 200 possible reasons gastrointestinal bleeding. However, more than half of all bleeding is caused by peptic ulcer disease.

Sources of bleeding:

The stomach accounts for more than 50% of all gastrointestinal bleeding
Duodenum up to 30% bleeding
Colon and rectum about 10%
Esophagus up to 5%
Small intestine up to 1%

The main mechanisms of bleeding

Violation of the integrity of the vessel in the wall of the digestive canal;
Penetration of blood through the wall of blood vessels with an increase in their permeability;
Impaired blood clotting ability.

Acute and chronic

Acute bleeding can be profuse (voluminous) or small. Acute profuse symptoms quickly appear characteristic picture symptoms and within a few hours or tens of minutes cause a serious condition. Minor bleeding gradually manifests itself as symptoms of increasing iron deficiency anemia.
Chronic bleeding is often manifested by symptoms of anemia, which is recurrent and prolonged for a considerable time.

Bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract and bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract

Bleeding from the upper part (esophagus, stomach, duodenum)
Bleeding from the lower part (small, thick, rectum).

The demarcating landmark between the upper and lower sections is the ligament of Treitz (the ligament that supports the duodenum).

Causes of bleeding (most common)

1. Diseases of the esophagus:

Chronic esophagitis

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

2. Peptic ulcer of the stomach and/or duodenum

3. Acute ulcers of the digestive tract:

Medicinal (after long-term use of medications: glucocorticoid hormones, salicylates, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, reserpine, etc.)
Stressful (caused by various severe injuries such as: mechanical trauma, burn shock, myocardial infarction, sepsis, etc., or emotional overstrain, after a traumatic brain injury, neurosurgical operation, etc.).
Endocrine (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, decreased function of the parathyroid glands)
Against the background of diseases of internal organs (liver, pancreas)

4. Ulcers of the gastrointestinal joints after previous operations

5. Erosive hemorrhagic gastritis

6. Colon lesions:

1. Varicose veins of the esophagus and stomach (usually due to cirrhosis of the liver and increased pressure in the portal system).

Benign (lipomas, polyps, leiomyomas, neuromas, etc.);
Malignant (cancer, carcinoid, sarcoma);

3. Mallory–Weiss syndrome

4. Gastrointestinal diverticula

5. Rectal fissures

Blood diseases:
- Hemophilia
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
- von Willebrand disease, etc.
Vascular diseases:

Rondu-Osler disease
Schonlein–Henoch disease
Periarteritis nodosa

Cardiovascular diseases:

Heart disease with the development of heart failure
Hypertonic disease
General atherosclerosis

Cholelithiasis, injuries, tumors of the liver, gallbladder.

Symptoms and diagnosis of bleeding

Unreasonable weakness, malaise
Dizziness
Possible fainting
Changes in consciousness (confusion, lethargy, agitation, etc.)
Cold sweat
Unreasonable thirst
Pale skin and mucous membranes
Blue lips, fingertips
Rapid, weak pulse
Lower blood pressure

All of the above symptoms depend on the rate and volume of blood loss. With slow, non-intensive blood loss during the day, the symptoms can be very scarce - slight pallor. Slight increase in heart rate against the background of normal blood pressure. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that the body, through the activation of specific mechanisms, manages to compensate for blood loss.

Vomit mixed with altered or unchanged blood, “coffee grounds.” The color of coffee grounds is the result of a reaction between the blood and stomach acid. Vomiting “coffee grounds” indicates an average intensity of bleeding, but at the same time at least 150 ml of blood has accumulated in the stomach. If the vomit contains unchanged blood, this may indicate profuse bleeding in the stomach or bleeding from the esophagus. If vomiting blood recurs after 1-2 hours, it is considered that bleeding is still ongoing. And if it repeats after 4-5 hours or more, this indicates re-bleeding.

A change in the color of stool, from a brown, dense consistency to a black, tarry, liquid-like consistency, the so-called melena. However, if up to 100 ml of blood enters the gastrointestinal tract during the day, no visible changes in feces are observed. To do this, use a specific laboratory diagnostics(Gregdersen test on occult blood). It is positive if blood loss exceeds 15 ml/day.

Features of bleeding symptoms depending on the disease:

Symptoms of the disease see stomach ulcer, ulcer duodenum.

Bleeding is mainly characterized by the presence of “coffee grounds” vomiting (more typical for lesions of the duodenum) or vomiting in combination with unchanged blood (more specific for lesions of the stomach).
At the time of bleeding, a decrease in intensity or disappearance of ulcerative pain is characteristic (Bergmann's symptom).
Mild bleeding is characterized by dark or black stools (melena). With intense bleeding, intestinal motility increases, and the stool becomes liquid and tarry in color.

Similar manifestations of bleeding occur in other gastrointestinal diseases (erosive hemorrhagic gastritis, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: a tumor of islet cells of the pancreas, which in excess produces a specific hormone (gastrin), which increases the acidity of the stomach and leads to the formation of difficult-to-heal ulcers).

Bleeding is often mild, insignificant, prolonged, and recurring;
May manifest as vomiting mixed with “coffee grounds”;
Most often, bleeding is manifested by a change in the color of stool (the color is dark to tarry).

3. Mallory Weiss syndrome – ruptures of the mucous and submucosal layer of the stomach. Longitudinal ruptures are located in the upper part of the stomach (cardiac) and in the lower third of the esophagus. Most often, this syndrome occurs in people who abuse alcohol, after overeating, after lifting weights, as well as when strong cough or hiccups.

