Internal organs are located in 3 body cavities:

1) chest;

2) abdominal;

3) pelvic.

Thoracic cavitycavum thoracis. Its bony skeleton is the rib cage. Roof - the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae; side walls - ribs, bottom of the sternum with muscles located on it; back wall- the diaphragm that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm dome reaches the 6th rib. IN chest cavity the heart, lungs, thoracic part esophagus, vessels, nerves and their plexuses. This cavity is lined from the inside intrasternal fascia and serous membrane - pleura. The parietal (mural) layer of pleura lines the inside of the chest walls, according to which the pleura is divided into:

1) costal pleura costalis - on the ribs;

2) diaphragmatic pleura diaphragmatica - on the diaphragm.

The right and left costal pleura, descending from the dorsal wall of the thoracic cavity onto the sternum, form a connected septum of the thoracic cavity - mediastinum mediastinum (from the Latin in medio stans - standing in the middle), which limits the serous middle cavity cavum mediastinum serosum. Between the layers of the mediastinum lies the aorta, esophagus, trachea, heart along with the pericardial sac. The part of the mediastinal pleura pleura mediastinalis that covers the pericardial sac is called the pericardial pleura pleura pericardiaca. The mediastinal pleura passes through the bronchi to the lungs and is called the pulmonary pleura pleura pulmpnalis. The cavity enclosed between the parietal, mediastinal and pulmonary pleurae is called pleural - cavum pleurae. It constantly contains a small amount of serous fluid, secreted by the cells of the serous membrane and playing a role in reducing friction between the serous layers during heart contractions and breathing. The costal pleura contains a large number of nerve receptors, which explains its severe pain during pleurisy (inflammation of the pleura).

Abdominal cavity cavum abdominis located between the diaphragm and the entrance to the pelvis. Roof - lumbar vertebrae with the underlying lumbar muscles. the side walls and bottom are the abdominal muscles. The front wall is the diaphragm. Posteriorly it passes into the pelvic cavity. Walls abdominal cavity from the inside they are covered with transverse (yellow) abdominal fascia and a serous membrane - peritoneum. The abdominal cavity contains the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, ureters, ovaries, oviducts, part of the uterus, part of the male genital organs (spermatic cord), blood vessels, lymph nodes and nerve plexuses.

Pelvic cavity cavum pelvis. The border between the abdominal and pelvic cavities is formed by the ilium and pubic bone. Roof - the bodies of the sacral and first caudal vertebrae with the muscles located on them. the side walls and bottom are the pelvic bones and ligaments connecting it to the cruciate bone and the first caudal vertebrae. The caudal border of the pelvic cavity passes at the level of the 2nd (in pigs) - 3rd (in herbivores) - 4th (in dogs) caudal vertebrae. The pelvic cavity contains the final sections of the digestive tube and the genitourinary system. From the inside it is lined with the iliacus and pelvic fascia fascia iliaca et pelvis.

Peritoneal cavity cavum peritonei is formed by the peritoneum peritoneum. It is distinguished between the parietal part - peritoneum parietale, covering the diaphragm, abdominal and partially pelvic walls, and the visceral part - peritoneum viscerale, formed during the transition from the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity to the internal organs.

The double layer of peritoneum at the transition of the parietal part to the visceral part is called mesentery- mesenterium . The mesentery contains blood vessels and nerves that supply internal organs. With the development of the stomach and as a result of its rotations, the mesentery acquires significant length, which leads to the development greater omentum omentum majus. Due to the fact that the remainder of the ventral mesentery is preserved in the stomach area, it received the name lesser omentum omentum minus. Part of the mesentery, when passing from one organ to another, forms ligamentum ligaments (for example, between the spleen and stomach, liver and kidney).

In the pelvic cavity, when moving from the wall to the organ, the mesentery goes in the form of ligaments:

1. Broad uterine ligament lig. The uteri latum passes from the lateral walls of the pelvis to the uterus in females; in males, the vas deferens and ureters are enclosed in this ligament.

2. Lateral vesical ligament lig. vesicae lateralis comes from the lateral walls of the pelvis to bladder.

3. Median vesical ligament lig. vesicae medianum descends from the bladder to the ventral wall of the pelvic and abdominal cavity.

Division of the abdominal cavity into sections. For more accurate location determination internal organs in the abdominal cavity it is divided into 10 regions. For this purpose, the abdominal cavity is conventionally divided into anterior, middle and posterior regions of the abdomen by two transverse planes drawn tangentially to the costal arch and macular areas.

