The abdominal cavity of humans has significant differences in structure from the abdominal cavity of other types of mammals. Abdominal cavity (cavum abdominis) or abdomen, designated as lined intra-abdominal cavity space.
It is limited from above by the diaphragm region, from both sides and from the front by the massive muscles (musculi obliqui et transversus abdominis) of the abdomen, and from the back by the region of the lumbar spinal column and the underlying muscle tissues.
Abdominal Anatomy
Below, the cavity, that is, the abdominal or abdominal cavity, has a smooth transition into the small space of the pelvis. In the abdominal cavity there are various types of internal organ systems together with the peritoneum enveloping them, as well as voluminous trunks of blood vessels and nerve endings.
The abdominal cavity and its structure are thoroughly studied in medical universities, because diseases of the organs located in it are most common in medical practice. It is the deep knowledge of doctors about the structure of the abdominal cavity that helps when staging correct diagnosis, on which the lives of many sick patients sometimes even depend.
The essence of the structure of the abdominal organs of people is that most of them are covered with a thin serous membrane, which is called the peritoneum.
Functions and structure of the peritoneum
The peritoneum is a delicate and very thin connective tissue structure that has a large number of differential strong fibers and is covered on the inside with one-sided epithelial tissue, which is called mesothelial tissue.
This elastic serous membrane has a large and very specific absorption capacity. Serous fluid, which is produced in large quantities by the mesothelium of the abdominal region, lubricates the surface of each internal organ, reducing the amount of friction.
In view of this unique property peritoneal cavity healthy person there is no discomfort or any changes in the peritoneum. However, if this or that inflammatory phenomenon occurs, when an infection enters the peritoneal cavity, sharp and incessant pain appears.
When inflammation occurs, the abdominal region forms a group of adhesions to prevent the infection from spreading throughout the entire space.
Differences between male and female abdomen
The abdominal cavity has the same structure in any representative Homo sapiens. The only difference can be different periods life. Childhood has some characteristics, the adult period of life has others.
There are also a number of differences between the male and female abdominal systems.
In men, this area is a closed space, but in the female part of the planet it does not have one, because the process of communication with the uterine region occurs through the fallopian tubes, and through the vaginal cavity with the external environment. Organs in the abdominal or abdominal cavity may be covered by a serous membrane either on each side or partially.
Some of them are not coated at all. The abdominal cavity, which envelops the walls of the abdomen, is called the parietal peritoneum.
The abdominal cavity is a space that is located below the diaphragm, and below is limited by a conditional line passing through the border pelvic line. Other boundaries: in front - the aponeurosis of the external and internal oblique, as well as transverse muscle abdomen, rectus muscles; from behind - the spinal column (lumbar region), iliopsoas muscles, from the sides - all the lateral abdominal muscles.
Description of the abdominal cavity
The human abdominal cavity is a container for organs and anatomical structures: the stomach, gallbladder, spleen, intestines (jejunal, ileal, transverse colon, cecum and sigmoid), abdominal aorta. The location of these organs is intraperitoneal, that is, they are covered by the peritoneum, or more precisely, by its visceral layer, completely or partially.
Extraperitoneally (that is, in the retroperitoneal space) there are organs of the abdominal cavity: kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, ureters, the main part duodenum.
The partially visceral layer of the peritoneal lining flows around two spaces of the colon (ascending and descending), that is, these abdominal organs are located mesoperitoneally.
Among the organs that can be classified as intra- and mesoperitoneal, the liver can be distinguished. It is almost completely covered with a serous membrane.
Structure
Conventionally, the abdominal cavity is divided by specialists into floors:
- The structure of the upper floor, or gland opening. It has “subsections”: hepatic bursa, omental, pregastric fissure. The hepatic lobe covers the right lobe of the liver, and in its depths you can feel the kidney on the right and the adrenal gland. The pregastric fissure includes part of the organs: the spleen and stomach, the left hepatic lobe. The cavity, called the omental bursa, communicates with common cavity peritoneum through a narrow opening. It is bounded above by the liver (caudate lobe), on the anterior side by the edge of the hepatoduodenal ligament, below by the duodenum, and behind by the serosa. The posterior wall, represented by the parietal layer, covers the abdominal aorta, pancreas, kidney on the left, adrenal gland, and inferior vena cava. The structure of the greater omentum is as follows. The greater omentum is like an apron hanging from the transverse part of the colon. For a short distance it covers the loops small intestine. In fact, these are four leaves of serosa, fused together in the form of plates. There is a cavity between the plates. It communicates from above with the space of the omental bursa, and in adults, usually all the leaves are fused, that is, the cavity is obliterated. In the omentum itself there are lymph nodes that ensure the drainage of lymph from the transverse colon and greater omentum.