Copious vomiting with an admixture of scarlet unchanged blood.

4. Bleeding from dilated veins of the esophagus

(5-7% of patients). Most often this occurs against the background of liver cirrhosis, which is accompanied by so-called portal hypertension. That is, an increase in pressure in the veins of the portal system (portal vein, hepatic veins, left gastric vein, splenic vein and etc.). All of these vessels are connected in one way or another to the blood flow in the liver, and if an obstruction or stagnation occurs there, this is immediately reflected by an increase in pressure in these vessels. Increased pressure in the vessels is transmitted to the veins of the esophagus, from which bleeding occurs. The main signs of increased pressure in the portal system: dilated veins of the esophagus, an enlarged spleen, accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites).

Bleeding develops acutely, usually after overexertion, eating disorders, etc.;
General health is temporarily impaired (malaise, weakness, dizziness, etc.);
On the background feeling unwell vomiting with slightly changed dark blood occurs, then tarry feces (melena) appear.
Bleeding is usually intense and is accompanied by common manifestations blood loss (severe weakness, pale skin, weak rapid pulse, decreased blood pressure, possible loss of consciousness).

5. Hemorrhoids and rectal fissure. In first place in terms of the frequency of bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract are diseases such as hemorrhoids and rectal fissures.

Features of bleeding with hemorrhoids:

The discharge of scarlet blood (drip or stream) at the time of defecation or immediately after it, sometimes occurs after physical overexertion.
Blood is not mixed with feces. Blood covers the feces.
Bleeding is also accompanied by anal itching, a burning sensation, and pain if there is inflammation.
With varicose veins of the rectum against the background of increased pressure in the portal system, abundant secretion of dark blood is characteristic.

Features of bleeding with anal fissure:

The bleeding is not scanty, its character resembles that of hemorrhoids (not mixed with feces, “lying on the surface”);
Bleeding is accompanied by severe pain in the anus during and after defecation, and there is also a spasm of the anal sphincter.

6. Cancer of the rectum and colon is the second most common cause of bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract.

Bleeding is usually not intense, prolonged, and leads to the development of chronic anemia.
Often, with cancer of the left colon, mucus appears and dark blood, mixed with feces.
Chronic bleeding is often the first sign of colon cancer.

7. Nonspecific ulcerative colitis.

The main symptom of the disease watery stool with an admixture of blood, mucus and pus in combination with a false urge to defecate.
The bleeding is not intense and has a long, recurring course. Causes chronic anemia.

8. Crohn's disease

The colonic form is characterized by the presence of blood and purulent mucus in the stool.
Bleeding is rarely intense and often only leads to chronic anemia.
However, the risk of heavy bleeding remains very high.

When diagnosing bleeding, the following facts should also be taken into account:

More often external signs bleeding is very demonstrative and directly indicates the presence of bleeding. However, it is necessary to take into account the fact that at the onset of bleeding there may be no external signs.
You should remember about the possibility of staining stool with medications (iron preparations: sorbifer, ferumlek, etc., bismuth preparations: de-nol, etc., activated carbon) and some food products (blood sausage, black currants, prunes, blueberries, pomegranate, chokeberry).
The presence of blood in the gastrointestinal tract may be associated with ingestion of blood during pulmonary hemorrhage, myocardial infarction, bleeding from the nose, or the oral cavity. However, blood can also enter the respiratory tract during vomiting, subsequently manifesting as hemoptysis.

Differences between hemoptysis and hematemesis

What does gastric bleeding indicate?

Today various diseases digestive system, unfortunately, are rapidly gaining momentum. Due to our constant busyness and active rhythm of life, we have ceased to attach importance to quality food.

In addition, many people often eat on the go, and the intervals between meals vary. All this, as well as other factors, cause disruptions in the functioning of the stomach. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract progress rapidly, which in turn can lead to gastric bleeding.

What does bleeding in the stomach mean?

Gastric bleeding is a painful process that indicates the presence of a number of serious diseases.

Often this condition can be a sign of the following diseases:

The described illness is an acute condition and requires urgent medical care.

Causes of bleeding in the stomach

As we have already mentioned, most often bleeding can be caused by a stomach ulcer or duodenal ulcer, as well as a stress ulcer or erosive gastritis. There are cases when the disease is caused by the presence of Mallory-Weiss syndrome, in which a longitudinal rupture of the gastric mucosa occurs due to frequent vomiting.

There are isolated cases when the cause of gastrointestinal bleeding is Dieulafoy's ulcer. It appears as a result of arrosion large vessel in the wall of the stomach.

In this condition, the patient is advised emergency surgery in order to stop the bleeding.

According to statistics, up to ten percent of cases of the described disease are associated with portal hypertension due to varicose veins in the esophagus.

Other causes of the disease include malignant and benign tumors of the stomach, diverticula of the duodenum and stomach, polyps, enteritis, duodenitis, colitis, Crohn's disease, and other diseases.

Symptoms

The following signs may indicate a dangerous condition:

severe weakness;
dizziness;
frequent heartbeats;
hypotension;
chest pain;
lowering blood pressure;
sticky and cold palms and feet;
loss of orientation in space;
confusion or loss of consciousness.

When the stomach fills with blood, bloody vomiting occurs, followed by tarry black stools (melena). Heavy gastric bleeding is accompanied by repeated vomiting, which is repeated at short intervals. Little changed blood may be found in the stool. By the way, the appearance of melena indicates a more favorable prognosis for the course of the disease than vomiting blood.