The anterior region of the abdomen, regio abdominis cranialis, is divided by the dorsal and medial planes into the paired subcostal regio hypo-chondrica and the unpaired region of the xiphoid cartilage, regio xiphoidea. The middle region of the abdomen, regio abdominis media, is divided by two sagittal planes, drawn tangentially to the ends of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, into two lateral regio abdominis lateralis and a median region, which is subdivided by the dorsal plane into the lumbar regio lumbalis and the umbilical regio umbilicalis. The caudal region of the abdomen regio abdominis caudalis, like the anterior one, is divided into three, of which the paired dorsal one is called the inguinal regio inquinalis , and the ventral one is the pubic regio pubica .

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What does "serous membrane" mean?

Dictionary of medical terms

serous membrane (tunica serosa, LNH)

membrane lining the walls of the cavities of the body, covering the organs located in them and consisting of dense fibrous connective tissue, covered with mesothelium; to S. o. include the peritoneum, pleura, serous pericardium and tunica vaginalis of the testicle.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

serosa

lines internal cavities human and animal bodies. Depending on the location it is called peritoneum, pleura, pericardium, epicardium. The serous membrane produces serous fluid, which facilitates the movement of internal organs and performs a protective function.

Serosa

connective tissue membrane covered with an epithelial layer; It is about 1 mm thick and lines the body cavities of humans and animals. Depending on the location, it is called the peritoneum, pleura, pericardium, epicardium. It develops from a derivative of the mesoderm - the splanchnotome, which bounds the secondary body cavity - the coelom. S. o. produces and absorbs serous fluid, facilitates the movements of internal organs that surround, separate or connect, and maintains their shape. Performs a protective function as a serous-hematolymphatic barrier (see Barrier function). The basis of S. o. consists of dense fibrous connective tissue, folded into several layers. The most superficial layer of the S. lake, facing the body cavity, consists of a single-layer squamous epithelium called mesothelium. Total length S. o. very significant (in humans, the area of one peritoneum is about 20,400 cm2). Usually smooth, shiny, transparent and elastic S. o. becomes rough, cloudy and dense during inflammation (peritonitis, pleurisy, pericarditis) when its functions are impaired. At pathological processes S. o. grows, which is accompanied by the formation of adhesions or sticking and fusion of its leaves.

V. V. Kupriyanov.

Wikipedia

Serosa

Serosa- thin dense connective tissue membrane about 1 mm thick, lining inner surface body cavities of humans and animals. The serous membranes include the peritoneum, pleura, pericardium, etc. Covered with a single layer flat epithelium.

The serous membrane produces and absorbs a specific serous fluid, which maintains the dynamic qualities of the internal organs. It also performs a protective function. During inflammation, the usually smooth, elastic and transparent tissue becomes rough, cloudy and dense. In pathological cases, the serous membrane grows to the point of adhesion.

This shell develops from the splanchnotome, a derivative of the mesoderm.

SEROUS CAVITIES

Most of the viscera are located in serous cavities lined with a serous membrane - tunica serosa - smooth, covered with mesothelium, moistened with clear serous fluid. The serous membrane creates conditions for organs to slide around each other and prevents the formation of adhesions.

In ontogenesis, serous cavities are formed from the mesoderm of the walls of the secondary body cavity (coelom), located in the embryo in the form of a gap around the walls of the primary intestine.

In the serous membrane of the serous cavities, a parietal, or parietal, layer is distinguished, covering the walls of the cavities, and a visceral layer, covering the organs located in the serous cavity. The parietal layers on the right and left sides from above the median plane pass without interruption into the visceral layers, forming mesenteries, omentums, and covering the ligaments.

There are three serous cavities in the chest cavity (Fig. 212): 1) pericardium - cavum pericardium; 2) pleural around right lung- cavum pleurae dexter; 3) pleural around the left lung - cavum pleurae sinister. The pleural cavities do not usually communicate with each other, but in some horses and dogs they communicate through a gap behind the heart sac. The slit-like pleural cavity is filled with a small amount of clear pleural fluid.

The lungs are covered with visceral layers of the pleura - pleura pulmonalis. Inner surface chest wall, the surface of the diaphragm and the mediastinal part are covered with the parietal pleura, in which three main sections are distinguished: 1) costal pleura - pleura costalis, lining the inner surface of the chest wall, fused with the pectoral fascia; 2) diaphragmatic - pleura diaphragmatica, fused with the surface of the diaphragm; 3) mediastinal - pleura mediastinalis.

Rice. 212. Serous cavities inside the chest

Between the pleural cavities of the left and right lungs there is a mediastinum - mediastinum. The walls of the mediastinum are formed by parietal layers of the pleura located on fibrous layers formed by the intrathoracic fascia. The esophagus, trachea, vagus and phrenic nerves pass into the mediastinum and lie lymphatic vessels and nodes, as well as the heart, located in the serous (pericardial) cavity, where the parietal layer of the serous membrane (pericardium) is adjacent to the fibrous layer of the mediastinum, lining outer surface cardiac sac, and the visceral (epicardium) covers the cardiac muscle and is fused with it.

