Acute intestinal upset is a disease that most often occurs in children. It can be accompanied not only by loose stools, but also by vomiting, weakness, high fever. Most common causes intestinal diseases - non-compliance with hygiene standards, improper food storage conditions, poorly washed vegetables and fruits, and even flying flies. Disease causative agents can be various viruses, pathogens and bacteria that enter the body with everything that a child puts in his mouth. Symptoms of the disease differ in severity, but in any case, timely help and treatment is needed.
Classification of intestinal infections
Acute intestinal infections (AII) are either bacterial or viral in nature. It is very important to understand what caused the intestinal upset in the baby, since the quality of the resulting medical care and choice of treatment. The two types of OKI have several subtypes, each of which manifests itself in different ways. general characteristics intestinal infections is presented in the table:
| Type of infection | Symptoms | Peculiarities |
| Bacterial OKI | ||
| Salmonella | Fever, fever, liquid stool, the color of feces is basically unchanged. | Pathogens enter the body with food - eggs, milk, butter, meat. IN severe cases possible cerebral edema, renal failure. |
| Staphylococcal | Maybe slight increase fever, vomiting, diarrhea. Against the background of infection, a runny nose, sore throat, intestinal and stomach cramps may appear. | Weakened immunity causes the activation of staphylococci that live in children's body. The complexity of treatment lies in the fact that bacteria easily adapt to the effects of antimicrobials. |
| Escherichiosis | Colic, vomiting and diarrhea are accompanied by fever. | The infection is typical for newborns whose body weight is below normal. The disease can also affect children under 5 years of age. In this case, it is quite difficult to get rid of pathogens, since they can live in the household environment for several months after the illness. It is very important for parents to maintain hygiene and regularly sanitize the premises. |
| Typhoid | Body aches, fever nose bleed, a sore throat. During urination, the child experiences pain. | The main route of transmission is from a sick person. The infection enters environment with feces and urine. |
| Viral OKI | ||
| Rotavirus (intestinal flu) | Symptoms of intestinal SARS - sore throat, temperature up to 39 degrees. Accompanied by frequent vomiting fountain, diarrhea. | The most common childhood infection. The virus enters the body with water, dirty hands and food. A sick baby is contagious until complete recovery. |
| Adenovirus | Conjunctivitis, runny nose in children. | The disease affects mainly newborns and toddlers under the age of three. It is transmitted through water and airborne droplets. Adenovirus can be caught in the pool. |
| Enterovirus (we recommend reading:) | heavy feverish state temperature can rise up to 40 degrees. Possible complications in the work of the heart, muscles, blood vessels and nervous system. | The cause of the disease is non-observance of personal hygiene by children and adolescents. |
Causes of intestinal infection and ways of infection
This article talks about typical ways to solve your questions, but each case is unique! If you want to know from me how to solve exactly your problem - ask your question. It's fast and free!
If the infant has elevated acetone, the doctor will suggest hospitalization. In the hospital, the child will be given drips to replenish fluids during detox.
Use of antibiotics
Antibacterial therapy for AII is prescribed in extreme cases and only if it is established that the disease is of a bacterial nature. Preparations of this group have a negative effect on the intestines, often their intake is not justified and ineffective.
WHO has approved a list of dangerous conditions in which the appointment of antibiotics is mandatory - severe cholera, persistent diarrhea, blood in vomit and stool. In such cases, Nifuroxazide, Ciprofloxacin are usually prescribed.
Replenishment of fluid losses
Dehydration can complicate the severity of AII, so the main treatment is to take enough liquid ( oral rehydration). For this purpose, solutions of glucose, salts, mineral water are used. You need to drink your baby often and in small portions. His well-being and the further period of recovery largely depend on this. The liquid helps to replenish the mineral balance and remove toxins. The stages of rehydration are given in the table below:
| Period | First 4 hours of treatment | Until the end of vomiting and diarrhea |
| Target | Replenishment of deficiency of minerals and electrolytes. | Maintaining the strength of the body, compensation for the constant loss of fluid. |
| Liquid volume | It is determined by the degree of initial dehydration, depends on the clinical symptoms. | Calculated taking into account the loss of fluid, the volume of drugs used should not be less than that excreted with vomiting and feces. |
| Peculiarities | The volume of liquid needed by the child is evenly distributed over time. For example, you need to drink 60 ml of water per hour. This dose should be divided into 6 doses and given to the baby every 10 minutes (10 ml each). A small amount is better absorbed and reduces the risk of vomiting. | |
| Efficiency of activities | Reducing symptoms of intoxication, reducing the volume of fluid lost. | Stop in weight loss. The skin becomes elastic, the appearance of the mucous membranes is satisfactory, the general state of health improves. Normal condition fontanel (in infants). |
Antipyretic
The question of whether it is necessary to bring down the temperature during OKI for a child and with the help of what medications worries many young parents. An increase in temperature is evidence that the body is fighting inflammation and infection. Of course, high temperature readings can be dangerous. The child is allowed to bring down the temperature if it is above 39 degrees (in infants - 38.5 degrees), or he does not tolerate low values. Antipyretic drugs are given when seizures occur.