If the described condition is caused by a stomach ulcer, then the attack will be preceded by strong pain. But during the period of bleeding, the pain will decrease, since the blood is able to partially neutralize hydrochloric acid.

In addition to the above symptoms, the patient may experience anxiety or even fear, the skin becomes bluish, cold, damp or pale. Breathing and pulse become rapid. If the patient has lost a lot of blood, he will feel very thirsty.

Internal bleeding in a child

If your child develops symptoms such as bloody stools, melena, or vomiting blood, call an ambulance immediately. Before her arrival, parents should under no circumstances give the child water or food. You should also not do an enema or rinse your stomach.

The first and most best help What parents can provide to a child at home is to provide the baby with complete rest and put ice on the suspected site of bleeding. During an episode of vomiting, lift the child and turn his head to the side.

The causes of blood entering the stomach in children under three years of age are:

If the child is over three years old, the cause may be a colon polyp.

However, other diseases should not be ruled out, such as:

Crohn's disease;
hemorrhagic vasculitis;
hemorrhagic disease of the newborn;
volvulus;
foreign bodies;
infectious colitis and others.

The exact cause will be determined by the doctor during the examination, ascertaining the symptoms and based on the results of laboratory tests.

Treatment of internal bleeding

As soon as you suspect the presence of the described condition based on the indicated symptoms, the first thing to do is to take the patient to the surgical department for emergency care.

While you are waiting for an ambulance, you need to place the patient on a horizontal surface without a pillow. If possible, place the patient's legs so that they are slightly elevated. This is all that is included in first aid at home; further assistance will be provided by a doctor.

Often, specialists inject intramuscularly a two percent solution of diphenhydramine and a five percent solution of novocaine orally, this will help suppress the gag reflex.

The main and primary task of doctors is to stop the bleeding, compensate for blood loss, stabilize cardiac activity, eliminate hypoxia and normalize the general condition of the patient.

Treatment of the described massive disease is carried out using infusion, blood transfusion and hemostatic therapy.

If the cause of bleeding is varicose veins of the esophagus, then specialists will perform an operation to endoscopically stop the blood by sclerosing or doping the vessels. If the patient's condition was caused by a stomach ulcer, during surgery, doctors stitch the bleeding area or may remove part of the stomach.

Treatment of illness with folk remedies

To begin with, it is worth noting that folk remedies for serious condition cannot replace traditional medicine. They can only help eliminate some symptoms and alleviate the condition as an addition to pharmaceutical drugs.

Treatment with nettle juice. To prepare the medicine, squeeze the juice from the leaves. stinging nettle and take it drop by drop. The indicated dosage must be taken up to six times a day. Before drinking the medicine, dilute it with a tablespoon of warm boiled water;
Treatment with a decoction of viburnum bark. Grind the viburnum bark thoroughly, then select twenty grams of the resulting mixture and pour a glass of water. Place the medicine on the fire and bring to a boil. Boil over low heat for about half an hour, and then immediately strain the resulting broth. Take the medicinal mixture once an hour, one tablespoon;
Treatment with blackberry infusion. Take three grams of blackberry leaves, add 0.5 liters of boiling water to them. Then the resulting mixture must be put on fire, brought to a boil and simmered over low heat for about fifteen minutes. After this, the broth must be removed from the stove and allowed to brew for half an hour. As soon as the medicine is infused, strain it and take 100 g orally twice a day;
Treatment with tincture based on flax and serpentine. Grind the serpentine root. Take five grams of the resulting mixture and add three grams of flax seed. Mix the components of the mixture together and pour a glass of water. Place the resulting mass on the fire and cook for fifteen minutes. Then remove from heat and let sit for another half hour. Then strain and the medicine is ready for use. Drink one tablespoon of the decoction every two hours;
Treatment with herbal tincture. An effective means of treating various diseases is a collection of several medicinal plants, since it contains beneficial features several herbs at once. For the described ailment, to obtain a herbal mixture, you can mix nettle leaves, plantain leaves, flax seed and yarrow herb. Take the indicated herbs and mix in equal proportions, then take ten grams of the herbal mixture and pour a glass of boiling water. Let the mixture sit for half an hour and the medicine is ready. Drink it one tablespoon once every half hour. The decoction must be taken cold.

To prevent the development of internal bleeding, do not start gastrointestinal diseases, as they are characterized by rapid progression. Timely seeking help from a doctor when the symptoms indicated in the article appear is the best prevention the described illness.

How to identify and stop intestinal bleeding at home

Intestinal bleeding - release of blood into the lumen of the colon or small intestine- a symptom requiring prompt medical intervention. Its cause may be a pathological process in the intestines and associated organs, or trauma. If measures are not taken to stop it in time, it can pose a serious danger to the patient’s life.

Bleeding of the duodenum is the most common after gastric bleeding. It accounts for 30% of all cases of gastrointestinal hemorrhage (gastric hemorrhage accounts for more than 50%). 10% of the sources of damage are localized in the large intestine, and 1% in the small intestine.

It is quite difficult to distinguish between profuse gastric bleeding and intestinal bleeding due to the similarity of their symptoms, the adjacent location of organs and belonging to unified system. International classification diseases of the tenth revision (ICD-10) hemorrhages of the stomach and intestines are combined into one group K92.

Types of intestinal bleeding

By location of blood loss:

Occurred in the upper intestine (duodenum);
Occurring in the lower intestine (small, colon, rectum).

Having clear signs presence;
Hidden, unnoticeable to the victim.

Types of gastrointestinal bleeding

Causes

A fairly wide range of pathologies can be accompanied by blood loss in the intestines.