Protrusions, depressions, sinuses of the pleural sacs. The apical cervical outgrowth of the pleura - recessus cervicales pleurae extends beyond the anterior edge of the first rib into the neck area on the right side of the large cattle, horses, sheep, dogs on the right and left. The lumbodiaphragmatic protrusions - recessus lumbodiaphragma-ticus - are formed by the caudodorsal ends of the pleural sacs, protruding beyond the last rib in lumbar region. In dogs, these outgrowths are of considerable size. They are smaller in cattle and pigs and absent in horses. The mediastinal recess - recessus mediastini is located in the right pleural cavity around the accessory cardiac lobe of the lung.

When inhaling, the gap in the pleural cavity increases along the edges of the lungs, and the protrusions indicate spaces not filled by the lungs. They are called sines. Their decrease and increase with breathing movements It has diagnostic value with fluoroscopy and radiography of the lungs.

The peritoneal cavity is cavum peritonaei. The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is called the peritoneum - peritonaeum; it forms the unpaired peritoneal cavity. The parietal layer of the peritoneum - peritonaeum parietale - covers the internal surfaces of the abdominal walls, the diaphragm, the spinal flexor muscles, the kidneys, and the adrenal glands. Under the spine, the parietal peritoneum to the right and left of the median plane descends ventrally, forms mesenteries and passes into the visceral layer of the peritoneum - peritoneum viscerale, which covers the internal organs. From the diaphragm the peritoneum passes to the liver, stomach, where it forms lesser curvature lesser omentum - omentum minus, and from the greater curvature of the stomach the peritoneum passes into big oil seal- omentum majus (Fig. 213).

An incision in the wall of the abdominal cavity opens the peritoneal cavity and in it the smooth, shiny, moist surfaces of the parietal peritoneum, covering the walls of the abdominal cavity, and the visceral peritoneum, covering the internal organs.

The peritoneal cavity forms protrusions into the pelvic cavity (Fig. 214): a) pararectal fossa - fossa pararectalis - a pit-shaped depression between the rectum and the muscles covering the sacral bone; b) rectogenital - excavatio rectogenitalis - between the rectum and genitals; c) in females, vesico-genital - excavatio vesicogeni-talis - between bladder and genitals; d) pubovesical - excavatio pubovesical - between the bladder and pubic bones; e) in males, the rectovesical - excavatio rectovesical - a protrusion between the rectum and the bladder.

Rice. 213. Diagram of the arrangement of organs in the abdominal cavity of a horse

Rice. 214. Excavation (deepening) of the peritoneum into the pelvic cavity

Rice. 215. Tubular organ in cross section (esophagus)

In males, a serous cavity of the vaginal membrane is also formed inside the scrotum. This cavity is formed in ontogenesis as a protrusion of the peritoneal cavity into the scrotum when the testes descend into it from the abdominal cavity.

Retroperitoneal space - spatium retroperitoneale. In the abdominal cavity there are spaces located behind the parietal layer of the peritoneum, for example, perirenal, aortic. They contain the kidneys, adrenal glands, aorta, caudal vena cava, and pararenal nerve plexuses.

Tube-shaped and parenchymal (compact) organs. Among the viscera, a significant part of the organs is built in the form of a tube: for example, the esophagus, stomach, intestines, oviducts, uterus, vagina, vas deferens, bladder, ureters.

There are three main layers in the wall of tube-shaped organs (Fig. 215): 1) mucous membrane - tunica mucosa, lining the inner surface of the cavity, covered with epithelium different types; 2) muscular layer - tunica muscularis; 3) serous membrane - tunica serosa, covering the surfaces of organs located in the serous cavities. Parts of organs lying outside the serous cavities are covered with a membrane of loose connective tissue, which is called adventitia - tunica adventitia.

The mucous membrane may contain glands: for example, gastric glands in the mucous membrane of the stomach, intestinal glands in the recesses of the intestinal mucosa.

In a number of organs, under the mucous membrane lies the submucosa - tunica submucosa. It contains a layer of smooth muscle fibers. In the submucosal layer duodenum there are tubular glands that secrete digestive enzymes into the intestinal lumen. There is no submucosa in the wall of the oviducts or uterus. The submucosal layer contains nerve plexuses, ganglia, blood and lymphatic vessels, and lymphatic follicles.

Compact, or parenchymatous, organs, such as the liver and spleen, have a dense or soft consistency. They are covered with a serous membrane fused with an underlying connective tissue membrane. Layers of connective tissue penetrate into the organ and form the skeleton of the organ - the stroma. In the cells of the stroma there is specific (“working”) tissue - parenchyma, which performs the main functions of the organ, for example, liver cells in the liver. On the surface of parenchymal organs there are gates. In the area of the gate, nerves and vessels pass into the organ and lie The lymph nodes, a duct emerges from the secreting organs, through which secretions from the organ are released, for example, bile from the liver.