- Middle floor. It can be examined only by lifting the transversely located colon and big oil seal. This floor is divided by the ascending, descending part of the colon, the mesentery small intestine into four parts. These are the lateral canals on the right and left, two mesenteric sinuses. The mesentery is a fold of two layers of serosa that provides attachment of the small intestine to the posterior wall of the abdomen. The part of it that is attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen is called the root of the mesentery. Its length is no more than 17 cm. The opposite edge, which turns out to be free, covers the jejunum and ileum, it corresponds to the total length of these sections of the intestine. The mesentery itself is attached obliquely, starting from the second lumbar vertebra to the iliac fossa on the right. The mesentery, which is filled with fiber, contains blood vessels, lymph nodes and vessels, nerve fibers. The posterior layer of the peritoneum, parietal, has a large number of pits. Their importance is great, since they can serve as a weak point where retroperitoneal hernias form.
- Anatomy of the lower floor. This includes organs and structures located in the pelvic cavity. The peritoneum descends here and covers the organs and the walls of the pelvis. The relationship of organs to the peritoneum depends on gender. Intraperitoneal location in the following organs: primary department rectum and sigmoid colon. These organs also have a mesentery. The peritoneum covers middle part rectum only from the sides and front (mesoperitoneally). The lower part of the rectum is located extraperitoneally. In men, the serosa passes from the rectum (its anterior surface) to bladder(back surface). It turns out to be a recess for bladder(retrovesical). And the upper-back part of the empty bladder, the peritoneum forms a fold; it has the ability to straighten out when it is filled. The anatomy of the peritoneum of women is different, due to the location of the uterus between the bladder and rectum. The uterus is covered with peritoneum. For this reason, in women, two anatomical “pockets” are formed in the pelvic cavity: between the rectum and the uterus, and between the uterus and the bladder. In women and men, there is also a prevesical space formed by the transverse fascia and the bladder with the peritoneum.
What does the abdominal cavity include?
Anatomy of the liver and biliary tract in humans. The liver is located in the first, upper floor of the abdominal cavity. Most of it is located in the right hypochondrium, less in the epigastrium and left hypochondrium. All sides of the liver, except the back, are covered with a layer of visceral peritoneum. Its posterior side is adjacent to the inferior vena cava and the diaphragm. The liver is divided by the falciform ligament into the right major and left minor lobes. Blood vessels, nerves, hepatic ducts, and lymphatic pathways make up the hilum of the liver. It is fixed by four ligaments, the hepatic veins, which drain into the inferior vena cava, by fusion with the diaphragm, and also by intraperitoneal pressure.
Anatomy of the gallbladder. It is placed in the hole of the same name. It is a hollow organ shaped like a bag or pear. Its structure is simple: body, neck and bottom. The volume reaches from 40 to 70 cubic cm, length from 8 to 14 cm, width from 3 to 4 cm. Part of the peritoneum from the liver extends onto the surface of the gallbladder. Therefore, its location can be different: from meso- to intraperitoneal. The gallbladder in humans is connected to the liver by fiber, blood vessels and the peritoneum. With some structural features, sometimes the bottom of the bladder protrudes from under the hepatic edge, adjacent to the anterior wall of the abdomen. If its location is low, it lies on the loops of the small intestine, so any pathology of these organs can lead to the development of adhesions and fistulas. To the front abdominal wall the bubble is projected at the point connecting the right costal arch, the right side of the rectus abdominis muscle. This position of the bladder in humans does not always correspond to reality; more often it deviates slightly outward, less often inner side. A duct, up to 7 cm long, extends from the gallbladder, from its neck. The duct connects along the way with the common hepatic duct.
Anatomy of the human spleen. The spleen is located in the upper floor of the abdominal cavity, intraperitoneally. It is one of the main organs of the hematopoietic and lymphatic systems person. Located on the left in the hypochondrium. On its surface, called the visceral surface, there are the gates of the spleen, which contain blood vessels and nerve fibers. It is fixed by three ligaments. The blood supply occurs through the splenic artery, which is a branch of the celiac trunk. Inside it, the blood vessels branch into small-caliber vessels, which determines the segmental structure of the spleen. This organization ensures easier resection into sectors.
Duodenum. It has a retroperitoneal location, this is the section from which the small intestine begins in humans. Duodenum goes around the head of the pancreatic gland in the form of a loop, the letters U, C, V and has four parts: superior, ascending, descending and horizontal. To the structures of the retroperitoneal space from the duodenum there are ligaments that provide its fixation. In addition, fixation is provided by the root of the mesentery of the colon, the peritoneum. The connection between the intestine and the pancreas has a significant impact. Structure: the beginning of the intestine is slightly expanded, which is why it is called the ampulla, onion. The folds of the mucous membrane are located longitudinally, in other parts they are circular. On the inner wall of the descending part there is a large longitudinal fold; it ends with the papilla of Vater. On its surface there is the sphincter of Oddi, through which two ducts open: the bile duct and the pancreatic duct. Just above is the minor papilla, where the second pancreatic duct may be located; this anatomical unit is variable.