You can stick a special antipyretic patch. Effective intramuscular injections Papaverine with Analgin and Dimedrol. For vomiting and diarrhea oral preparations and candles will not give effective result. Folk methods(for example, rubbing) will also not be able to give the desired result. The room in which there is a child with a high temperature should be constantly ventilated.
Sorbents
Any intestinal infections are accompanied by the appearance of a mass of toxins in the digestive tract, which are carried with the blood throughout the body. This negatively affects general condition child.
Toxic effect of pathogens in children different ages can be treated with:
- activated charcoal medicine - give in the proportion of 1 tablet per 10 kg of baby's weight, every 6 hours for 1-2 days;
- Smecta powder - relieves signs such as colic and bloating, removes toxins and infection;
- Polysorb means - well removes intoxication in case of poisoning and acute intestinal infections, has a strong adsorbing effect;
- Paste Enterosgel - the agent binds and removes toxins, has an antispasmodic effect.
Diet
IN acute period vomiting and diarrhea should not be fed to the child (we recommend reading:). You can give some tea and unleavened crackers. On the second or third day, when the baby gets better, you can offer the child dietary food. Dishes should be carefully processed, prepared from fresh quality products.
Banned milk, berries and fresh vegetables, fruits, salty and smoked dishes, fatty broths. The nutrition of the child should be portioned, on average, the frequency of meals can reach 5-6 times a day.
How long does the disease take to heal?
Acute period intestinal infection usually lasts from 3 to 7 days, but a longer course (up to 10 days) is possible. Some of the diseases pass without severe vomiting and diarrhea, fever. Others, on the contrary, are accompanied by diarrhea for a week, but the frequency of bowel movements gradually decreases.
During the recovery period, probiotics and symbiotics can be prescribed, including Linex, Hilak Forte, Bifidumbacterin, Lactobacterin. How many drugs a child needs, and in what dosage, is determined by an infectious disease specialist or pediatrician.
A three-week recovery period may be accompanied by a deterioration in well-being, dizziness, and unstable stools. A weakened body is susceptible to attacks by viruses and pathogens. If care is not taken, the child can easily catch a cold, contract SARS or a new intestinal infection.
For prevention, the following rules must be observed:
- carefully process meat, chicken and fish, observe the technology of cooking meat dishes;
- store perishable foods in the refrigerator, do not offer the child food with an expired or doubtful expiration date;
- protect food from insects - flies, cockroaches and other carriers of infection;
- don't swim in dirty reservoirs, on public beaches, when the water temperature is above 25 degrees (at this temperature, bacteria multiply well);
- thoroughly wash toys and rattles that the child actively pulls into his mouth;
- boil nipples;
- allow the child to drink only purified boiled water or special baby bottled water;
- change clothes and bedding on time.
Every parent wants the baby to never encounter an intestinal infection and experience own experience how hard it is. However, no medicine can protect against this. Even if all security measures are followed, the risk of infection still remains. If it so happens that the child is still sick, parents should not panic and make the baby nervous. It is important to calmly do all the procedures prescribed by the doctor. In this case, recovery will come quickly.
An acute infectious disease caused by a large group of viruses (rotavirus, enterovirus, adenovirus), bacteria ( coli, shigella, salmonella, staphylococcus and many others) and characterized by damage digestive tract, dehydration, a toxic reaction of the body, called an intestinal infection. In terms of prevalence, the disease ranks second after SARS. It most often affects children under 5 years of age. After an illness, immunity to this type of pathogen is developed, and subsequent infection with an infection caused by it proceeds more easily.