In order to correctly understand the development and structure of internal organs, let us become familiar with the origin of the serous cavities that surround them.

Already on early stages development of the embryo, each of the mesodermal plates lying to the right and left of the notochord and the primary intestinal tube splits into two layers so that a cavity appears between them. The cavity appears behind the head intestine in the mesoderm surrounding the heart anlage, and spreads (to the right and left) in the caudal direction along the sides of the trunk intestine. In this way, right and left are formed common cavities body - coelom, or coelomic sacs, communicating with each other in front of the heart. The outer leaf of each sac lines the body wall from the inside, fuses with it and is therefore called the parietal or parietal leaf of the coelom; the inner one, facing the middle sagittal plane of the body, is adjacent to the intestinal tube and forms an internal, or visceral, leaf. Both visceral layers dorsal and ventral from the intestinal tube come into contact and fuse with each other along the sagittal plane. This is how the dorsal and ventral mesenteries arise, through which the intestine is fixed between the dorsal and abdominal walls body Then, caudal to the heart, due to the growth of the ventral mesentery, a transverse septum is formed, into which it later grows muscle- a derivative of the cervical myotomes and the rudiment of the diaphragm appears. It completely divides the coelomic sacs into cavities separate from each other: an unpaired one, which is located cranially, and paired ones - caudal. The first of them covers the heart, the last two cover the intestinal tube. The paired lung bud, moving caudally as it grows, finds itself at the same level as the heart and protrudes into the surrounding cranial cavity. Folds grow from the side walls of the latter. Having met in the sagittal plane, they grow together and separate the cavity into an unpaired pericardial cavity, or pericardial cavity, and two pleural cavities (right and left) adjacent to it dorsally and laterally, surrounding the lungs. The caudal part of the coelom does not remain paired for long. Very soon most of The ventral mesentery disappears, and the intestinal tube remains connected to the body wall only through the dorsal mesentery. In this case, the paired caudal section of the coelom becomes an unpaired peritoneal cavity. From it in men, two more small cavities protrude into the scrotum, surrounding the gonads and testicles.

The parietal layer of the coelom, lining the pericardial cavity, pleural cavities both the peritoneal cavity and the visceral layer covering the organs contained in these cavities are covered with mesothelium. The latter consists of a layer of flat epithelial cells that secrete serous fluid (serum - serum), therefore the parietal and visceral layers of the coelom are called serous membranes. The serous membrane is a thin transparent plate that forms the walls of the serous cavities and covers the organs located in them. Its smooth and shiny surface is constantly moistened with serous fluid, which fills the gaps between the organs and the walls of the serous cavities. This makes it easier for the internal organs to slide when they move or are squeezed. Serous cavities do not communicate with external environment. However, in women the peritoneal cavity is not closed, since the fallopian tubes open into it.

Serous membranes cover the secondary body cavity and the organs contained in it. From the secondary cavity two pleural, pericardial, peritoneal and two cavities near the testicles are formed. As a rule, the cavities are always limited by the parietal and visceral layers. Between these leaves a serous cavity forms. Between the serous layers there is a thin layer of serous fluid, which facilitates the displacement of organs not only when changing body position, but mainly during breathing, heartbeat and digestion. When the parietal and visceral layers fusion, severe functional disorders organs.

The serous membrane of various cavities differs only in thickness and some small, insignificant features. The serous membrane is covered with mesothelium, which has a flat polygonal shape, large nuclei and clear intercellular boundaries. The connective tissue base of the serous membrane consists of elastic and collagen layers oriented in different directions. Under the basement membrane there is a layer of elastic fibers, superficial collagen, collagen-elastic and deep collagen layers. The alternation and thickness of each layer of the peritoneum are different depending on the functional load of a given area of the peritoneum. The layered structure of the connective tissue base of the serous membranes ensures their high strength.

Topography of internal organs

Serosa

Structure of the stomach wall: 1 serous membrane, 2 subserosa, 3 muscle layer, 4 oblique muscle fibers, 5 orbicularis muscles, 6 longitudinal muscles, 7 submucosa, 8 muscular layer of the mucous membrane, 9 mucous membrane, 10 lamina propria, 11 epithelium, 12 gastric glands, 13 gastric pits, 14 villous folds, 15 stomach region.

Serosa- a thin, dense connective tissue membrane about 1 mm thick, lining the inner surface of the body cavities of humans and animals. The serous membranes include the peritoneum, pleura, pericardium, etc. Covered with single-layer squamous epithelium (mesothelium).

This shell develops from the splanchnotome, a derivative of the mesoderm.

Body cavities. Serous membranes and their derivatives

What does "serous membrane" mean?

Dictionary of medical terms

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

Wikipedia

see also

2010.

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