Anatomy of the pancreas. Located retroperitoneally. It is conventionally divided into three parts: tail, body, head. The head of the gland continues into a hook-shaped process; it covers the vessels located along the dorsal surface of the gland, delimiting them with the inferior vena cava. In most cases, its head is located in front of the second - third lumbar vertebrae. The length of the gland is from 17 to 21 cm, sometimes reaching 27 cm. Its shape is most often triangular, but it can also be angular or flat. From the tail towards the head there is a pancreatic duct, which opens into the cavity of the duodenum, in its descending part. Projection of the gland on the anterior abdominal wall in humans: umbilical, epigastric and left hypochondrium.
The structure of the stomach. Refers to hollow organs. It begins after the esophagus, then passes into the duodenum. Its volume (empty) is up to 0.5 liters, after meals on average up to 1 liter. In rare cases, it stretches up to 4 liters. Average length from 24 to 26 cm.,. The left hepatic lobe is adjacent to it in front, the pancreatic gland is behind it, the loops of the small intestine are below, and the spleen touches it from above to the left. The stomach is projected in the epigastric region, covered with serosa on all sides. In its cavity, gastric juice is produced, which contains enzymes: lipase, pepsin, chymosin, as well as other components, for example, hydrochloric acid. In the stomach, due to mixing by waves of peristalsis, chyme is formed from food, which penetrates portionwise through the pylorus into the intestine. Food stays in the stomach for different time: liquid from 20 minutes, coarse with fibers - up to 6 hours.
All organs human body have an individual structure and location. They perform vital daily important role in maintaining the normal functioning of the body. It is important to know the location of the main organs in order to cope with any complications, injuries or accurately determine the profile of the doctor to whom you need to seek help.
Under thyroid cartilage The larynx (Adam's apple), on the front side of the neck from below, is the thyroid gland. With age, the gland can sink lower, sometimes going deeper into the chest cavity. The thoracic and abdominal cavities of the body are separated by a muscular organ called the diaphragm. In the chest between the left and right lungs The heart is located behind the sternum and above the diaphragm. 2/3 of the organ is located on the left side of the body, and 1/3 on the right. A pair of lungs takes up most of the space inside chest cavity. They run transversely from the heart to the ribs on both sides chest and continue from behind towards the spine. The bases of the lungs rest against the dome-shaped diaphragm. Behind the sternum and above the heart, in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity is located thymus(thymus). The main reservoir for storing food is the stomach. It lies in a crescent shape under the diaphragm on the left side of the abdominal cavity. Behind and below the stomach on the left side of the abdominal cavity is the pancreas, which is involved in the breakdown of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon. The liver is located in the upper right part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. Most of its mass falls on the right lobe, where it descends towards. In the right hypochondrium, in the recess of the lower surface of the liver, there is a gallbladder, which plays an important role in the digestion of food. Between the stomach and the diaphragm in the left hypochondrium of the abdominal cavity, under the protection of the ribs, lies the spleen, which takes part in the protection human body from infections and blood loss. The small intestine is a long, intricate tube that occupies a peritoneal position below the stomach. The large intestine originates on the right side of the human body. It then flows around the border of the abdominal cavity at the top and descends down the left side. The beginning of the large intestine (cecum) has a vermiform appendix - the appendix. The large intestine ends anus (anus), through which feces are expelled. Paired organs genitourinary system– kidneys – lie along the posterior muscular wall of the abdominal cavity. They are located behind the peritoneum, which lines the abdominal cavity. The left kidney is located slightly higher than the right due to the increase in the size of the liver on the right side of the body. At the top of each kidney, at the level of 11-12 thoracic and 1 lumbar vertebrae, lie the adrenal glands. They release more than 30 vital hormones directly into the bloodstream. At the bottom of the pelvis is the bladder. In representatives of the stronger sex, the seminal vesicles and rectum are located behind the bladder, and below it is the prostate gland. In women, behind the bladder is the vagina, under the organ are the pelvic floor muscles. The ovaries are a pair of tiny glands in female body . They lie on opposite sides of the uterus in the pelvic cavity and are attached to the wall of the uterus by ligaments. The uterus is a hollow muscular organ of the female reproductive system, placed above the bladder and in front of
rectum, in the middle part of the pelvic cavity. Testicles (testes) are a pair of oval glandular organs of the male reproductive system, which are located in the scrotum. Below the bladder, in the shape of a rounded cone or funnel, lies the prostate gland. The given description of the location of the main internal organs of the human body makes it possible to better understand the structure of your body and determine the organ in whose work changes have begun to occur. Abdomen, or spine and muscles (quadratus lumborum and iliopsoas muscles), the front and side walls - the abdominal muscles. The inside of the abdominal cavity is lined with intra-abdominal fascia, to which the adipose tissue and peritoneum. The space limited in front by the peritoneum is called retroperitoneal. It contains some organs (kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, etc.) and fatty tissue, significant quantities which are located on the posterior abdominal wall near the internal organs located there.
serous membrane, which lines the abdominal cavity and covers the internal organs located in it and limits the peritoneal cavity - peritoneal cavity (cavitas peritonei), called the peritoneum. Peritoneum (peritoneum) formed by a thin connective tissue plate and a single-layer squamous epithelium (mesothelium) covering it (Fig. 39). The connective tissue plate of the peritoneum consists of elastic and collagen fibers, in which there are many blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers. On the surface of the mesothelium facing the peritoneal cavity there are many microvilli. The cytoplasm of the mesothelium contains many pinocytotic vesicles.