The peak incidence occurs in the summer-autumn period.
Why does an intestinal infection occur?
Infection of a child occurs alimentary (as a result of eating poorly washed vegetables, fruits, herbs), contact-household (through dirty hands, dishes, household items, toys), water (when contaminated water is swallowed) by. In children with low immunity possible endogenous infection (the causative agent of infection are opportunistic microorganisms - representatives normal microflora person).
Symptoms
Symptoms depend on the type of pathogen that caused the disease. However, almost all intestinal infections have common signs of manifestation:
- eating disorder (nausea, repeated vomiting, diarrhea);
- increased gas formation;
- stomach ache;
- lethargy, weakness, malaise;
- lack of appetite;
- an increase in body temperature to 39 ° C and above.
An accurate diagnosis can only be made after laboratory tests.
The most common intestinal infections include: rotavirus, salmonellosis, enterovirus, dysentery.
What and how to treat
At the first symptoms of an intestinal infection, you should definitely call a doctor or an ambulance, especially if the child is small. Usually treatment takes place at home. In severe cases (prolonged body temperature of 39 ° C and above, persistent diarrhea, vomiting, signs of dehydration, febrile convulsions), hospitalization of the child is required.
Intestinal infection in children is treated comprehensively and includes:
- Antibacterial therapy. However, its use is advisable only for intestinal infections caused by bacteria.
- Infusion therapy (performed in a hospital). Intravenous administration preparations for the rapid replacement of lost fluids, salts by the body.
- rehydration therapy(at home). The drug Regidron is prescribed to replenish the lost fluid and salts by the body. The patient is also shown mineral water without gases, tea, water with lemon, cranberry juice, chamomile decoction. The liquid is injected slowly in a teaspoon, taking a break of 5 minutes, otherwise a large number of immediately drunk liquid can cause vomiting.
- adjuvant therapy. Appointment of drugs that normalize the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Therapeutic diet . Food should be as sparing as possible. In no case should you force a child to eat if he does not want to. Breastfed infants should continue to breastfeed on demand. If artificially fed, then low-lactose, lactose-free or soy mixtures are shown. Older children are shown easily digestible, pureed food. During an infection, you should not eat whole milk, black bread, milk porridge, beets, citrus fruits, fatty varieties meat, poultry, fish. You can eat potato, pumpkin, squash, carrot puree; dry lean cookies; croutons from white bread; vegetable soup with rice, porridge (buckwheat, rice) on the water, boiled pureed meat; low-fat dairy products (kefir, cottage cheese, curdled milk, yogurt), baked or grated fruits (pears, apples, bananas).
Consequences
Repeated vomiting, diarrhea lead to big loss liquid, and together with the liquid, the body leaves the sodium and potassium salts necessary for normal operation cardiovascular, renal, muscular, nervous systems. How more baby lost fluids, the worse his condition
Dehydration in babies can be life threatening.
The first signs of dehydration:
- feeling of thirst;
- drowsiness, weakness, lethargy,
- no urination for more than 4-6 hours;
- decrease in the amount of urine, becomes darker, appears Strong smell;
- pallor of the skin;
- lack of tears when crying;
- dark circles under the eyes;
- rapid breathing and pulse;
- weight loss;
- retraction of the fontanel in infants.
To reduce the risk of developing an intestinal infection in a child will help compliance simple rules Hygiene: Wash your hands regularly with soap and heat treat fruits and vegetables. It is always necessary to monitor the cleanliness of surfaces in the kitchen where food is prepared, dishes, baby pacifiers, and also limit the use of food on the street.
Views: 4905 . Among all the infections that children suffer from, the second place in the frequency of the disease is just intestinal - after SARS. In general, intestinal infections are quite common among the entire population, but such “popularity” among children has its own logical explanations.Infection with an intestinal infection occurs by the fecal-oral route, that is, through the mouth. And intermediaries can be dirty hands, unwashed fruits, non-compliance with hygiene standards. You can't follow a child here. In general, intestinal infections are most susceptible to children under the age of seven years. After all children's immunity To pathogenic bacteria and viruses are very weak compared to adults. This is especially true for newborns.
Intestinal infection in children under one year old
Intestinal infection- this disease caused by pathogenic viruses or bacteria (dysenteric bacillus, salmonella, staphylococcus, bacillus typhoid fever, Vibrio cholera), which affects the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. Penetrating into the human body, pathogens of intestinal infections begin to multiply actively. As a result, the digestion process is disturbed, and the intestinal mucosa becomes inflamed - the dirty deed is done.