Causes of gastrointestinal bleeding

They are usually divided into 4 groups:

Diseases of ulcerative and non-ulcerative nature. Ulcerative lesions- the most common cause of intestinal bleeding (about 75% of all cases, and separately in men the figure is higher).

Duodenal ulcer that occurred after gastric resection and other surgical interventions in the gastrointestinal tract;
Nonspecific ulcerative colitis;
Multiple ulcers of the large intestine accompanying Crohn's disease;
Bleeding ulcers resulting from mucosal burns (due to poisoning with concentrated acid, mercury, lead, etc., prolonged use of medications);
Ulcers in places of mechanical trauma to the gastrointestinal tract;
Formed due to stress or physical strain.

Non-ulcer intestinal bleeding:

Intestinal bleeding in children

Intraintestinal effusion in infants can provoke intestinal volvulus and intestinal obstruction.

The disease is expressed not so much by bleeding, but by constipation, gas formation, and acute animal pain.

Another factor is congenital intestinal anomalies and neoplasms.

In older children, the main culprits of intestinal bleeding are polyps. A common cause of hemorrhage in young children is foreign objects in the digestive tract, damaging the mucous membrane.

Symptoms

When internal intestinal bleeding is severe enough, it is not difficult to diagnose. It is determined by the presence of blood in stool and vomit.

If blood is present in the stool unchanged, this indicates a one-time loss of more than 100 ml. This may be a profuse gastric effusion, or blood loss of the duodenum as a result of an extensive ulcer. If the blood flows for a long time, it releases iron under the influence of enzymes and turns the stool black, tarry. With small discharges, changes in stool are not visually visible.

Dark stool is not always a sign of intestinal bleeding. Sometimes this is a consequence of eating foods rich in iron or certain medications. And sometimes - the result of swallowing blood by patients (this can happen, including if the nasopharynx or oral cavity is damaged).

When blood clots are visible on the surface of the feces, we can conclude that there are diseases of the lower part of the large intestine. In the case when blood mixes with the stool, forming streaks, the lesion is located in the upper sections. Liquid, fetid, with a characteristic luster of stool, most likely, speaks of a lesion of the small intestine.

Another characteristic symptom- profuse vomiting. Against the background of intestinal bleeding, profuse vomiting is a profuse eruption of the contents of the gastrointestinal tract with blood impurities.

Sometimes, due to the reaction of the blood with acidic gastric juice, the vomit becomes a rich brown color.

Other symptoms of intestinal bleeding

Anemia. It occurs as a result of prolonged blood loss, when the body is not able to compensate for the lost red blood cells. Anemia, without resorting to medical tests, can be diagnosed due to a weak, drowsy state, dizziness, fainting, excessive pallor, cyanosis, brittle hair and nails, tachycardia;
Various disorders digestive process: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, excessive gas, bloating;
Some of the victims of intestinal bleeding experience causeless anxiety, fear, followed by lethargy or a feeling of euphoria.
Intestinal pain. Depending on the disease that provoked intestinal bleeding, the nature of the pain syndrome may be different. So, a duodenal ulcer is accompanied by a strong, sharp, pain in the abdomen, and it decreases when the bleeding opens. In cancer patients, the pain is aching, dull and appears sporadically. With ulcerative colitis, it migrates, and in the case of dysentery, it accompanies the urge to defecate.

Portal hypertension, in addition to intestinal bleeding, is manifested by its typical symptoms:

Decrease in the patient’s body weight;
The appearance of spider veins;
Severe redness of the palms (erythema).

In such patients, the medical history often reveals a history of hepatitis or prolonged use of alcohol.

Problems with blood clotting that accompany cirrhosis cause massive, persistent intestinal bleeding.

Nonspecific ulcerative colitis is accompanied by a false urge to go to the toilet, and the stool itself is liquid, purulent, mucous, and mixed with blood. In inflammatory diseases, intestinal bleeding is observed against a background of high temperature.

Colon cancer is characterized by small bleeding, tarry feces, coupled with typical symptoms for this disease: sudden weight loss, loss of appetite.

It should be remembered that sometimes hemorrhage does not manifest itself in any way and is discovered by chance during a medical examination for other diseases, including those not related to the gastrointestinal tract.

Condition of victims of intestinal bleeding

Satisfactory: the person is conscious, on normal level his blood pressure, hemoglobin and red blood cell count, but his pulse is increased;
Moderately severe: coagulability worsens, hemoglobin sharply decreases (to half of normal), blood pressure drops, tachycardia and cold sweat appear. Skin pale;
Severe: the face swells, hemoglobin is very low (up to 25% of normal), blood pressure is greatly reduced, pulse is increased. There is retardation in movements and speech. This condition often leads to coma and requires urgent resuscitation.

How to stop at home

If the intestines bleed, the first first aid consists in measures aimed at reducing blood loss:

The patient should be provided with peace: lay him on his back and slightly raise his legs:
Do not stimulate the gastrointestinal tract under any circumstances. Drinking and eating during intestinal bleeding should be avoided;
Constrict blood vessels as much as possible: put on possible outbreak hit an ice-cold heating pad or something cold.

First aid at home should not include enemas and gastric lavage.

Diagnosis of intestinal bleeding

Patients with bleeding are examined by a gastroenterologist and an endoscopist. The condition of the skin is assessed and the abdomen is palpated. A digital examination of the rectum is carried out, the purpose of which is to identify polyps and hemorrhoids, as well as assess the condition of organs located near the intestines.