Rice. 39. Structure of the peritoneum (diagram): 1 - 5 - avascular layers of the peritoneum; 6 - deep lattice collagen-elastic layer with blood vessels located in it; 7 - smooth muscles; 8 - serous-muscular network of blood vessels
All this indicates the high absorption function of the mesothelium. Mesothelial cells are connected to each other through adhesive bands.
The peritoneum has two layers: one - parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominal cavity, the other - visceral peritoneum covers internal organs. total area the peritoneum in an adult is 1.6-1.75 m2. Both layers of the peritoneum pass continuously from the walls of the abdominal cavity to the organs and from the organs to the walls of the abdominal cavity, limiting the peritoneal cavity (Fig. 40). In women, the peritoneal cavity communicates with the external environment through the fallopian tubes
, uterine cavity and vagina. In men, the peritoneal cavity is closed. It is moistened with a small amount of serous fluid, which facilitates the movement of organs and prevents them from rubbing against each other. Parietal peritoneum
covers the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity, at the top it passes to the lower surface of the diaphragm, and then to the back and side walls of the abdominal cavity and to the internal organs, and at the bottom to the walls and organs of the pelvic cavity. The visceral peritoneum covers the internal organs completely or partially. In places of transition The abdominal cavity and organs located in the abdominal cavity. Horizontal (transverse) cut of the body between the bodies of the II and III lumbar vertebrae:
1 - retroperitoneal space; 2 - kidney; 3 - colon; 4 - peritoneal cavity; 5 - parietal peritoneum; 6 - rectus abdominis muscle; 7 - mesentery of the small intestine; 8 - small intestine; 9 - visceral peritoneum; 10 - aorta;
11 - inferior vena cava; 12 - duodenum; 13 - psoas muscle
From the parietal peritoneum to the visceral peritoneum, duplications of the peritoneum (mesentery), folds, and fossae are formed.
IN pubic area under the parietal peritoneum lies a layer of adipose tissue, due to which the peritoneum can be pushed upward by a filled bladder. On the anterior wall of the abdomen, the parietal peritoneum forms five umbilical folds (Fig. 41). Median umbilical fold (plica umbilicalis media) located above the overgrown urinary duct, which in the fetus passes between the top of the bladder and the navel. Steam room medial umbilical fold (plica umbilicalis medialis) located above the overgrown umbilical arteries. Steam room lateral umbilical fold (plica umbilicalis lateralis) lies above the lower ones
Rice. 41. The location of the peritoneum is on the posterior side of the anterior abdominal wall. Posterior view, from the peritoneal cavity: 1 - anterior parietal peritoneum; 2 - median umbilical fold; 3 - medial umbilical fold; 4 - lateral umbilical fold; 5 - vas deferens; 6 - external iliac artery and vein; 7 - bladder; 8 - seminal vesicle; 9 - lower fascia of the pelvic diaphragm; 10 - prostate gland; 11 - supravesical fossa; 12 - medial inguinal fossa; 13 - lateral inguinal fossa
epigastric arteries. Above the bladder on the sides of the median umbilical lining are located right And left supravesical fossa (fossae supravesicales dextra et sinistra). Medial and lateral to the lateral umbilical fold there are medial And lateral inguinal fossa (fossae inguialis lateralis et medialis), corresponding to the superficial and deep rings of the inguinal canal.
On the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, the peritoneum covers the organs that lie retroperitoneal(retroperitoneal). These are the pancreas, most of the duodenum, kidneys, adrenal glands,
unfilled bladder, aorta, inferior vena cava and other vessels, nerves and lymph nodes.
Organs covered by visceral peritoneum on only three sides are called mesoperitoneal underlying organs (ascending and descending colons, middle part of the rectum, full bladder). Organs covered with peritoneum on all sides occupy the intraperitoneal, or intraperitoneal, position. These are the stomach, the mesenteric part of the small intestine, the cecum, the appendix, the transverse and sigmoid colons, the initial part of the rectum, the spleen, and the liver. Two layers of peritoneum covering the sigmoid colon on all sides form it mesentery. Two layers of peritoneum also go to the transverse colon from the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, which form a transversely lying mesentery of the transverse colon. Directly below the mesentery of the transverse colon, the formation of two layers of peritoneum begins from the posterior abdominal wall mesentery of the small intestine(Fig. 42). Its length is 15-17 cm, the root of the mesentery is located obliquely, running from top to bottom from left to right from the body of the second lumbar vertebra to the level of the right sacroiliac joint. Between the leaves of the mesenteries in a thin layer of connective tissue there are arteries with their branches, veins of the same name, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, nerves.