Depending on the "culprit" of the disease, the source of infection and the affected area, many intestinal infections are distinguished: gastritis, duodenitis, pancreatitis, colitis and others.
IN Everyday life we contact billions various bacteria. But nature provided whole system protection human body from alien invasion: possessing bactericidal properties saliva, poisonous gastric juice favorable microflora in the intestines. But under certain conditions (for example, in summer, when a large amount of fluid intake dilutes our gastric juice), natural protection weakens, making us vulnerable to various pathogenic organisms. Infection also occurs under the condition that our own protective functions prevail, that is, when there are too many pathogenic viruses and microbes attacking us.
There are an unrealistic multitude of sources of infection around the child:
poor quality food and drinking water;
non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene: dirty hands, dirty toys, contact with feces (especially during walks);
violations of the conditions of storage and preparation of food;
insect vectors;
contact with contaminated earth or sand;
contact with a sick person.
Symptoms of an intestinal infection
Each of them can be the source of a particular intestinal disease. The diagnosis can only be made by a doctor and only after microbiological tests. Despite the fact that the classification of intestinal infections is very extensive, almost all of them have general symptoms manifestations:
diarrhea;
vomit;
nausea;
increased gas formation;
stomach ache;
increase in body temperature;
lack of appetite;
general weakness and malaise.
Diarrhea- most sure sign intestinal infection unlike everyone else. If a child has a fever or abdominal pain, this does not mean that he has an intestinal infection. And the presence of diarrhea always speaks of this disease. The treatment of diarrhea in children must be approached responsibly, despite the apparent frivolity of the disease. Because real debilitating diarrhea can be very dangerous for the health and life of a child.
Treatment of intestinal infection in children
If a child begins to vilify and/or vomit, the child is 100% sick and the parent should take immediate action. The biggest mistake of parents is the desire to stop the seemingly undesirable manifestations of the disease. But in the first hours it is absolutely impossible to do this, because vomiting and diarrhea are defensive reaction an organism that is trying to cleanse itself of toxins. Stopping cleaning will lead to even more intoxication. Moreover, if you know for sure that the child has eaten something wrong and the fever and abdominal pain are caused precisely by this, it is necessary to provoke salutary vomiting or defecation (for example, by administering a cleansing enema).
It is important to constantly replenish fluid losses and mineral salts(potassium, sodium, calcium). Dehydration and demineralization are very dangerous not only for health, but also for the life of the child. Moreover, in children, these processes occur very rapidly, since the reserves of water and salts in the child's body are very small, and often in such situations the clock counts. You must ensure that the child drinks plenty of fluids. It is necessary to drink with special solutions, powders for the preparation of which are sold in every pharmacy (for example, Regidron). But if this is temporarily impossible (this was not at hand), let the child drink anything: water, green tea, dried fruit compote, decoction of raisins or wild rose - only unsweetened. No juices or dairy!
Remedies for intestinal infections in children
Used for acute intestinal infections saline solution: 1 teaspoon table salt, 4 teaspoons of sugar and 1.5 teaspoons of baking soda per liter of water. You need to drink a child 2-3 teaspoons every 3-5 minutes.
If the child vomits, then it is necessary to drink in small portions so as not to provoke repeated attacks - literally in a sip, but very, very often. Replenishment of fluid is the most important task now, otherwise (if it is not possible to drink, profuse vomiting continues), it is necessary to put droppers, and immediately.
To make sure that the fluid intake into the body is sufficient, monitor the child's urine: if it is light (ideally transparent), there is no fluid deficiency.
It is best to give the child a warm drink (body temperature): in this case, the absorption of fluid from the intestinal walls into the blood will occur as much as possible in short time which is extremely important right now.
Menu for intestinal infections
Feeding a child with an intestinal infection is highly undesirable and one might even say that it is impossible. Hunger is the second remedy in such a situation. The gastrointestinal tract is now affected, he is not at all up to digesting food. He is ill. When the child becomes easier, and he still needs to eat (only in this case!), Stick to a diet: rice light soup, oatmeal or rice porridge, low-fat cottage cheese or kefir, mashed potatoes on the water. You can also puree baked apples, steamed carrots, pumpkins, zucchini, grated apples and bananas. It is forbidden to give food to a child, causing flatulence or including coarse fiber. And no sweets, fatty, spicy, salty, smoked meats. At the same time, portions should be small: it is better to feed the child often, but fractionally.