To determine the severity, the patient’s blood is urgently examined (clinical analysis and coagulogram), establishing the value of hemoglobin and red blood cells and the blood’s ability to clot.

Feces are tested for occult blood. The patient's history is taken, blood pressure and pulsation are checked.

To determine the source of intestinal bleeding, instrumental techniques are used:

Endoscopy (in most cases it determines the source and makes it possible to simultaneously carry out treatment (electrocoagulation of a diseased vessel or another) and
Colonoscopy (examination of the upper sections).
Additional information is obtained by x-ray examination and scintigraphy using labeled red blood cells.

The results of instrumental diagnostics are of decisive importance in the question of what to do in case of gastric or intestinal hemorrhage.

Treatment

Victims of intestinal bleeding with signs of hemorrhagic shock (low blood pressure, tachycardia, cold extremities, cyanosis) require emergency hospitalization. An endoscopy is urgently performed, the source of blood loss is identified, and measures are taken to stop the bleeding.

What does endoscopy show?

Blood flow indicators and its cellular composition are constantly assessed. Blood products are administered to the patient.

But most often, treatment is conservative in nature and is aimed at eliminating the source of intestinal bleeding, revitalizing the hemostatic system and replacing blood to normal volume.

Drugs are prescribed to stop bleeding.

To reduce the pressure in portal vein, medicinally stimulate platelet activity. Considering the scale of blood loss, plasma substitute drugs and donor blood are administered.

Rehabilitation

Blood loss entails a change in the structure of the affected tissues, and time is required for their healing. For the first 2-3 days, nutrients are administered intravenously to the victim and gradually transferred to a standard diet, following a strict diet.

The lesions heal for at least six months, and during this time the patient’s diet should be given the closest attention. After 6 months, the patient undergoes a re-examination by a gastroenterologist.

Video: Help with gastrointestinal bleeding.

Nutrition

Diet is one of the main conditions for the recovery of patients with intestinal bleeding.

In order not to injure the intestinal walls, they are prescribed:

Slimy cereal soups;
Liquid porridges;
Purees (meat, fish, vegetables);
Kissels and jelly;
Milk;
Weak tea;
Vegetable juices.

Solid;
Spicy food;
Everything that causes irritation of the mucous membrane.

More than 90% of cases of intestinal bleeding can be controlled conservatively.

If signs of internal blood flow remain, they resort to surgical intervention, the volume of which depends on the nature of the pathology.

Article publication date: 05/22/2017

Article updated date: 12/21/2018

From this article you will learn: what is intestinal bleeding. Causes and treatment.

Intestinal bleeding is the release of blood into the lumen of the small or large intestine. Blood is secreted from the damaged intestinal wall and sooner or later leaves the body naturally during bowel movements. Moreover, the nature of the blood in the stool will be very different depending on either the location or the "height" of the site of damage to the mucosa. The higher up in the gastrointestinal tract the discharge of blood began, the more altered blood will be in the stool. It is by the unusual appearance and color of the feces that the patient may suspect something is wrong with the intestines.

Intestinal bleeding is only a symptom or manifestation of a particular disease, some of which are deadly. That is why the slightest suspicion of bleeding from the intestines should be a reason to consult a doctor. The primary link in diagnosis most often becomes a general practitioner, who, as necessary, refers the patient to a surgeon, proctologist, gastroenterologist or oncologist.

The prognosis of the disease depends entirely on the severity of the bleeding, as well as the immediate cause of this condition. In some cases, the disease can pass without a trace, and sometimes it threatens the patient’s life. In approximately 60-70% of gastrointestinal bleeding, the cause is peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum - without immediate help, such conditions can claim the patient’s life in a matter of hours.

Causes of intestinal bleeding

The main reasons for the flow of blood from the intestines:

Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum is the most common cause of the appearance of altered blood in the stool.
Diseases of the rectum: anal fissure, hemorrhoids.
Injury to the rectum: The rectum can be injured by a fall or a foreign object. The rest of the gastrointestinal tract can be damaged by foreign objects accidentally or deliberately swallowed by the patient: needles, hairpins, blades, and so on.
A special group of inflammatory bowel diseases: Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease and others.
Infectious intestinal diseases caused by a special group of intestinal microbes: dysentery, shigellosis, typhoid fever.
Oncological diseases of the intestine: intestinal cancer of various locations.

The formation of polyps (abnormal growths of tissue) can also cause intestinal bleeding

Symptoms of intestinal bleeding

With massive bleeding, the picture of the disease is so clear that diagnosing this condition is not difficult. The situation is worse with the diagnosis of rare and minor bleeding.

Let's list what are the symptoms of intestinal bleeding.

Direct detection of blood in the stool

Doctors call this blood fresh because it appearance not changed. Fresh blood usually covers the surface of the feces or is passed at the same time as the stool. This symptom is characteristic of diseases of the lowermost parts of the large intestine and rectum. Hemorrhoids, anal fissure, rectal cancer and inflammation of the rectum - proctitis - are very often accompanied by the appearance of fresh blood in the stool.

Blood streaks in stools

The blood retains its appearance, but it is already mixed with feces or has the appearance of veins. This symptom is also characteristic of diseases of the large intestine, but it affects the “higher” parts of the large intestine: the cecum and sigmoid colon.

The cause may be colon cancer and a special group of inflammatory diseases of the colon - colitis, including Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis (UC). Also, blood in the stool can occur against the background of some infectious diseases - dysentery and shigellosis.