From the lower surface of the diaphragm, the peritoneum passes to the diaphragmatic surface of the liver, forming crescent-shaped, coronoid And triangular ligaments of the liver. Along the visceral surface of the liver, the peritoneum approaches its gate, from where it is directed to the lesser curvature of the stomach and to the upper part of the duodenum. In this case, between the gates of the liver, on the one hand, the lesser curvature of the stomach and top part duodenum - on the other, a duplication (two layers) of the peritoneum is formed - lesser omentum (omentum minus). The left part of the lesser omentum is wider - this is hepatogastric ligament(lig. hepatogastricum), and the right one is hepatoduodenal ligament (lig. hepatoduodenale).
Rice. 42. Relation of internal organs to the peritoneum. Median (sagittal) section of the body: 1 - liver; 2 - hepatogastric ligament; 3 - omental bag; 4 - pancreas; 5 - duodenum; 6 - mesentery of the small intestine; 7 - rectum; 8 - bladder; 9 - small intestine; 10 - cavity of the greater omentum; 11 - transverse colon;
12 - mesentery of the transverse colon; 13 - stomach In the hepatoduodenal ligament between the layers of the peritoneum there is a common, bile duct portal vein
liver and proper hepatic artery. Layers of the hepatogastric ligament They diverge, cover the stomach in front and behind, and at the greater curvature they converge again, descending in front of the transverse colon and the loops of the small intestine. Having reached the level of the navel, and sometimes below, these two layers of peritoneum bend posteriorly and rise up behind the descending layers, as well as in front of the transverse colon and loops of the small intestine. This long fold, hanging in front of the transverse colon and loops of the small intestine in the form of an apron and formed by the four layers of peritoneum, is called greater omentum (omentum m i ajus). Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers pass through the thickness of the connective tissue plates of the greater omentum, and there are also numerous cells of loose connective tissue: fibrocytes, macrophages, tissue basophils, lipocytes, and immune system- lymphocytes. In the thickness of the greater omentum there are numerous accumulations of lymphocytes (lymphoid nodules). When microorganisms enter the peritoneal cavity, macrophages and lymphocytes are activated and begin to perform their specific protective functions. Between the leaves of the greater omentum there is fatty tissue. In an adult, the layers of the peritoneum of the greater omentum grow together into two plates - anterior and posterior, each of which consists of two layers of peritoneum. The anterior plate starts from the greater curvature of the stomach, then connects to the posterior plate of the greater omentum. Both of these plates fuse with the anterior surface of the transverse colon at the level of its omental band. The posterior plate of the greater omentum also fuses with the mesentery of the transverse colon.
The anterior plate of the greater omentum, consisting of two layers of peritoneum, stretched between the greater curvature of the stomach and the transverse colon, is called gastrocolic ligament (lig. gastroc i olicum). Two layers of peritoneum, going from the greater curvature of the stomach to the left to the gate of the spleen, form gastrosplenic ligament (lig. gastrolienale), going from the cardiac part of the stomach to the diaphragm form gastrophrenic ligament (lig. gastrophrenicum).
Above the mesentery of the transverse colon, both layers of the posterior plate of the greater omentum pass into the parietal peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall. The top leaf is directed upward in front of the front
surface of the pancreas and passes from the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity to the diaphragm. The lower layer goes down and passes into the upper layer of the mesentery of the transverse colon.