If the baby is on breastfeeding- continue to feed, but reduce the dose. Do not force, feed only on demand and in small portions: 10-20 g each.
Do not give your child any medication, because the body can react to treatment in a very unpredictable way. It is possible and even desirable to use sorbents - activated carbon or Enterosgel. But it is better to refuse Smecta.
Boil all the dishes and generally thoroughly disinfect everything that you can. Be very careful with your child's hygiene. Be especially vigilant about washing your hands after going to the toilet and before meals.
Despite the fact that the manifestations of various intestinal infections are often very similar to each other, in each case we are talking about a separate specific disease. And in case of any complications or in the absence of relief, it is necessary to call a doctor or ambulance. All further treatment can be carried out only medical officer. Do not self-medicate your child with medications. Different causative agents of intestinal infections require different approaches in the selection medications. The best solution will cause an emergency.
The doctor must be called in the following cases:
a child with an intestinal infection is not yet a year old;
the most disturbing symptom of an intestinal infection is abdominal pain;
because of persistent vomiting, you cannot give the child a drink, which means that he needs a dropper;
no urine for more than 6 hours, indicating dehydration;
dry tongue, sunken eyes, grayish skin;
there is an admixture of blood in the feces;
diarrhea has stopped, but vomiting has increased, and (or) body temperature has risen sharply, and (or) abdominal pain or headaches have appeared.
The expediency of prescribing antibiotics and other drugs can only be judged by a doctor. "Advanced" pediatricians can prescribe eubiotics and bacteriophages to a child - beneficial bacteria and viruses, designed to expel the infection from the body and promote recovery. But the effectiveness of such funds is absolutely not proven (which is why in most countries of the world they are not practiced at all). And recovery does not go faster than without them. However, in the vast majority of cases, treatment can be dispensed with. plentiful drink and diet, if only everything is done on time and correctly.
Young children are more likely than others to suffer from gastrointestinal diseases, the most common of which is intestinal infection. The focus of this pathology is located in gastrointestinal tract pathogenic viruses and micro-organisms various etiologies(Rotaviruses, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Campylobacter, etc.).
The disease develops rapidly and has a severe course. Especially badly it is tolerated by children under one year old. It is important to start treatment immediately to prevent dehydration and other serious complications.
Acute intestinal infections occupy a leading position among infectious diseases, yielding in the number of development only SARS
Types of intestinal infections and pathogens that provoke their development
Intestinal infections are divided into two main types - they are bacterial and viral. Depending on the etiology of the provoking agent, the symptoms of the disease in children differ and the correct treatment is selected. Each type of AEI in children is further subdivided into subspecies, the characteristics of which are presented in the tables below.
Bacterial form of AII
| Types of bacterial infection | Characteristic symptoms | Peculiarities |
| Salmonella |
| The infection gets inside with milk, eggs, butter and meat. You can get infected not only from people, but also from pets. Especially hard this form pathologies are carried by children in 2-3 years. Sometimes it develops toxic shock(brain edema, renal and heart failure is formed). |
| Staphylococcal |
| Staphylococci live in the body of every person, but weakened immunity and other factors (for example, the use of stale foods) lead to their active reproduction. The disease is difficult to treat because pathogenic bacteria quickly adapt to the effects of antimicrobial agents. |
| Typhoid |
| Infection passes from a sick person or a bacteriocarrier. Pathogenic microorganisms are excreted in feces and urine, after which they spread into the environment. Severe illness can lead to coma. |
| Escherichiosis |
| The most frequently given bacterial infection appears in newborns with a lack of body weight, as well as under the age of 5 years. Pathogenic rods live in the household for several months, so the risk of infection is very high. |
Viral form of AII
| Types of viral infection | Characteristic symptoms | Peculiarities |
| Rotovirus (we recommend reading:) |
| It is the most common pathology, so many call it intestinal flu. Infection is possible at any period (including incubation) until the patient is fully recovered. |
| Enteroviral (more in the article:) |
| It occurs due to non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene. This form of pathology affects young children and adolescents. |
| adenovirus |
| rare viral disease occurs in children up to three years of age. It is transmitted through water (for example, in a pool) and by airborne droplets. |
Causes of intestinal infection and ways of infection
This article talks about typical ways to solve your questions, but each case is unique! If you want to know from me how to solve exactly your problem - ask your question. It's fast and free!