Changes in the color, odor and consistency of stool

Feces acquire a liquid or mushy consistency, black color, a “varnished” surface and a very characteristic foul odor. Doctors call this type of chair tarry stool or melena. Such a chair occurs due to the fact that the enzyme systems of the stomach and intestines “digest” the blood, releasing iron from it, which determines the very black, like tar, color. This is one of the most characteristic symptoms of gastric or small intestine bleeding that accompanies peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, as well as malignant neoplasms specified sections of the gastrointestinal tract.

There is a small nuance - melena can accompany not only gastrointestinal bleeding, but also outflow of blood from the oral cavity, esophagus, nasopharynx and upper respiratory tract. In this case, the patient simply swallows blood, which goes through all the same enzymatic reactions in the stomach and intestines.

The second caveat is that the feces can acquire a dark tint when taking certain foods and medications: raw meat, activated carbon, bismuth and iron preparations. This feature is described in the “Side Effects” section of each drug, but it still frightens patients. In fact, such feces are fundamentally different from true melena, primarily in the absence of odor and varnished shine.

Stomach ache

Abdominal pain quite often accompanies the initial period of the condition. The pain syndrome has its own characteristics depending on the root cause and location of the bleeding:

with bleeding duodenal ulcers, the pain is very strong and sharp;
in case of intestinal cancer – dull and unstable;
with nonspecific ulcerative colitis – migrating, cramping;
in dysentery – accompanying the urge to defecate.

Weight loss

Weight loss is also a very characteristic symptom that accompanies intestinal bleeding. This occurs due to the constant loss of iron and nutrients in the blood, as well as disruption of the damaged intestines. Destruction of the intestinal mucosa interferes with the absorption of nutrients from food.

Anemic conditions

Anemia or anemia - a decrease in the level of red blood cells, erythrocytes and hemoglobin. Due to blood loss, the body does not have time to restore iron reserves and synthesize new hemoglobin and red blood cells. With massive bleeding, anemia occurs acutely and leads to disruption in all organs and tissues. With periodic loss of small amounts of blood, anemia develops slowly. Such hidden anemias also harm a person’s health, reduce their performance and resistance to other diseases.

Anemia can be diagnosed by general analysis blood, but to assume by indirect signs: pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, weakness, drowsiness, dizziness, dry skin and hair, brittle nails, shortness of breath and rapid heartbeat - tachycardia.

Digestive disorder

Digestive disorders are not direct signs of intestinal bleeding, but quite often accompany them. This may include diarrhea, constipation, bloating, increased gas formation, nausea and vomiting.

Fever

An increase in temperature is characteristic of some diseases that accompany intestinal bleeding: dysentery, shigellosis, UC, Crohn's disease and other inflammatory bowel diseases.

Paraneoplastic syndrome

With intestinal cancer, a special symptom complex can develop - paraneoplastic syndrome, that is, a list of symptoms that accompanies any malignant process: weakness, dizziness, lack or perversion of appetite, sleep and memory disturbances, skin itching and unclear rashes, specific changes in the blood test picture.

Diagnostic measures for intestinal bleeding

It is very important to recognize this condition in time, because even small blood losses significantly impair the patient’s performance and quality of life. Let us list the mandatory minimum of studies for intestinal bleeding.

Endoscopic diagnostics

Colonoscopy - isolated or in combination with fibrogastroscopy - is an examination inner surface gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope. An endoscope is a long, thin and flexible tube equipped with a fiber optics system and connected to a monitor screen. The tube can be inserted through the mouth or through anus patient. During endoscopy, you can not only identify the source of bleeding, but also “burn” this place or put metal brackets on it with special nozzles, as well as take a suspicious bleeding area of the mucosa for biopsy and subsequent examination under a microscope.

Colonoscopy

X-ray methods

X-ray examination of the intestine is carried out with the passage of barium. This one is enough old method research has been partially replaced by endoscopy. However, x-rays remain informative, especially in cases where endoscopy is not possible for technical and physiological reasons.

The method is that the patient receives a barium salt solution in the form of a drink or enema. The barium solution is clearly visible on x-ray. It tightly fills the intestinal lumen, repeating its internal relief. So you can see characteristic changes mucous membrane of the digestive tract and suggest the cause of bleeding.

Microscopic examination

Histological or microscopic examination of the obtained mucosal fragments. A biopsy can confirm or refute malignant tumors, as well as various inflammatory bowel diseases. Histology is the gold standard for diagnosing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Rectoscopy

This is an examination of the rectum using the digital method or a special rectal speculum. This is a quick and easy way to detect abnormal hemorrhoidal veins, fissures and rectal tumors.

A rectoscope is an instrument with which a doctor examines the rectum.

Laboratory diagnostics

A blood test to monitor the levels of hemoglobin, red blood cells and platelets. The first two indicators provide information about the nature and massiveness of blood loss, and the level of platelets will indicate the patient's individual problems with blood clotting.
Stool analysis various indicators: microbial composition in intestinal infections, remnants of undigested fibers, as well as fecal occult blood analysis. The latter analysis is extremely important for diagnosing rare and minor bleeding, when those small amounts of blood lost do not change the appearance of the stool in any way. Such an analysis is performed for clinical symptoms of intestinal bleeding and for any obscure anemia.
Special blood tests for antibodies to various infectious and non-specific bowel diseases.

Treatment of intestinal bleeding

The speed, duration and aggressiveness of therapy directly depend on the massiveness of bleeding, as well as on its root cause.