In the abdominal cavity and in the peritoneal cavity, there are also upper and lower sections (floors), separated by a transverse colon and its mesentery. IN upper section abdominal cavity located the stomach, liver with gall bladder, spleen, top part duodenum. In the upper part of the peritoneal cavity, three relatively delimited spaces are distinguished: the hepatic, pregastric and omental bursae (see Fig. 42). To the right of the falciform ligament is liver bursa (bursa hepatica), in which the right lobe of the liver is located. To the left of the falciform ligament of the liver and anterior to the stomach and lesser omentum is located pregastric bursa (b i u rsa pr i egastrica), bounded in front by the anterior abdominal wall, and above by the diaphragm. In the pregastric bursa there are left lobe liver and spleen. Behind the stomach is stuffing box (b i u rsa omentalis), the cavity of which is a narrow slit located in the frontal plane. Above, the omental bursa is bounded by the caudate lobe of the liver, below - by the posterior plate of the greater omentum, fused with the mesentery of the transverse colon, in front - by the posterior surface of the stomach and the lesser omentum, behind - by the parietal peritoneum covering the aorta, inferior vena cava, upper pole of the left kidney, left adrenal gland and the pancreas. At the top, the cavity of the omental bursa has upper stuffing box (rec i essus soup i erior oment i alis), located between lumbar part the diaphragm behind and the posterior surface of the caudate lobe of the liver in front. On the left, in the area of the hilum of the spleen, near the omental bursa, a splenic recess (rec i essus lien i alis), the walls of which are in front - the gastrosplenic ligament, in the back - the diaphragmatic-splenic ligament, which is a duplication of the peritoneum running from the diaphragm to the posterior end of the spleen. Lower omental recess (recessus inferior omentalis) located between the gastrocolic ligament in front and above and the posterior plate of the greater omentum, fused with the transverse colon and its mesentery, behind and below. Through omental (Winslov) foramen (foramen epiploicum) with a diameter of 2-3 cm, the omental bursa communicates with the hepatic bursa. The hole is located at the free right edge of the hepatoduodenal ligament. The omental foramen is bounded superiorly by the caudate
Rice. 43. Mesenteric sinuses, peritoneal ligaments in the peritoneal cavity. Part of the transverse colon and the greater omentum were removed: 1 - liver; 2 - falciform ligament (liver); 3 - round ligament of the liver; 4 - coronary ligament; 5 - left triangular ligament; 6 - gastrophrenic ligament; 7 - stomach; 8 - spleen; 9 - hepatogastric ligament; 10 - gastrosplenic ligament; 11 - hepatoduodenal ligament; 12 - front wall of the stuffing box; 13 - mesentery of the colon; 14 - transverse colon; 15 - upper duodenal recess; 16 - descending colon; 17 - root of the mesentery of the small intestine; 18 - sigmoid colon; 19 - intersigmoid recess; 20 - rectum; 21 - vermiform appendix; 22 - mesentery vermiform appendix; 23 - lower ileocecal recess; 24 - cecum; 25 - ileum; 26 - upper ileocecal recess; 27 - ascending colon; 28 - transverse colon; 29 - right triangular ligament; 30 - gland hole
lobes of the liver, below - the upper part of the duodenum, behind - the parietal peritoneum covering the inferior vena cava.
Lower part of the peritoneal cavity passes into the pelvic cavity. Between the side wall of the abdominal cavity, covered with peritoneum, on the one hand, and the cecum and ascending colon, on the other, there is a narrow vertical slit-like right paracolic groove (sulcus paracolicus dexter),, in the middle part of the pelvic cavity. Testicles (testes) are a pair of oval glandular organs of the male reproductive system, which are located in the scrotum. Below the bladder, in the shape of a rounded cone or funnel, lies the prostate gland. right side channel. On the left, between the lateral wall of the peritoneal cavity and the descending and sigmoid colon, there is left paracolic groove (sulcus par i acolicus sin i ister),, in the middle part of the pelvic cavity. Testicles (testes) are a pair of oval glandular organs of the male reproductive system, which are located in the scrotum. Below the bladder, in the shape of a rounded cone or funnel, lies the prostate gland. left side channel.
Part of the lower floor of the peritoneal cavity, bounded on three sides by the colon, is divided by the mesentery of the small intestine into right And left mesenteric sinuses (sinus mesentericus dexter, sinus mesentericus sinister)(Fig. 43). Retroperitoneally, in the depths of the right sinus, are located the final section of the descending part of the duodenum and its horizontal part, the lower part of the head of the pancreas, a section of the inferior vena cava, starting from the duodenum at the top to the root of the mesentery of the small intestine at the bottom, the right ureter, vessels, nerves and lymphatics. nodes. In the depths of the left mesenteric sinus, the lower half of the left kidney, the left ureter, the final part of the abdominal aorta, vessels, nerves and lymph nodes are also located retroperitoneally.
The parietal layer of the peritoneum, covering the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, forms folds or depressions (pits) in the places of transition from one organ to another or between the edge of the organ and the abdominal wall, which can be the site of formation of retroperitoneal hernias.
IN pelvic cavity the peritoneum covers the upper and partially middle departments rectum, urinary and genital organs. U men the peritoneum passes from the anterior surface of the rectum to the posterior and upper walls of the bladder and continues into the parietal peritoneum, lining the posterior abdominal wall (Fig. 44).