Infection occurs by airborne droplets and household way. Pathogenic viruses and bacteria are released into the environment along with saliva, feces and vomit of the patient. At the same time, getting on household items and food, they are in active state up to five days.
The infection enters the human body mainly with dirt. Allocate the following reasons occurrence of AII:
- neglect of the rules of personal hygiene (dirty hands, fruits, vegetables, dishes);
- insufficient heat treatment of food;
- improper storage of products;
- the use of low-quality water (poor filtration and purification);
- bathing in polluted reservoirs, public pools;
- unsanitary living conditions;
- unbalanced diet, leading to a decrease in immunity.
Once in the oral cavity, pathogens enter the gastrointestinal tract. After that, they cause inflammation of the mucous membrane of the intestines, stomach and other digestive organs.
The apogee of the incidence is observed among children under the age of 5 years, mainly in autumn and summer. Experts note that breastfed babies are less likely to become infected, as they are protected by the mother's immunity.
Incubation period
In children of any age incubation period intestinal infection lasts from 12 hours to 5-6 days. After that it starts acute stage pathology, which lasts about a week. During this period, the patient retains the main symptoms (high temperature, nausea, diarrhea), which pose a great danger to health.
Then the body gradually develops immunity to the causative agent of the disease, and health improves. Re-infection after recovery is impossible.
Signs of the disease
Intestinal infection in children progresses very quickly - the first signs of pathology appear within three days. The patient has: general weakness and sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, skin become pale, the temperature rises sharply (up to 39 degrees), vomiting and loose stools occur (we recommend reading:). In rare cases, there may be skin rashes and itching.
The first signs of an intestinal infection will appear within 3 days after infection. Typical symptoms of intestinal infection in children
Symptoms of an intestinal infection are always expressed in acute form. The main and most dangerous of them is diarrhea. Defecation occurs more than 10-15 times a day. Fecal masses have a liquid structure, contain mucus and bloody inclusions. If no measures are taken to stabilize the patient's condition, dehydration will develop. Typical symptoms of AKI:
- severe vomiting and frequent urges to it (regardless of food intake);
- liquid stool;
- high body temperature;
- complete lack of appetite;
- fatigue, lethargy;
- headache and muscle spasms;
- constant sleepiness;
- pain in the abdomen;
- throat hyperemia;
- runny nose;
- cough;
- language overlay.
Diarrhea is one of the most dangerous symptoms intestinal infection, which can lead to dehydration Changing the behavior of newborn babies
The symptoms of AII in infants and older babies are similar. The disease is characterized by a rapid course, which leads to dehydration and weight loss. This situation is dangerous for the health and life of the baby, so urgent medical assistance. How to recognize pathology:
- capricious state - causeless crying, the child almost always sleeps, but is very restless - he presses his legs, screams in his sleep, etc .;
- refusal to eat and profuse vomiting after it;
- diarrhea appears, foam may be present in the feces, remnants of undigested food, mucus, blood (we recommend reading:);
- frequent regurgitation;
- colic in the abdomen;
- temperature rises (37.5–39).
Methods for diagnosing the disease
If a child has signs of AII, then parents should immediately seek help from a specialist so as not to aggravate the condition.
The pediatrician performs a survey of the patient, visual and tactile examination. This is enough to establish the correct diagnosis and prescribe treatment. In order to identify the causative agent of the disease, the following diagnostic studies are carried out:
- bacteriological culture vomit and feces;
- scraping from the opening of the anus;
- coprogram (analysis of feces);
- laboratory blood test for TA.
Treatment at home
After the first symptoms of an intestinal infection appear, parents need to call a doctor at home. It is forbidden to visit the clinic in this state - the disease is contagious in any form.
Home treatment includes several methods that are used in a complex way (we recommend reading:). In addition to taking medication, it is recommended to adhere to special diet and be sure to follow drinking regimen child.
Getting rid of intoxication
Before the doctor arrives, parents should monitor the child's condition. It is important to prevent dehydration of the body. Even if the baby categorically refuses to eat, then it should be watered as much as possible. boiled water.