Massive bleeding from any part of the intestine, which threatens the patient’s life, is subject to immediate surgical treatment. First of all, they try to stop the bleeding using endoscopic methods: cauterization or applying staples or clips to the bleeding vessel. If such a gentle treatment is impossible or ineffective, doctors go to open surgery. This surgical treatment is an emergency.
Replenishment of blood volume by transfusion of donor blood components or blood replacement solutions. Such actions are absolutely necessary to stabilize the patient's condition after massive bleeding.
Planned surgical treatment involves a certain amount of surgical intervention with preliminary preparation of the patient. To such planned operations include surgical treatment of hemorrhoids, removal of intestinal polyps or tumors, plastic surgery of ulcerative defects of the stomach or duodenum.
Drug control of bleeding with hemostatic or hemostatic drugs: tranexam, etamsylate, aminocaproic acid, calcium gluconate and others. This treatment is used only for minor bleeding.
Treatment of the immediate cause of bleeding: this includes a strict diet and anti-ulcer therapy, specific treatment ulcerative colitis, antibacterial therapy intestinal infections. In these cases, curing or at least stabilizing the cause of bleeding completely eliminates blood loss.
Taking iron supplements to restore hemoglobin levels and treat anemia is indicated for all patients after intestinal bleeding.

Hemostatic drug Tranexam

Prognosis for the disease

Prognosis with correct and timely treatment intestinal bleeding is normal.

Most high level mortality and severe health consequences are caused by intestinal bleeding from stomach and duodenal ulcers.

The prognosis for the life of a patient with bleeding from a disintegrating intestinal cancer tumor is also extremely unfavorable. Such cancer is often advanced and cannot be cured radically.

Internal bleeding is a pathological condition in which liquid connective tissue flows into the natural cavities and spaces of the body. The reasons for its development can be very diverse. Diagnosis of internal organ damage is difficult due to the lack of specific clinical manifestations. Nevertheless, first aid must be provided in a timely manner. This is due to the fact that bleeding of internal organs poses a danger not only to health, but also to human life. People with suspected leakage of liquid connective tissue are required to be hospitalized in a hospital, where they receive specialized medical care.

Causes

Internal bleeding can occur due to many factors. In most cases, it appears after injury or against the background of the development of chronic pathologies.

The main causes of internal bleeding:

Blunt trauma to the abdominal area. In this case, the outpouring of liquid connective tissue is usually massive and poses the greatest threat to life. Most often the liver or spleen is damaged, in isolated cases- pancreas, mesentery and intestines. IN similar situations minutes count down. If people nearby do not know how to stop internal bleeding, the likelihood fatal outcome increases significantly.
Multiple rib fractures. Are the most common cause development of pleural bleeding. A fracture of 1-2 ribs only in isolated cases provokes a complication in the form of an outpouring of liquid connective tissue.
Traumatic brain injuries. In this case, bleeding is also associated with extreme high risk for life. This is due to the fact that the skull has a fixed volume, pouring even a small amount of liquid connective tissue into it leads to compression of the brain regions.
Bruises and intra-articular fractures. In such situations, there is no threat to life, but any delay can result in serious complications.
Pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract. Often, the outpouring of blood in the cavity occurs against the background of the growth of a malignant tumor, as well as with peptic ulcer, erosive gastritis, Mallory-Weiss syndrome, varicose veins of the esophagus, etc.
Gynecological diseases. Most often, bleeding occurs during ectopic pregnancy and ovarian rupture. Often, effusion occurs after an abortion or against the background of a violation of the integrity of the uterus.

Regardless of the cause of internal bleeding, it is necessary to initially assess the amount of lost fluid connective tissue. This is decisive when choosing treatment tactics.

Classification

Internal bleeding is divided according to:

Reason. They can be mechanical (examples described above) or arrosive (arising, for example, against the background of tumor growth in the tissue).
Volume of blood loss. They can be mild, moderate, severe, massive, deadly and absolutely deadly. By comparison, in the first case we are talking about a slight loss of up to 500 ml. In case of death, the volume of blood shed exceeds 2.5 liters.
The nature of vascular damage. Bleeding can be venous, capillary, arterial, mixed and parenchymal.
Localization (for example, gastrointestinal).
Place of blood accumulation. It can pour into cavities or into the thickness of organs.
Clinical manifestations. Bleeding can be obvious or hidden.
Time of occurrence. The effusion can be primary in nature (appears immediately) or secondary (develops after some time, for example, after injury).

During emergency procedures, doctors try to determine the type of bleeding as accurately as possible in order to increase the success of subsequent therapeutic measures.

Pathological condition at the initial stage has no specific symptoms. What signs of internal bleeding occur immediately after the effusion begins:

General weakness.
Paleness of the skin and mucous membranes.
Drowsiness.
Dizziness.
Frequent episodes of extreme thirst.
Production of cold sweat.
Darkening in the eyes.
Fainting (loss of consciousness does not always occur).

Symptoms depending on the amount of blood loss:

Small. A person's pulse increases to approximately 80 beats per minute, and blood pressure decreases slightly.
Average volume. Systolic pressure decreases to 80 mmHg. Art., the pulse quickens to 100 beats per minute, the skin turns pale, the limbs become cold, the patient complains of thirst, nausea, weakness and dizziness.
Heavy bleeding. The pulse quickens to 110 beats per minute, the breathing rhythm is disturbed, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, tremor, apathy, unquenchable thirst, cyanosis appear, sticky and cold sweat is produced.
Massive blood loss. The pressure decreases to 60 mmHg. Art., pulse quickens to 160 beats per minute, breathing is periodic. The patient is delirious, his eyes are sunken, and his gaze becomes indifferent. The skin and mucous membranes are pale. Consciousness is often lost.
Fatal blood loss. The man falls into a coma. The heart beats at a rate of 2 to 10 beats per minute. There are convulsions, marbled skin, dilated pupils, uncontrolled excretion of urine and feces. In a short time, agony and death ensues.