Forms between the bladder and rectum rectovesical cavity (excavatio rectovesicalis), bounded on the sides by rectovesical folds extending from the lateral surfaces of the rectum to the bladder. U women the peritoneum from the anterior surface of the rectum passes to the posterior wall of the upper part of the vagina, rises up, covering the uterus from behind, and then from the front, and passes to the bladder (Fig. 45). Paired duplication of the peritoneum -
Rice. 44. The course of the peritoneum in the male pelvic cavity: 1 - mesentery of the sigmoid colon; 2 - rectovesical recess; 3 - rectum; 4 - ampulla of the rectum; 5 - ampulla of the vas deferens; 6 - seminal vesicle; 7 - prostate gland; 8 - ejaculatory duct; 9 - external anal sphincter; 10 - internal sphincter anus; 11 - anus; 12 - sphincter of the urethra; 13 - bulbospongiosus muscle; 14 - bulb of the penis; 15 - scrotum; 16 - foreskin penis; 17 - outer hole urethra(urethra); 18 - glans penis; 19 - corpus cavernosum penis; 20 - spongy part of the male urethra (male urethra); 21 - membranous part of the male urethra; 22 - deep transverse muscle of the perineum; 23 - seed mound; 24 - internal opening of the urethra; 25 - bladder; 26 - lateral umbilical fold; 27 - peritoneum; 28 - vas deferens; 29 - external iliac artery and vein; 30 - ureter
Rice. 45. The course of the peritoneum in the woman’s pelvic cavity: 1 - rectum; 2 - rectal-uterine cavity; 3 - ampulla of the rectum; 4 - posterior part of the vaginal vault; 5 - opening of the uterus; 6 - anterior part of the vaginal vault; 7 - external anal sphincter; 8 - internal sphincter of the anus; 9 - anus; 10 - vagina; 11 - vaginal opening; 12 - labia majora; 13 - labia minora; 14 - head of the clitoris; 15 - body of the clitoris; 16 - female urethra (female urethra); 17 - bladder; 18 - anterior lip of the uterine opening; 19 - posterior lip of the uterine opening; 20 - vesicouterine recess; 21 - round ligament of the uterus; 22 - uterus; 23 - fallopian tube; 24 - external iliac artery and vein; 25 - ovary; 26 - ligament that suspends the ovary; 27 - pipe fringe;
28 - ureter
broad ligament of the uterus (lig. latum utem), connects the uterus to the side walls of the pelvis. The fallopian tube passes inside the superior edge of the broad ligament. The ovary is attached to the broad ligament of the uterus posteriorly. The fallopian tube and ovary have their own mesenteries. Forms between the uterus and rectum rectouterine cavity(Douglas space) (excavatio rectouterina), bounded on the sides by rectal-uterine folds. Forms between the uterus and bladder vesicouterine cavity (excavatio vesicouterina).
The peritoneum of a newborn child is much thinner than that of an adult, and the subperitoneal fatty tissue is poorly developed. The greater omentum is thin and short. The folds and pits are weakly expressed; as the child grows, they deepen.
The abdominal cavity has the following structure: it is a special zone located below the diaphragm and consisting of many organs. The diaphragm is the upper part of it and separates this area from the sternum.
The main area of the peritoneum consists of tendons and abdominal muscles.
The anatomy of some human abdominal organs is a separate subject of study in the medical literature.What goes into the abdominal cavity?
The abdominal cavity consists of 2 main parts:
Peritoneum.
. Retroperitoneal space
The organs present in the abdominal cavity are located between the peritoneum and the walls of the abdomen. With an increase in volume, they begin to lag behind the main part, connect with the tissues of the peritoneum and form a single whole with it. Thus, a serous fold appears, which includes two leaves. These folds are called mesenteries.
Complete coverage of the organs by the peritoneum indicates an intraperitoneal location. For example, such organs include the intestines. When only three sides are covered by the peritoneum, they indicate a mesoperitoneal position. Such an organ is the liver. When the peritoneum is located in the anterior part of the organs, it indicates an extraperitoneal structure. These organs are the kidneys.
The abdominal cavity is lined with a smooth layer called epithelium. Its high humidity is provided by a layer of capillaries of the serous substance. The peritoneum facilitates easy movement of internal organs relative to each other.
What and what main organs are included in the abdominal cavity?
When studying the anatomy and structure of the human body, specialists divide the human abdominal cavity into several parts:The structure of its upper region includes: the hepatic bursa, the omental gland, and the pregastric fissure. The hepatic bursa is located to the right of the liver. It is connected to the peritoneum using a special opening. The liver is located in its upper part. In the anterior part it is separated by various ligaments.
The liver is located on the right, between the ribs. It is closed by the visceral peritoneum. Lower area of this organ is connected to a vein and part of the diaphragm. It is divided into two parts by the falciform ligament. It is all permeated with many various vessels circulatory system, fibers and nodes of the lymphatic system. With their help, it connects with other organs located in the abdominal region. When palpating the liver, the adrenal gland is easily identified.
The pregastric fissure consists of the spleen, stomach, and left hepatic lobe.
The spleen is the main organ supplying the body with blood and provides correct work lymphatic system. It is all permeated with many capillaries and has nerve endings. The splenic artery is involved in supplying this organ with a large amount of blood. Main body digestive system is the stomach. It is involved in supplying the body nutrients. With its help, food is processed with the participation of gastric juice. It also processes food and passes it to the intestines.
Many people believe that the pancreas is located under the stomach, but this is not entirely true. It is located near the posterior region of the stomach at the level of the first lumbar vertebra. Anatomy of this organ: divided into 3 main zones: tail, body and head. The head has a continuation in the form of a small hook-shaped process. The stomach is completely penetrated by capillaries located in the dorsal surface of the glands. It separates it from the inferior vena cava. The pancreatic duct is located throughout the stomach. It ends in the intestinal area.