During the period of intestinal infection, the baby should not be forced to eat, but constantly soldered with plenty of liquid - the main condition Get well soon If the body temperature rises above 38 degrees, drugs such as Paracetamol, Cefecon or Nurofen are used (dosage by age). The patient is wiped with water with the addition of 1 tsp. vinegar and cover with a light sheet.
A child older than 6 months is allowed to give enterosorbents (Enterosgel, Polysorb, Activated charcoal) to speed up the removal of toxins from the body. Further recommendations will be given by the doctor.
Taking steps to rehydrate
The course of an intestinal infection is almost always accompanied by severe vomiting and diarrhea, as a result of which the body loses a large amount of fluid and minerals. In order to prevent the occurrence of life-threatening complications, it is necessary to constantly replenish the volume of depleted substances.
Parents should give the child boiled water to drink. It is better to give liquid in small portions every 15-20 minutes so as not to provoke vomiting. Required daily rate liquid is calculated from the ratio of 100 ml / 1 kg of body weight.
In addition, drugs are used to restore the water-salt balance - Oralit, Regidron and Glucosolan. The sale of these medicines is permitted without a doctor's prescription.
Regidron Bio must be given to the baby in violation of the intestinal microflora, intoxication and to prevent dehydration After taking any drug of this group, the patient's well-being becomes much better, the signs of intoxication gradually disappear. If it is not possible to buy medicine, you can use folk remedies- for example, a decoction of raisins or rice.
Use of antibiotics
Antimicrobial therapy for intestinal infections is used only in extreme cases. Usually basic therapeutic methods enough to completely eliminate the disease. It is impossible to arbitrarily give the child to drink drugs of this group without the consent of the doctor.
Antibiotics have a detrimental effect on the intestinal microflora, and in most cases their consumption is completely pointless and ineffective. The World Health Organization approved the list pathological conditions in which it is allowed to prescribe an antibacterial agent:
- hemocolitis (presence of blood in vomit and feces);
- severe types of cholera;
- persistent diarrhea (including giardiasis).
Diet for OKI
During the illness, the daily diet of the baby should be adjusted. The food you eat should contain more vitamins, proteins and minerals.
The menu should include well-cooked, steamed, puréed and preferably salt-free dishes. Below is a list of recommended products for AII:
- dairy products;
- cottage cheese;
- lean meats;
- steam fish;
- vegetable puree;
- it is better to replace bread with crackers;
- rice and vegetable soups;
- freshly squeezed fruit juices;
- porridge from buckwheat and rice on the water.
It is forbidden to give the child whole milk, sour berries, raw vegetables. Fruit should be avoided until the main symptoms of the pathology have passed. Need to take food small doses 5-6 times a day. If vomiting persists, it is recommended to reduce servings by 20-25%.
In case of an intestinal infection, it is necessary to observe strict diet: during the period of exacerbation, the baby can be given biscuit cookies, crackers and bagels What absolutely can not be done if you suspect an AII?
First of all, you can not independently establish and treat the baby. Acute intestinal infections may mask some surgical pathologies, and the younger the child, the more severely he suffers the disease. The doctor prescribes therapy, taking into account the etiology and manifestation of acute intestinal infections.
Analgesics and pain medications are also prohibited. Their action changes the overall clinical picture Therefore, a specialist can establish an incorrect diagnosis and, accordingly, prescribe an ineffective treatment.
You can not do an enema and give the baby fixing and astringent medicines (for example, Loperamide and Imodium tablets). During diarrhea naturally coming out most of pathogenic microorganisms. If you stop this process, the situation can only aggravate.
When is hospitalization indicated?
Not always therapeutic actions have a positive effect on the disease. When, in addition to the main symptoms, droplets of blood appear in the vomit or feces, the child should be immediately hospitalized.
If the child is not getting better and there are symptoms of dehydration, it is better to contact the hospital for qualified medical care. Hospital treatment also indicated in the event of dehydration. In a child of 2–3 years, dehydration is expressed as follows:
- no urination for more than 4-6 hours;
- dry lips;
- the baby cries without the release of tears;
- dry mucous oral cavity, salivation completely disappears;
- the skin looks tight;
- in infants, the eyes and fontanel sink.
If the patient has the above phenomena, parents should urgently call an ambulance. For small children similar condition fraught with disruption of the work of all vital important systems organism and lethal outcome during few hours. It is possible to stabilize the situation only in a hospital setting.