With minor blood loss, there may be no symptoms at all. Due to this, many patients turn to medical institution already at the stage of pronounced outpouring of liquid connective tissue.

First aid algorithm

Every person should know how to stop internal bleeding. In most cases, the life of the victim depends on the timeliness of first aid. In addition, competent actions lead to minimization of the loss of fluid connective tissue.

If you suspect that a person has internal bleeding, you should immediately call an ambulance team. If possible, it is better to deliver the victim to a medical facility by private transport.

Immediately after calling the doctors or before transporting a person, he needs to be given first aid. What to do if there is internal bleeding:

If the victim received a chest injury, he must be given a half-sitting position. He needs to place a small cushion under his feet.
If blood is poured into the abdominal cavity, the patient must be laid on a hard and necessarily flat surface. If vomiting occurs, the victim should be turned on his side.
It is recommended to apply cold to the area of suspected bleeding. This not only helps to stop the outpouring, but also significantly reduces the severity of pain.
The victim should be in the fresh air. If it is indoors, you need to open all the windows. The victim's neck and chest must be freed from clothing.

The patient should not be allowed to talk or move. This will provoke even greater blood loss. There is no need to do anything else with the victim. The next stage is only specialized medical care. As a rule, amateur activities only worsen a person’s condition.

What is it? In practice, sometimes a person is diagnosed with not only internal bleeding, but also a clear violation of tissue integrity. What is first aid for injuries? It is necessary to apply a pressure bandage to the source of pathology and give the person the most optimal position for injury. Rinsing the gaping cavity with water and medications is strictly prohibited. It is also forbidden to adjust tissues or remove foreign objects.

Unacceptable actions

It is prohibited to deviate from the above-described algorithm for providing first aid for internal bleeding. But in practice, people sometimes make the following mistakes:

Offer the victim medications.
Apply a heating pad to the site of suspected bleeding.
Massage the area where liquid connective tissue is pouring out.
Give the victim food and drinks.

It is important to remember that these actions are not included in the first aid algorithm for internal bleeding. It is unacceptable to do them.

Specialized care: stopping bleeding

Immediately after hospitalization, diagnostic measures are carried out. Based on their results, the doctor makes a conclusion about the severity of the pathological process.

If the blood loss is minor, in most cases the body can cope with it. To help the defense mechanisms, doctors administer medications to the victim.

Prescribed drugs for internal bleeding:

Fibrinolysis inhibitors. Examples of agents: “Aminocaproic acid”, “Aprotinin”, “Thrombin”.
"Etamzilat." Necessary for improving microcirculation.
Synthetic analogues of vitamin K.

These are the main ways to stop internal bleeding as part of specialized care. But only if a small amount of liquid connective tissue is lost.

Measures for significant blood loss

In this case, the localization of the pathology focus is of decisive importance:

Pleural cavity. The doctor cuts chest and stitches the edges of the wound. If necessary, the vessel is ligated. Antibacterial therapy is mandatory.
Abdomen. An emergency laparotomy is indicated, during which the wound on the internal organ is sutured.
Brain. A craniotomy is performed.
Gastrointestinal tract. A surgical intervention is indicated, during which the edges of the wound on the damaged internal organ are sutured.
Uterine cavity. Hysteroscopy is indicated. This is a minimally invasive technique that does not involve serious intervention.

Any operation can be supplemented with drug therapy.

Preventing cardiac arrest

With large blood losses, this occurs reflexively. To prevent cardiac arrest, doctors transfuse donor liquid connective tissue to the victim. If there is blood desired group and the Rh factor is not found, the patient is administered a 5% glucose solution.

Infusion therapy

The goal of treatment is to normalize the blood circulation process. It can be carried out before, during, and after surgery.

As part of emergency care for internal bleeding, the following medications are indicated:

Which contain dextran. This component has a hemodynamic effect.
"Refortan" (saline solution).
"Gelatinol".
Glucose solution.

To eliminate anemia, blood products are prescribed. If the above medications do not lead to positive dynamics, Dopamine is additionally administered.

Recovery period

The length of hospital stay directly depends on the volume of blood lost and the complexity of the surgery.

The recovery stage includes the following points:

Breathing exercises.
Ozone therapy.
Rectal administration suppositories with a laxative effect.
Droppers with potassium chloride and glucose.
Antibiotic therapy.

The patient must remain in the hospital for the entire recovery period. This is due to the risk of developing negative consequences.

Possible complications

Most often, repeated internal bleeding develops. As a rule, this occurs after surgery on large vessels.

Other possible complications:

Diarrhea.
Intestinal obstruction.
Infection of internal organs.

If doctors have carried out all treatment measures correctly, the risk of complications is minimized.

It is important to know not only how to stop internal bleeding, but also what needs to be done to avoid its reoccurrence.

Constantly monitor blood pressure and body temperature.
Maintain bed rest.
Do not expose the body to physical activity for six months after surgery.
If pain occurs, consult a doctor.
Follow the principles of proper nutrition.

If you follow these rules, your body will recover much faster.

Finally

Internal bleeding is a condition in which fluid connective tissue leaks into the internal organs or into natural cavities. As a rule, the cause is injury and infectious diseases. Each person should know how to stop internal bleeding, since when it occurs, minutes often count.