In the intestine, organic elements enter the blood and form feces. The masses are removed from the body naturally through the anus.
The anatomy of the posterior part is composed of a parietal layer that covers the entire abdominal aorta, pancreas, kidneys on the left side, adrenal glands and lower pudendal vein. The area of the colon includes the greater omentum. It covers some areas of the small intestine. This organ is represented by 4 connected serous leaves. Between the petals there is a zone connected to the omental bursa. Most often you can observe the absence of this cavity, especially in adults. In the area of the omentum there are nodes of the lymphatic system, which are necessary for the elimination of lymph from the body.
The structure of the main part: it includes the ascending, descending cavities of the colon and the mesentery of the small intestine. The abdominal cavity is divided into several main sections: the lateral canals and two mesenteric sinuses. The mesentery is a fold consisting of 2 serous layers. It is necessary to anchor the small intestine at the back of the human abdomen. The basis of the attachment is called the root of the mesentery. It consists of the circulatory and lymphatic systems, as well as many different nerve fibers. The posterior region of the abdominal cavity consists of a huge number of heterogeneities that are of particular importance to the human body.
Most often, retroperitoneal hernias appear in them.
The lower part is represented by many organs that make up the human pelvic region.
In order for all the organs inside the human abdominal cavity to be positioned strictly horizontally and to be in a normal structure, it is necessary to have good abs.
In order for the internal organs to be reliably protected, the cavity with outside closes the following authorities:
. Spine
. Pelvic bones
. Abdominal muscles
Located with right side The gallbladder is attached to the right lower wall of the liver. Usually in pictures it is presented in the form of a small pear. It consists of a neck, body and bottom. It is also associated with such important organs as the liver, blood vessels and the peritoneal area.
If a person develops pathologies in the structure of organs located in the abdominal cavity, one should seek the help of a doctor.
Incorrect development and location may be the cause of adhesions that form in the small intestine.
In order to identify abnormalities in the formation of internal organs, they resort to ultrasound diagnostics.
The structure of the abdominal cavity in men and women and their main differences.
All organs included in this part of the body are equipped with a thin serous membrane. It is presented soft connective tissue, having a large number of dense differentiated fibers and one-sided epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue is called mesothelial. Its main advantage is high degree absorption of nutrients. Only in it is the production of useful substances that prevent friction of organs against each other. Thanks to this, a person does not experience pain in this area.
The abdominal organs of women are somewhat different in structure than those of men. Initially, in women in this area, especially in its lower part, there are fallopian tubes that are connected to the uterus. They are necessary for the normal functioning of the ovaries, the process of fertilization and bearing a child. Reproductive system women in external manifestation isolated by the vaginal opening. When conducting full examination Women undergo ultrasound diagnostic methods. They help to identify the current state of the human body, identify existing problems and prescribe the necessary treatment.
When studying the anatomy of the male abdominal organs, it should be noted that they are in a confined space and connected to each other.
The similarities between the male and female systems are that the internal organs have serosa. However, in women they are only partially covered, either on one side or on some organs.
In addition, the main difference is the cells that arise in the body of a man and a woman. For example, in a woman these are eggs, and in men they are sperm.
Another difference, according to experts, is that most women have a large belly, unlike men. And this happens by the following reasons:
. Colon women are 10 times longer than men
. Women drink more fluids
. In men, the intestines are arranged in the form of a horseshoe, while in women they are smooth, but have many loops.
. This feature associated with the anatomy and structure of a woman and her ability to bear a child and protect him from possible damage.
. Hormonal factor.
Diagnostics.
The main diagnostic method is to conduct an ultrasound examination of a person.Treatment.
If a diagnosis of appendicitis is made, then in this case only surgical intervention can help.Inflammation of the stomach can go away on its own and a visit to a doctor is required if symptoms continue for 2-3 days. Because of big loss water, it is recommended that a person consume as much liquid as possible. If inflammation develops, you must contact a specialist for comprehensive survey and appointments proper treatment. This usually involves taking medications.
The most unpleasant manifestation of a disease in the abdominal cavity in a person is hemorrhoids. It gives the patient a lot of trouble. Treatment is usually done at home. This includes the use medicines, various lotions and compresses with medicinal and herbal mixtures. If hemorrhoids are in an advanced stage and cause severe painful sensations, then surgery is recommended for the person.
Currently, the anatomy of the human abdominal cavity is being studied in detail in many scientific laboratories. Interest in it is associated with the progression of diseases in this area. Thanks to the fact that this area will be well studied by doctors, it will be possible to accurately diagnose even early stages development of the disease and prescribe the correct and competent treatment. This will help reduce the time it takes to treat people and get rid of severe cases manifestations of the disease in which the only solution may be surgical intervention.