Doctors will promptly carry out rehydration procedures - the introduction of intravenous special solutions, as well as prescribe additional medications.
It is impossible to say how long such measures will be shown - it depends on the positive dynamics of the disease. In some cases, hospitalization is also indicated.
Acute intestinal infections are a group of infectious diseases occurring in the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by general and local symptoms. The causative agents are pathogenic opportunistic bacteria as well as viruses.
This group of diseases affects both adults and children. But due to the characteristics of the organism in children, the disease is caused more often and is more severe. These include: imperfection of general and local immunity, a decrease in the formation of mucus in the intestines, non-compliance or ignorance of the rules of hygiene by young children. Acute intestinal pathology is especially difficult in children under one year old.
Acute intestinal infections (abbreviated as ACI) are transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route - pathogens enter the environment with feces, and then through dirty hands, food, water into the human body. This method is typical for AII caused by bacteria. At viral etiology transmission can also be carried out by airborne droplets.
Symptoms of intestinal infection in children are local and general.
- signs of intoxication - high fever, headaches, malaise, vomiting.
- signs characteristic of dehydration - dry skin and mucous membranes with a decrease in elasticity, general weakness, a decrease in the amount of urine with a darkening of color;
2) Local symptoms can manifest as gastritis (damage to the stomach), enteritis (small intestine), colitis ( colon), or a combination of damage to several segments. The clinical picture also depends on which departments are affected.
- loose stools, the frequency and nature of which depends on the type and amount of the causative agent of acute intestinal infection;
- pain of varying intensity and localization;
- vomit.
At severe course acute intestinal infection in a child may develop complications, each of which has different symptoms.
- Neurotoxicosis: anxiety, delirium, convulsions, confusion, hallucinations, vomiting, after which there is no relief.
- Circulatory failure: pressure drop, pale skin with bluish color of the extremities, muffled heart tones.
- Pulmonary insufficiency: shortness of breath, frequent shallow breathing.
- Renal failure: decrease in the amount of daily urine or its absence, back pain.
- Hypovolemic shock due to fluid loss: facial features are sharpened, sunken eyeballs, decreases general temperature and body weight. In children under one year old, a large fontanel sinks.
- Stomach or intestinal bleeding.
Diagnostics
Which pathogens are identified depends on medical measures. Acute intestinal infection is diagnosed by methods such as: bacteriological culture, linked immunosorbent assay, study of antibody tyr, coprological study.
Features of the course of infections caused by pathogenic microflora
Therapeutic measures
Treatment of intestinal infections in children is aimed at the causative agent of the disease (bacteria or viruses), developmental mechanisms and external signs. But first of all, treatment begins with the organization proper nutrition with maximum sparing of the digestive tract.
1) How should a patient with an intestinal infection eat?
- Nutrition should be selected taking into account both the age of the patient and his condition. The whole outcome of treatment depends on what products, in what way processed and in what quantity will enter the patient's body. There is a rule at this point: you cannot force-feed a child.
- children infancy sour-milk mixtures are prescribed. For infections of viral etiology, it is necessary to change the usual mixture to low- or lactose-free. The same is true if the child has bloating. After recovery, you can switch to a regular mixture, or a mixture enriched with bifidus and lactobacilli.
- Older children are assigned pure, easily digestible food. It is unacceptable to take spicy, fatty and fried foods.
- Treatment of intestinal infections in children also implies an adequate drinking regimen.
2) Treatment directed at the pathogen (etiological): taking antibiotics, bacteriophages, immunoglobulins and lactoglobulins.
There are many antibiotics indicated for the treatment of infections of the intestinal group. Which of them will help in the treatment of a child, you can say after a bacteriological examination. Treatment with bacteriophages is carried out according to the same principle.
This group also includes enterosorbents, such as: smecta, lactofiltrum, etc.
3) Treatment aimed at the mechanisms of occurrence (pathogenetic). What methods might these be? For example, oral rehydration with such drugs orolit, rehydron. Enzymes are prescribed - mezim, creon, pancreatin.
At serious condition patient, or in children under one year old, treatment water and electrolyte disorders administered by intravenous infusion.
Treatment of infections involves the normalization of microflora. Restore normal composition eubiotics and probiotics will help. Such treatment should be carried out in the midst of the disease, and some time after recovery.
4) Symptomatic treatment: drugs for diarrhea, antispasmodics, antiemetics.
5) Treatment of complications.